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Plant anatomy: it is a branch of biology deals with the study of internal characteristics of flowering
plants.
Tissues: it is a group of similar or dissimilar cells having the seen origin and perform a similar
functions.
1. Meristematic tissue
2. Permanent tissue
1.Maristomatic tissue:
2.Permanent tissue:
Chlorenchyma:
1. Xylem
2. Phloem
1. Xylem vessels
2. Tracheid
In phloem there are two concepts
1. Sieve tubes
2.Companion cells
The term meristem it is derived from the Greek word maristos which means divisible
Definition: the group of young immature cells undifferentiated cells having the capacity of active cell
division To produce new cells.
1. The cells are vowel or rectangular or hexagonal in shape, thin walled and cellulosic cell wall.
2. The cells are compactly arranged without intercellular spaces.
3. The cells have dense cytoplasm prominent nucleus without a vacuole
4. They undergo constant division.
5. They help mainly in growth of the plant
6. The cell organals are present in primitive form.
Classification of meristem:
1. Apical meristem
2. Intercalary meristem
3. Lateral meristem
1.Apical meristem:
They are present at the apex of the stem and the root which helps in increasing the length of the
plants
2.Intercalary meristem:
It may be at the base of the leaf or at the base of the inter node.
3.Lateral meristem:
The meristem present at the lateral position of the body is called lateral meristem.
Permanent tissue
It is a group of matured differentiation cells Which undergoes complete growth. And assumed a
definite shape size and structure with a common origin and function it is termed as group of
permanent tissue.
It is characterized into two types.
1. Simple permanent issue
2. Complex permanent issue
It is a group of similar or homogeneous mass of cells having common origin performing same
function.
It is classified into.
1. Parenchyma
2. Collenchyma
3. Sclerenchyma
1.Parenchyma:
It is the most common type of simple permanent issue present in all group of plants.
Occurrences:
It is present in all parts of the plant like root stem flowers leaves, fruits and seeds.
Structure:
1. The cells are isodiametric or Polyhedral in shape arranged loosely living intercellular spaces.
2. The salvo is very thin and composed of mainly cellulose Sometimes hemicellulose also.
3. The cells have dense cytoplasm
4. Prominent nucleus and vacuole.
1. Simple Parenchyma
2. Chlorenchyma
3. Arenchyma
1.Simple Parenchyma:
The same findings were given for this tissue which have given for Parenchyma cells
2.Chlorenchyma:
1. Palliside parenchyma
2. Spongy parenchyma
1.Palliside parenchyma:
They are specialized columnar cells and they are arranged completely.
2.Spongy Parenchyma:
They are specialized columnar cells and they are arranged like Sponge.
3.Arenchyma
These cells are with large intracellular spaces or air cavity is present.
Functions of parenchyma:
COLLENCHYMA
Occurences:
It is commonly present in stem, leaves, floral parts, in Hydermis Off dicot stem around Vascular
Bundle as a cap.
Structure:
And the cells which are compactly arranged without intercellular spaces.
The cell wall is made is made of cellulose and hemi cellulose. The acting is deposited in the cell wall
in an uneven manner it has dense cytoplasm, vascular, prominent nucleus.
Based on the nature of the pectin deposition it is classified into three types
1. Angular Collenchyma
2. Lamellar Collenchyma
3. Lacunar Collenchyma
1.Angular collenchyma:
2.Lamellar Collenchyma:
the pectin deposition is in tangential wall.
3.Lacunnar collenchyma:
Function: