Republic of the Philippines

Department of Education
REGION IV-A CALABARZON
SCHOOLS DIVISION OF CALAMBA CITY
PALO ALTO INTEGRATED SCHOOL

February 20. 2024

CHEMICAL BONDS- IONIC AND COVALENT BONDS

Directions: Choose the letter of the best answer.

1. It refers to the ability of an atom in a molecule to attract shared electrons.

A. Electron affinity
B. Electron affinity
C. Ionization energy
D. Electromotive force
2. Which of the following statements is TRUE about polar bonds?
A. They are present in metals.
B. They are responsible for the formation of ionic compounds.
C. They always result in the formation of polar molecular compounds.
D. They may result in nonpolar covalent compounds depending on molecular geometry.
3. What type of chemical bond holds the atoms of water molecules together?
A. Hydrogen bond
B. Ionic bond
C. Polar covalent bond
D. Nonpolar covalent bond
4. Which of the following molecules is nonpolar?
A. NaCl
B. HCl
C. CO2
D. NH3
5. What is the electronegativity difference between Carbon and Oxygen?
A. 0
B. 0.5
C. 1.0
D. 1.5

Chemical bonds are formed when atoms lose, accept, or share electrons. An ionic bond occurs when there
is a transfer of one or more valence electrons from one atom to another. It exists between metal and
nonmetal atoms where metal loses electron/s while nonmetal accepts the electron/s donated by the metal.
On the other hand, when two nonmetal atoms combine, neither of them loses or gains an electron Instead,
electron pairs are shared by both atoms and the type of chemical bond formed is called a covalent bond.

Activity1: Polarity Experiment (PLEASE DO IT AT HOME AND WRITE YOUR ANSWER IN YOUR
NOTEBOOK)
Materials:

Water
Vinegar
Oil
3 disposable glasses
3 - spoon

Address: Palo Alto, Calamba City, Laguna

Telephone No: (049) 521-8264
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 Republic of the Philippines
Department of Education
REGION IV-A CALABARZON
SCHOOLS DIVISION OF CALAMBA CITY
PALO ALTO INTEGRATED SCHOOL

Procedure:
1. Obtain 3 clean disposable glasses and prepare the following set-up.

Set-up 1: 1 cup water + 5 tablespoons vinegar

Set-up 2: 1 cup water + 5 tablespoons oil
Set-up 3: 1 cup vinegar + 5 tablespoons oil

2. Thoroughly stir each mixture and observe.

Note: •Do not forget to wash and dry the spoon after each use.

 Properly label each set-up.

 Samples with oil should first be mixed with dishwashing liquid before disposing down
the sink

Guide Question:
1. Which of the following set-ups mixed well? Which did not?
2. What can you infer from the result of this activity?

The polarity of molecules is determined by the two factors:

- the polarity of bonds based on the electronegativity difference of the atoms involved and the
geometrical shape of
- the molecules that can be predicted via valence shell electron pair repulsion (VSEPR) theory.
A. Polarity of Bonds and Electronegativity
Electronegativity (EN) measures the relative tendency of an atom to attract electrons to itself
when chemically combined with another atom. Take a look at the electronegativity values of
some elements on Fig.1. What have you noticed? The electronegativity increases from left to right
of a period and decreases from top to bottom of a group. Take note also that the higher the value
of EN, the element tends to attract electrons towards itself.

What is the connection of electronegativity to the polarity of bonds?

- We could use the electronegativity values of the atoms involved to get the absolute
electronegativity difference (∆EN) which will help us in predicting what type of chemical bond
(ionic, polar covalent or nonpolar covalent) would exist between them. Table 1 shows the type of
bond based on the electronegativity difference of bonded atoms.

Address: Palo Alto, Calamba City, Laguna

Telephone No: (049) 521-8264
Email Address: 301524@deped.gov.ph
FB Page: DepEd Tayo Palo Alto Integrated School – Calamba City
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Department of Education
REGION IV-A CALABARZON
SCHOOLS DIVISION OF CALAMBA CITY
PALO ALTO INTEGRATED SCHOOL

Figure 1. Pauling Electronegativity values of some elements

Table 1. Type of bond based on electronegativity difference (∆EN) of bonded atoms

Type of Bond Electronegativity Difference (∆EN)

Ionic ≥1.7
Polar Covalent 0.5 to 1.6
Nonpolar Covalent ≤ 0.4

Activity 2: Predict me!

Predict what type of bond is present between the following pairs of atoms by determining their
electronegativity difference.

1. Ca and Cl
2. Cl and Cl
3. H and Cl
4. S and O
5. C and N

Solution:
1. ENCa = 1.0 ENCl = 3.0

(∆EN) = 1.0 – 3.0 = │-2.0│= 2.0 ionic bond

2. ENCl = 3.0 ENCl = 3.0

∆EN) = 3.0 – 3.0 = 0 nonpolar covalent bond

3. ENH = 2.1 ENCl= 3.0

(∆EN) = 2.1 – 3.0 = │-0.9│= 0.9 polar covalent bond

Address: Palo Alto, Calamba City, Laguna

Telephone No: (049) 521-8264
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SCHOOLS DIVISION OF CALAMBA CITY
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4. ENS= 2.5 ENO = 3.5

(∆EN) = 2.5 – 3.5 = │-1.0│= 1.0 polar covalent bond

5. ENC= 2.5 ENN = 3.0

(∆EN) = 2.5 – 3.0 = │-0.5│= 0.5 polar covalent bond

A polar covalent bond is formed when electrons are shared unequally by two atoms in a compound. The
bonded pair of atoms form an electric dipole (represented )
Dipole means “two poles” which means that a molecule has one positive end and one negative end. In this
type of bond, the atom with the higher EN value becomes the partial negative pole (symbolized as ẟ-)
while the atom with the lower EN value becomes the partially positive (symbolized as ẟ+) pole. Always
bear in mind that the direction of the arrow is always pointing from a more electropositive pole to the more
electronegative pole. Take HCl for example, H has higher EN than Cl, thus the direction of the arrow is
pointing away from H and towards Cl. There is unequal electron density as represented by a size of the
circle (refer to figure 2). On the other hand, a nonpolar covalent bond develops if both atoms equally share
a pair of electrons between them.

This occurs when the bonding atoms have approximately equal EN value or equal ability to attract
electrons to each side. Nonpolar covalent bond is an example of bond formed when two chlorine atoms
combine.

A. B.

Figure 2. (A) Polar bond between H and Cl and (B) nonpolar bond between two Cl atoms

B. Polarity of Molecules and Molecular Geometry

We have learned how to predict the type of bond polarity simply by calculating the electronegativity
difference of atoms (specifically two atoms). The next question is, how about for those molecules
consisting of more than two atoms like H2O, CCl4, NH3 and CO2? For polyatomic molecules, both the
bond polarity and molecular shape determine the overall molecular polarity. In terms of molecular
geometry, the valence shell electron pair repulsion (VSEPR) theory would help us to determine the spatial
arrangement of atoms in a polyatomic molecule.
You can predict the shape or molecular geometry of a substance using the following steps:
Step 1: Determine the central atom of a molecule. The central atom is the least electronegative element.
Step 2: Draw the appropriate Lewis dot structure for the molecule.
Step 3: Count the number of bonding pairs of electrons and non-bonding (or lone pairs) around the central
atom.
Step 4: Determine the electron pair orientation using the total number of electron pairs.
Step 5: Identify the shape of the molecule of based on the location of the atoms.

Address: Palo Alto, Calamba City, Laguna

Telephone No: (049) 521-8264
Email Address: 301524@deped.gov.ph
FB Page: DepEd Tayo Palo Alto Integrated School – Calamba City
 Republic of the Philippines
Department of Education
REGION IV-A CALABARZON
SCHOOLS DIVISION OF CALAMBA CITY
PALO ALTO INTEGRATED SCHOOL

Figure 3. Different Molecular Shapes

Example 1: Predict the molecular geometry of BCl3

Step 1: ENB = 2.0 ENCl = 3.0 therefore, B will be the central atom, and three Cl atoms are attached to it.
By looking at the chemical formula, you will also have an idea that boron will be the central atom, and
three atoms of choline are attached to it.
Step 2:

Step 3: The central atom has three electron pairs: 3 bonded pairs and no lone pair
Step 4: The electron pair orientation for three electrons is trigonal planar.
Step 5: The molecular shape of BCl3 is trigonal planar.

Address: Palo Alto, Calamba City, Laguna

Telephone No: (049) 521-8264
Email Address: 301524@deped.gov.ph
FB Page: DepEd Tayo Palo Alto Integrated School – Calamba City