Physics noted by Richie Mathek right on the records Anatomy of flowering plants

Plant anatomy: it is a branch of biology deals with the study of internal characteristics of flowering
plants.

The scientist N Grew is called as the father of plant anatomy.

Tissues: it is a group of similar or dissimilar cells having the seen origin and perform a similar
functions.

Classified into two groups

1. Meristematic tissue
2. Permanent tissue

1.Maristomatic tissue:

Hence the cells are capable of cell division.

2.Permanent tissue:

They are matured cells so they are incapable of cell division.

Permanent issue is classified into:

1. Simple permanent issue

2. Complex permanent issue

1. Simple permanent issue:

This tissue composed of more than one type of cells.

Simple permanent tissue is classified into

1. Paranchyma.
2. Collenchyma
3. Sclerenchyma

In paranchyma and collenchyma we will see one more type

Chlorenchyma:

It is called chloren because it has chloroplast

2.Complex permanent tissue:

Two main tissue in complex permanent tissue they are

1. Xylem
2. Phloem

In xylem there are two concepts

1. Xylem vessels
2. Tracheid
In phloem there are two concepts
1. Sieve tubes

2.Companion cells

1. the estimated tissue

The term meristem it is derived from the Greek word maristos which means divisible

The term maristime it is coined by the scientist name Negeli.

Definition: the group of young immature cells undifferentiated cells having the capacity of active cell
division To produce new cells.

Characteristics of Meristamatiic tissue:

1. The cells are vowel or rectangular or hexagonal in shape, thin walled and cellulosic cell wall.
2. The cells are compactly arranged without intercellular spaces.
3. The cells have dense cytoplasm prominent nucleus without a vacuole
4. They undergo constant division.
5. They help mainly in growth of the plant
6. The cell organals are present in primitive form.

Classification of meristem:

On the basis of position it is classified into

1. Apical meristem
2. Intercalary meristem
3. Lateral meristem

1.Apical meristem:

They are present at the apex of the stem and the root which helps in increasing the length of the
plants

2.Intercalary meristem:

It is present in between the permanent tissue

It may be at the base of the leaf or at the base of the inter node.

This maristum it is also helps to increase the length of the plants.

3.Lateral meristem:

The meristem present at the lateral position of the body is called lateral meristem.

It helps to increase the width or girth of the plant body.

Permanent tissue

It is a group of matured differentiation cells Which undergoes complete growth. And assumed a
definite shape size and structure with a common origin and function it is termed as group of
permanent tissue.
It is characterized into two types.
1. Simple permanent issue
2. Complex permanent issue

1.Simple permanent issue:

It is a group of similar or homogeneous mass of cells having common origin performing same
function.

It is classified into.

1. Parenchyma
2. Collenchyma
3. Sclerenchyma

1.Parenchyma:

It is the most common type of simple permanent issue present in all group of plants.

It is also called as ground tissue or fundamental tissue.

Occurrences:

It is present in all parts of the plant like root stem flowers leaves, fruits and seeds.

Structure:

1. The cells are isodiametric or Polyhedral in shape arranged loosely living intercellular spaces.
2. The salvo is very thin and composed of mainly cellulose Sometimes hemicellulose also.
3. The cells have dense cytoplasm
4. Prominent nucleus and vacuole.

Based on specific function the Parenchyma Is divided into three types.

1. Simple Parenchyma
2. Chlorenchyma
3. Arenchyma

1.Simple Parenchyma:

The same findings were given for this tissue which have given for Parenchyma cells

2.Chlorenchyma:

These are specialized parenchtmatous cells having chloroplast

They are mainly helpful in photosynthesis.

These present in leaf.

There are two types of chlorenchyma cells in Dicot leaf

1. Palliside parenchyma
2. Spongy parenchyma
1.Palliside parenchyma:

They are specialized columnar cells and they are arranged completely.

2.Spongy Parenchyma:

They are specialized columnar cells and they are arranged like Sponge.

3.Arenchyma

These cells are with large intracellular spaces or air cavity is present.

Due to this it helps for Buoyancy.

Functions of parenchyma:

1. The main function of parenchyma cells is to storage.

2. It stores the food materials in the form of starch protein, fat oil.
3. The Parenchyma is associated with the xylem and phloem. It helps to translocation of water
and food.
4. Chlorenchyma Present in the leaf helps in photosynthesis.
5. The Spongy Parenchyma helps for both gaseous exchange and also photosynthesis
6. The arenchyma present in hydrophiles helps for Buoyancy.
7. The parenchyma cells Sometimes regain the power of cell division which helps for wound
healing.

COLLENCHYMA

The collenchyma is thick world living mechanical tissue.

Occurences:

It is commonly present in stem, leaves, floral parts, in Hydermis Off dicot stem around Vascular
Bundle as a cap.

Structure:

The cells are elongated polygonal or rectangular in shape.

And the cells which are compactly arranged without intercellular spaces.

The cell wall is made is made of cellulose and hemi cellulose. The acting is deposited in the cell wall
in an uneven manner it has dense cytoplasm, vascular, prominent nucleus.

Based on the nature of the pectin deposition it is classified into three types

1. Angular Collenchyma
2. Lamellar Collenchyma
3. Lacunar Collenchyma

1.Angular collenchyma:

The affecting deposition is some angles are in corners

2.Lamellar Collenchyma:
the pectin deposition is in tangential wall.
3.Lacunnar collenchyma:

In this type of the pectin deposition is around the Lacuna(cavity).

Function:

1. The main function of collenchyma, it offers the mechanical support.

2. It provides the protection to the vascular bundle.
3. The collenchyma with chloroplast It performs photosynthetic function.
4. Like parenchyma the collenchyma also forms Regain the power of cell division helps wound
healing.