Beams subjected to reversal of bending moments

WD

WL

W
D

MD b

Bending moment due to WD

MD

ML M

Bending moment due to Wc

M M2
N
Bending moment due to WN
a
b
1. Approximate Method of Design

Fcw = Fct = Fc

Ftw = Ftt = 0

η=1. 0 , no losses

Consider the section at a-a

MD = dead load bending moment at a-a

ML = live load bending moment at a-a (x)

MN = live load bending moment at a-a (-)

The beam has to be designed considering the following cases:

1. The presence of P, MD and ML only

2. The presence of P, MD and MN only

3. The presence of P, MD , ML and MN

1. Due to P, MD and ML
FC

C1
C1
MD ML
C2
e PMD C2 e
FC P

P Pe M D P Pe M D M L
− + =0 − + + =F c
A Z1 Z1 (1) A Z 1 Z 1 Z1 (3)

P Pe M D P Pe M D M L
+ − =F c + − − =0
A Z2 Z2 (2) A Z2 Z2 Z2 (4)

From (1) and (3)

 ML
Z = Fc
1

From (2) and (4)

ML
Z = Fc
2

2. Due to P, MD and MN

FC

C1 P P
e
e
MD
MD
C2 MN

FC

P Pe M D P Pe M D M N
+ + =F c + + − =0
A Z1 Z1 (1) A Z1 Z1 Z1 (3)

P Pe M D P Pe M D M N
− − =0 − − + =F c
A Z2 Z2 (2) A Z2 Z2 Z2 (4)

From (1) and (3)

MN
.
F
Z= c1

From (2) and (4)

MN
Z = Fc .
2
3. Due to P, MD, ML and MN

0
Fc
C1
C1
MD MN

e e
C2
P C2
P

FC 0

Case I: P+MD+MN Case II: P+MD+ML

For case I:

P Pe M D M N
− + − =0
A Z1 Z1 Z1 (1)

P Pe M D M N
+ − + =Fc
A Z2 Z2 Z2 (2)

For case II:

P Pe M D M L
− + + =Fc
A Z 1 Z 1 Z1 (3)

P Pe M D M L
+ − − =0
A Z2 Z2 Z2 (4)

From Eqs. (1) and (3),

( M L+ M N )
Z1 =
Fc (5)

Note: (ML+MN) is the range of line load bending moment.

Likewise, from Eqs. (2) and (3)

 ( M L+ M N )
Z 2=
Fc (6)

The section module is dependent on the range of the line load bending moment.
MD MN Z1
e= − +
From Eq.(1); P P A (7)
M D M N Fc Z2 Z2
e= − + −
From Eq.(2); P P P A (8)
MD ML Fc Z1 Z1
e= + − +
From Eq.(3); P P P A (9)
M D M L Z2
e= + −
From Eq.(4); P P A (10)

From Eq.(6) and Eq.(8)

M D M N ( M L+ M N ) Z 2
e= − + −
P P P A

MD MN Z2
e= + −
P P A (11)

Eq.(11) is the same as Eq.(10)

From Eq.(5) and Eq.(9)

M D M L ( M L+ M N ) Z1
e= + − +
P P P A

MD MN Z1
e= − +
P P A (12)

Eq.(12) is the same as Eq.(7)

Equating Eq.(11) to Eq.(12)

M D M L Z 2 M D M N Z1
+ − = − +
P P A P P A
( M L+ M N ) 1
A( 1
= Z + Z 2)
P

( M L+ M N )
P
=
(
I 1
+
1
A C1 C2 )
( M L+ M N )
P
=
(
I C2 + C1
A C1C2 )
But C1+C2 = h
AC 1 C 2
P=( M L + M N )
Thus, Ih (13)

Note that P is dependent on the range of line load bending moment.

Determine the value of e

From Eq.(13),

Z1 I ( M L+ M N ) C2
= = .
A AC 1 P h

Substituting the above into Eq.(7) yields

M D M N ( M L+ M N ) C 2
e= − + .
P P P h

MD ML C2 MN C2 M N h
e=
P
+
P
−
h
+ . −
P h P h ()
e=
MD ML C2 MN C1
P
+ . −
P h P h ( ) (14)

Consider sec. b-b.

FC 0
P
n.a P
C1 MD ML n.a
e C1
e M2
h
MD
C2 C2

0 FC
Case I: P+M D +M 1 Case II: P+ M D + M 2

I I
; Z 2=
Let Z = C1
1
C2

C1+C2=h

P Pe M D M 1
+ − + =Fc
A Z1 Z1 Z1 (1)

P Pe M D M 1
− + − =0
A Z2 Z2 Z2 (2)

P Pe M D M 2
+ − + =0
A Z1 Z1 Z1 (3)

P Pe M D M 2
− + − =Fc
A Z2 Z2 Z2 (4)

From Eqs.(1) and Eqs.(3)

M 1+ M 2
Z1 =
Fc (5)

From Eqs.(2) and Eqs.(4)

M 1+ M 2
Z 2=
Fc (6)

It can be shown that

AC 1 C 2
P=( M 1 + M 2 )
Ih (7)

And

e=
MD M2 C1 M1 C2
P
+
P h
−
P h ( ) ( ) (8)
II Balance Design

For sec. a-a Ftt Fcw

MD ML
C1
C1 MD ML
h
e
C2 P e
C2 ηP

Fct Ftw

p Pe M D M N
− + − =F tt
A Z1 Z1 Z1 (1)

p Pe M D M N
+ − + =F ct
A Z2 Z2 Z2 (2)

p Pe M D M L
n −n + + =F cw
A Z1 Z1 Z1 (3)

p Pe M M
n + n − D − N =F tw
A Z2 Z2 Z2 (4)

From Eq.(1) and (3)

( 1−n ) M D + M L +nM N
Z1 =
( F cw −nF tt ) (5)

From Eqs. (2) and (4)

( 1−n ) M D + M L +nM N
Z 2=
( nF ct −Frw ) (6)

It can be shown that

 P F cw . F ct −Ftw F tt
=
A n ( F ct−F tt ) + ( F cw −Ftw )
(7)

( M D + M L )( F ct−F tt ) + ( M D−M N ) ( F cw −F tw )
Pe=
( F cw−F tw ) +n ( F ct −F tt ) (8)

( M D + M 2 )( F ct −F tt ) + ( M D −M 1 )( F cw −Ftw )
Ae=
( F ct . F cw −Ftt . F tw ) (9)
C1 F cw −ηF tt
=
C2 ηF ct −F tw (10)

For sec. b-b

Fct Ftw

C1
P C1 ηP
e e

C2
MD ML C2 MD ML

Ftt Fcw

p Pe M D M N
− + − =F tt
A Z1 Z1 Z1 (1)

p Pe M D M N
+ − + =F ct
A Z2 Z2 Z2 (2)

p Pe M D M L
n −n + + =F cw
A Z1 Z1 Z1 (3)

p Pe M M
n + n − D − N =F tw
A Z2 Z2 Z2 (4)

From Eq.(1) and (3)

( 1−n ) M D + M L +nM N
Z1 =
( F cw −nF tt ) (5)
From Eqs. (2) and (4)
( 1−n ) M D + M L +nM N
Z 2=
( nF ct −Frw ) (6)

It can be shown that

P F cw . F ct −Ftw F tt
=
A n ( F ct−F tt ) + ( F cw −Ftw )
(7)

( M D + M L )( F ct−F tt ) + ( M D−M N ) ( F cw −F tw )
Pe=
( F cw−F tw ) +n ( F ct −F tt ) (8)

( M D + M 2 )( F ct −F tt ) + ( M D −M 1 )( F cw −Ftw )
Ae=
( F ct . F cw −Ftt . F tw ) (9)

C1 ( ηF ct−F tw )
=
C2 ( F cw ηF tt ) (10)

C 2=h
[ F cw −ηF tt
( F cw −F tw ) + η ( F ct−F tt ) ] (11)

III. General Design

I I
Consider sec. a-a Let Z1= C1 and Z2= C2

Ftw
Fcw

MD M1
C1 MD ML
C1

e e
C2 P ηP
C2

Fct Ftw
P Pe M D M N
− + − ≥F tt
A Z1 Z1 Z1 (1)

P Pe M D M N
+ − + ≤F ct
A Z2 Z2 Z2 (2)

ηP η Pe M D M L
− + + ≤F cw
A Z1 Z 1 Z1 (3)

ηP η Pe M D M L
+ − − ≤F tw
A Z2 Z2 Z2 (4)

From Eqs. (1) and (3)

( 1−η ) M D+ ηM N + M L
Z1 ≥
( F cw −ηF tt ) (5)

From Eqs. (2) and (4)

( 1−η ) M D +ηM N + M L
Z 2≥
( ηFct −F tw ) (6)

Determine the Magnet Diagram

Z2 Z1
Let K1= A and K2= A A/P

From (1)

e
¿
A
P [( M D−M N
Z2 ) ]
+ F tt K 2 + K 2

+K2
e
A −1
=

( )
P M D −M N
−F tt
Z1
when e = 0 ;

A Ftt
=0
P ; e = +K2

From (2)
A/P
 e≤
A
P [( M D −M N
Z2 ) ]
+ F ct K 1−K 1
Fct
A +1 -K1
=

( )
P M D −M N e
+ F ct
Z2
When e = 0 ; A/P

A
=0 ;
P e = -K1

From Eq. (3)

Fcw

e≥
A
P
=
ηZ 1[(
M D+ M L F
η )
− cw K 2 + K 2
] +K2 e

A −n
=

( )
P MD+M L
−Fcw
Z1
When e = 0 ;

A
=0
P ; e = +K2
A/P
From Eq. (4)

e≥
[
A M D M L F tw
P ηZ 2
+
η
K 1−K 1
] Ftw
-K1 e
A n
=

( )
P MD+M L
+ F tw
Z2
When e = 0 ;

A
=0
P ; e = -K1

A
From the value of e and P , plot the magnel diagram of the beam.

For section b-b:

Fct Ftw

C1

C2
 e
P C1 e ηP

MD M1
C2 MD ML

ss
Ftt Fcw
P Pe M̄ D M 1
+ − + ≤Fct
A Z1 Z1 Z1 (1)

P Pe M̄ D M 1
− + − ≥F tt
A Z2 Z2 Z2 (2)

ηP η Pe M̄ D M 2
+ − − ≥F tw
A Z1 Z 1 Z1 (3)

ηP η Pe M̄ D M 2
+ − − ≤F cw
A Z2 Z 2 Z2 (4)

Fro Eqs. (1) and (3)

( 1−η ) M̄ D+ ηM 1 + M 2
Z1 ≥
( ηF ct −F tw ) (5)

From Eq. (2) and (4)

( 1−η ) M̄ D +ηM 1 + M 2
Z 2≥
( F cw−ηFtt ) (6)

Draw the Magnel Diagram:

From Eq. (1)

e≤
[ M̄ D
Z1
−
M1
Z1
+ F ct −
P Z1
A P ]
A/P
But Z1=AK2
Fct
e≥
P Z1 [
A M̄ D M 1
−
Z1
+ F ct K 2 −K 2
]
 A 1
=

( )
P M̄ D −M 1
+ F ct
Z1
When e = 0 ;

A -K2 e
=0
P ; e = -K2

From Eq. (2)

A/P

e≤
P [
A M̄ D−M 1
Z2 ]
−F tt K 1 + K 1

A −1
=

( )
P M̄ D −M 1
−Ftt
Z2
When e = 0 ; e
+K1
A
=0
P ; e = +K1 Ftt

From Eq. (3)

e≥
P [
A M̄ D + M 2 F tw
ηZ 1
+
η ]
K 2 −K 2 A/P

A n
=

( )
P M̄ D + M 2 Ftw
+ F tw
Z1
When e = 0 ;

A
=0
P ; e = -K2
e
-K2
From Eq. (4)

e≥
P [
A M̄ D + M 2 F cw
ηZ 2
−
η
K 1+ K 1
]
A −n
=

( )
P M̄ D + M 2
+ F cw
Z2
When e = 0 ;
A/P

e
 A
=0
P ; e = +K1

Losses in PSC Beams. Fcw

+K1
Post – tensioned Beams

1. Friction

(a) curvature effect

(b) wobble or length effect

2. Elastic deformation or elastic shortening

3. Shrinkage

4. Anchorage set

5. Relaxation of steel

6. Creep of concrete

Pretensioned Beams

1. Elastic deformation

2. Shrinkage

3. Relaxation of steel

4. Creep of concrete
dθ
Post – tensioned Beams

1. Losses due to friction

Jack

ds
 Consider an infinitesimal length as of the cable dx

Let μ = coefficient of friction between the steel

and the surrounding materials

K = wobble effect which is a friction stress

created pr unit tensile force in the cable per unit length.

Therefore KP is the friction stress per unit length induced by wobble effect.

Let Po = tensile force at the jacking end

Px = tensile force at any section

S = curved length of the cable

x = horizontal length of the cable

From the figure,

The vertical components of P and (P+dp) is Pv,

thus

d
P+dp θ

Pv P

dθ/2 Pd θ dθ
+( P+dp ) .
dθ/2 Pv = 2 2

Note that for small angles,

Sin θ≃θ . Higher order term ¿ 0

Pd θ P . dθ
Pv = 2
+
2 (
+ dp .
dθ
2 )
Or Pv = P.dθ.
 The vertical force per unit length is
( P. )
dθ
ds if the coefficient of friction is μ , then the
dθ
μP .
frictional force is ds

dθ
μ . P .( )
The total frictional force is F= KP+ ds per unit length.

The equilibrium of forces in the horizontal direction yields.

dθ

( P+dP−P)cos
(P+dP) dθ/2
( dθ2 )+( μP. dθds +KP) ds=0
dθ/2 P

F
dP+μP ( dθ ) +KPds=0

Dividing all terms by P and integrating,

Px ¿
dP
∫ P
+∫ ¿
Po ¿

Ln Px-ln Po+ μ∝+KS=0

−(μ ∝+ KS )

Px=Poe

In practice, χ ≃S

Thus Px=Poe( μ∝ + Kχ )

For small values of ( μ∝ + Kχ ) say = 0.30

( μ ∝+ Kχ )2
e-( μ∝ + Kχ ) = 1-( μ∝ + Kχ ) + 2!

e-( μ∝ + Kχ ) ¿ 1-( μ∝ + Kχ )

∴ Px=P 0 ( 1−μ ∝+ Kχ ) (*)

Friction loss; (Po-Px)= Po ( μ∝ + Kχ ) (*)

%loss = 100 ( μ∝ + Kχ ) (*)

Suggested values of μ and K

μ K

Wire cables 0.25 0.0015

High strength bars 0.30 0.0003

Galvanized strands 0.25 0.0015

Curvature wabble

effect effect

Angle of inflection; ¿ L/2 L/2

For parabolic cables

χ
Parabolic cable
ec−e x ec 4ec 2
= ⋅¿¿e = ( Lx−x )
θ θ

( )()
2 2 x 2 ec ex ec
L L L
−χ c θ
2 2 (ec - ex) ∞
θ
This is the equation of the parabola.

The slope at any point is

dex 4 ec
= 2 ( L−2 x )
Slope= dx L

4 ec
.
At support, x=0 slope θ= L

Thus, the angle of inflection is ¿ , or

 8 ec
¿=2θ=
L

For inclined cables a b

Θ1 Θ2
¿=θ1 +θ 2 e
Θ2
e e ∞
¿≃ + .
a b Θ1

Consider a parabolic cables shown:

L/2 L/2
0 χ
e1 e3
+e e2
E= 4X2+bx+c

Boundary conditions: x= o; cable e= +e1

L
x= 2 ; e= +e2

x= L; e= +e3

hence:
2
A= ( e 1 + e3 −2 e 2 )
L2

1
B= ( 4 e −3 e1 e 3 )
L 2

C= e1

de
=24 x +B
The slope at any point is dx

Where A and B are known. The angle of inflection can be calculated.

Example:

For a beam with cable configuration shown below, find the effective prestressing force at
the other end if μ is 0.30 and K is 0.0002
 Px
100KN A C E
∞CD
1m
B D
1m
∞BC ∞DE
25 m 25 m 25 m 25 m

(A) By Approximate method:

2 2 4
¿ BC= + =
25 25 25

2 2 4
¿CD = + =
25 25 25

2 2 4
¿ DE = + =
25 25 25

12
∑ ¿=¿ BC +¿ CD +¿ DE =25

∑ X=100m . friction wobble

Px=P0 [ 1− { μ ∝+ Kχ } ]

[
Px=1000 1− 0 .3 x ( 12
25
+0 . 0002 x 100 =836 KN )]
( 1000−836 )
x 100=16 . 4 %
%losses= 1000

(B) Analyze the losses by segments:

Cable AB: P B=P [ 1−0. 0002 x 25 ] =0 . 995 P

At B:
[
P B=PB 1−0 . 3 x
4
25 ]
=0 . 947 P

Cable BC: PC =P B [ 1−0 . 0002 x 25 ]= 0. 947 x 0 . 995 P=0 . 942 P

At C:
[
PC =Pc 1−0 .3 x
4
25]=0 .942 x 0. 952 P=0 . 896 P

Cable CD: P D=Pc [ 1−0. 0002 x 25 ] =0 .896 x 0 .995 P=0 .892 P

At D
[
P D=P D 1−0 . 3 x
4
25 ]
=0 . 892 x 0 . 952 P=0 .849 P

Cable DE: P E=P D [ 1−0 .0002 x 25 ] =0 . 849 x 0 . 995 P=0 . 845 P

∴ Px=P E=845 KN

1000−845
x 100=16 .5 %
1000= 1000
%losses
995

900 947 942

892 845
896
800 849

Effective Cable Force Profile

II Losses due to elastic shortening

y (-)

e 11

x ∞ (-) (+)
e x
1
e1
ex
x ex+1
 N
(x+1) (+)
ex+11
y

Consider a post- tensioned beam with N cables stressed one after the other .

Let:

N= total number of cables

e1, e2, …ex…eN= vertical eccentricity of cables 1, 2, x… N respetively

e1, e2, …ex…eN= horizontal eccentricity of cables 1, 2, x… N respetively

As= total area of prestressing steel

A= gross area of the section

IXX= Arx2= second moment of area about the x-x axis of the section

Iyy= Ary2= second moment of area about the y-y axis of the section

rx= radius of gyration about the x-x axis

ry= radius of gyration about the y-y axis

σ : As
σ i= initial stress of each prestressing steel Force/ cable= N (N)

If the (x+x)th cable is stressed, the effect on the xth cable can be calculated as follows:

The concrete stress at the vicinity of the Xth cable is

σ i As σ i As ( e1 + 1 ) ( ex ) σ i As ( e x + 1 ) ( e x )
1
σ C= . + . .
NA N Ar 2 N Ar 2
x y

Or

[
( e x +1 ) ( ex ) ( e x +1 ) ex
]
1
σ As
σ C= i . 1+ + .
NA r 2 r 2
x y (2)
The concrete strain is

σc
Є C= E c

[
( ex +1 ) ex ( e x +1 ) e 1 x
]
1
σ i As
1+ +
EC NA r 2 r 2
Є C= x y (3)

If no slip secure the concrete strain will be equal to the steel strain, and the corresponding
steel stress is

( )[ ]
σ i As E S ( ex+ 1 ) ex ( ex +1 ) ex
σ S =E s E S = . 1+ +
NA EC r 2 r 2
x y (4)

As Es
ρ=
Setting A which is the steel ration and m= EC which is the modular ratio of the
module of steel to concrete,

Thus:

σ S=
σ i pm
N [ 1+
( ex+ 1 ) ex ( e 1 x+1 ) e 1 x
r 2
x
+
r 2
y
] (5)

If N cable are stressed one after the other, the loss of stress in the xth cable is

[ ]
1
σ i pm x
σ e= ( N− X ) +
ex
(
e x +1+e x + .. .. e N +
e
) ( e1 x +1 e 1x +2 +.. . .e 1 N )
N r 2 +2 r 2
x y (6)

The average loss in all cables is

[ ]
N 1
e e x
( )
σ ipm 1
2 ∑
σ e ( ave )= ( N −X ) + x ( e x +1 + e x +2 +.. . .e N ) + 2 e x +1 + e x +2 +. .. . e N
N x=1 r 2
x r y (7)

When all the cables have the same vertical eccentricity and ignoring the effect of the
horizontal eccentricity, the average loss may be simplified as

σ e (ave )=σ i pm
N −1
2N
1+ 2
rx(
ex 2
)( ) (8)
When the number of cables is large enough, (N-1)¿ N , the average loss σ e (ave ) reduces
to

σ e ( ave )=
σ ipm
2
1+
( )
ex 2
r 2
x (9)

Ef the cables are curved, the expression for σ e is

[ ]
L L 1
σ i pm eX X
σ e= ( N− X ) L+∫
e
( e x +1 +e x +2 +. .. e N ) dx+∫ r ( e1x +1 + e1 x +2+. .. . e1 N ) dx
NL 0 r 2 0 2
X y

Where the eccentricity must be expressed in terms of L.

Example:

x x
375
1
450 525
mm

σ i pm 5¿
=1034x0.0052x6¿ 3¿
¿
N 5 4

150 15
σ i pm 0
=6 . 452
N y
1st cable:
[
σ 1=6 . 452 ( 5−1 ) +
375
178 , 075 (
450+525+525+
0
28 , 389
( 0+0+150−150 ) )]
σ 1=53 . 32 N /mm2

2nd cable:
[
σ 2=6 . 452 ( 5−1 ) +
450
178 , 075 (
525+525 +525)+
0
28 , 389
( 150+0−150 ) )]
σ 1=45 .03 N /mm 2

3rd cable:
[
σ 3=6. 452 (5−3 ) +
525
178 , 075(525+525)+
150
28 ,389
( 0−150 ) )]
σ 3=27 . 76 N /mm 2

4th cable:
[
σ 4 =6 . 452 ( 5−4 )+
525
178 ,075 (
(525 )+
0
28 , 389
(−−150 ) )]
σ 4 =16 . 43 N /mm 2

5th cable:
[
σ 5=6 . 452 (5−5 ) +
525
178 , 075((0 )+
(−150 )
28 ,389
(0 ) )]
σ 5=0

53 . 32+45 . 02+27 .76+16. 43+0

σ e= =28 .50 N /mm 2
Ave 5

28 .50
x 100=2 . 75 %.
Ave (%loss)= 1034

Example: Beam with parabolic tendons

y
 n.a.
1 e e
x x

4e
2 2e e

y ∉
L/2 L/2
x

x
ex
ec
ec
(ec – ex)

For a parabolic cable shown

ec ( e c−e x )
=
( ) (
L 2
)
2
L
−x
2 2 cable 1: ec= 5e
4
e x= 2
. e c ( LX−X 2 ) .
L cable 2: ec= 3e

Cable 3: ec= e

Cabel 1: relative to n.a., the equation of the cables are:

4
2
( 5 e ) [ LX −X 2 ] −e
e1= L

cable 2
4
2
( 3 e ) [ LX −X 2 ] + e
e2= L

cable 3
4
2
( e ) [ LX−X 2 ]+ 3 e
e1= L
loss of prestress:

[ ]
L
σ i pm e
σ 1= ( N −1 ) L+∫ 1 ( e 2 +e 3 ) dx
NL 0
r X2

[ ]
L
σ i pm 1
σ 1=
3L
( 3−1 ) L+ ∫ e ( e +e )dx
r 20 1 2 3
x

[ ]
L
σ i pm 1
σ 2=
3L
( 3−2 ) L+ ∫ e ( e )dx
r 20 2 3
x

σ 3=0

Where e1 e2 and e3 are defined above

L
e
∫ r 1 (e 2 +e 3 )dx
Evaluate 0 x2 and
e
∮o r 2 (e 3)dx
x2

12e
( e2+e3 ) = 2
( Lx−x 2 ) +e+ 4 2e ( Lx−x 2 ) +3 e
L L

16 e
= 2
( Lx−x 2 ) + 4 e
L

e 1 ( e 2 + e3 )=
{ 20 e
L 2 L2 }
[ Lx−x2 ]−e }16 e ( Lx−x 2 ) + 4 e }

320 e2 ( 2 2 64 e
)
2
( Lx−x 2 ) −4 e2
= 4
Lx−x + 2
L L

320 e 2 ( 2 2 3 4 64 e
)
2
( Lx−x2 )−4 e 2
L x −2 Lx + x +
L4 L2

[ ]
L
1 1 52 e2 L
∫
r 2 o 1( 2 3)
e e + e dx=
r 2 3
x x
 ∴ σ 1=
σ i pm
3L
2 L+
r 2[
1 52 e 2 L
3
x
( )]
σ 1=
σ i pm
3
2+
e2
rx [ ( ) 3 )]
( 52

L e 2 ( e 3 ) dx
∫ r
Evaluate o x2

12 e
2 ( x { 4e
L −x )+ e 2 ( L x−x ) +3 e
( e 2 )( e 3 )=
L
2
L
2
}{ }
2
48 e 40 e 2
¿ 4 [ L2 x2 −2 Lx 3 + x 4 ]+ 2 ( Lx−x 2 ) +3 e 2
L L

( ) ( )
L 2 5 4 5 2 3 3
∫ e2 e 3 dx =48
L 4
e L 2L L
−
5 4
+
5
40 e
+ 2
L
L L
−
2 3
+3 e 2 L
0

48 e 2 40 e2 L 338 e 2 L
= + +3 e 2 L=
30 6 30

[ ]
L
σ i pm 1
σ 2=
3L
L+ ∫ e . e . dx
r 20 2 3
x

[ ( )]
σ i pm e 2
= 1+338
3 rx

σ 3=0

Losses = σ 1 +σ 2 +σ 3

[ () () ]
σ i pm 52 e 2 338 e 2
2+ +1+ +0
3 3 rx 30 r x
=

[ ( ) ( )]
σ i pm e 2
858
3+
3 rx 30
=
 [ ( )]
σ i pm e 2
3+28 . 6
3 rx
=

III. Losses due to shrinkage of concrete

Shrinkage is a time-dependent deformation it is influence by the following:

(a) type of cement

(b) type of aggregate

(c) mix design

(d) method of curing

∉sh
y

n.a
x x

e
Steel tendon

y ∉c ∉s

Initial position
Final position
Let: ∈sh = shrinkage strain

∈c = net concrete strain

∈s = steel strain

σ sh = steel stress due to shrinkage

A = gross area of the section

A s = total area of stress

I = Ar
x2 = second moment of area

r x = radius of gyration about x – x

From the diagram

∈c=∈sh−∈s

If the stress of the steel due to shrinkage is σ sh , then the concrete stress in the vicinity of
the cable is:

σ sh . A s ( σ sh . A s ) e . e
σ c= +
A Ar 2
x (2)
As
p=
Setting A

σ c=σ sh . p 1+
[ ] e2
r 2
x (3)

From Eq. (1)

σc σ sh
=∈sh −
∈c ∈s (4)

or
 σc σ sh
∈sh = +
∈c ∈s (5)

Substituting values,

[ ]
σ sh . p e2 σ sh
∈sh = 1+ +
∈c r 2 ∈s
x (6)

∈sh =σ sh
( 1
+
p
∈s ∈c
e2
1+ 2
rx ( )) (7)
∈s
m=
Setting ∈c

∈s r ∈ sh
x2
σ sh =
[r x2
+ pm r ( x2
+ e2 )] (8)

To determine the value of σ sh , the shrinkage strain ∈sh must be specified. Empirical
values are normally specified.
12 .5
∈sh = ( 90−H )
For example: 106 (9)

Where H is the relative humidity in %.

Eq. (9) is suggested by Schorer.

For sections where the steel ratio p is small, the term in Eq. (8)
r
x2

[r x2
+ pm r ( x2
+ e2 )]

Is close to 1.00, thus the loss of stress in the steel σ sh can be approximated as

σ sh ≃. ∈s ∈sh (10)

IV. Losses due to creep of concrete

Creep is a non-elastic deformation under load believed to be due to the closure of

internal voids, viseous flow of the cement-water paste, crystalline flow in aggregate and
the squezzing of water from the cement under load.
 Let σ i = initial stress before creep

σ cr = loss of stress in the steel due to creep

x x
( σ i−σ cr ) = final steel stress
e

The concrete stress in the vicinity of the wire is

As e.e
σ c=( σ i −σ cr )
A ( i
+ σ −σ cr ) A s
Ar 2
x

[ ]
σ c=( σ i −σ cr ) P 1+
e2
r 2
x (1)

Assume the loss due to creep is proportional to the stress in the concrete, thus

σ cr ασ c

Thus; σ cr =∈s ℘σ c (2)

Where ℘ = creep / unit length / unit stress

From Eqs. (1) and (2)

[ ]
σ cr e2
=( σ i−σ cr ) ρ 1+
∈s ℘ r 2
x (3)

[
σ cr 1+∈s ℘ ρ 1+
( )]
e2
r 2
x
=∈s ℘ ρ 1+
e2
σ
( )
r 2 i
x
 σ cr =
∈s ℘ ρ 1+
( ) e2
x
σ
r 2 i

[ ( )]
2
e
1+∈ s ℘ p 1+
r 2
x

σ i pm ℘ ∈c ( r 2+ e 2 )
x x
σ cr =
[r x2
+ pm ℘ ∈c r ( x2
+e 2
)] (4)
σ cr
x 100
% loss = σ i

V. Losses due to anchorage stress

Let = slip of the anchorage

σ slip = /L (1) ∈s = modulus of elasticity of the steel

σ slip
×100
%loss = σ i σ i = initial stress of the steel

L = length of the beam

∈= /L

VI. Losses due to relaxation of steel

Let

σ s = steel stress at any time t

t = numbers of hours after initial stressing

σ i = initial steel stress

σ sy = yield point stress of steel

The expression suggested by Magura, Sozen and Siess is

 ( )
σs logt σ 1
=1− . 0 . 55
σi 10 σ sy

If σ r is the loss of stress due to relaxation of steel,

σ r =σ i −σ s

σ r =σ i
10
.
(
logt σ i
σ sy
−0 .55
)
For example:
σi
=0 . 79
σ sy

t=8760 hrs.

log t = 3.9425
3 .9425
∴ σ r =σ i × ( 0. 79−0. 55 ) =0 .08 σ i
10
. 08 σ i
%loss= ×100=8 %
σi

General Comment

If the total loss of prestress is not specified in the design, use the following:

For post-tensional beams:

η= 1−
( 25 , 000
Fs ) where Fs is in lb./in.2

or
η= 1−
( 172. 37
Fs ) where Fs is in N/mm2