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General Chemistry 2 – Grade 12

(STEM) Learning Activity Sheets
Quarter 3 – Week 1B: Intermolecular Forces

First Edition, 2021

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Author: MYLENE B. ZABALLERO

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 UNIFIED LEARNING ACTIVITY SHEET
General Chemistry 2, Quarter 3, Week 1B

Name: Grade/Sec:

INTERMOLECULAR FORCES

Most Essential Learning Competency (MELC)

Describe and differentiate the types of intermolecular forces. (GC11IMF IIIa-c100)

Learning Objectives:

1. Define intermolecular forces.

2. Identify each type of intermolecular forces.
3. Describe the different types of intermolecular forces.

Time Allotment: 1 hour

Key Concepts:

 Intermolecular forces
- attractive forces that hold molecules together, and influence their melting and
boiling point.
- weaker forces because they result from smaller charges, or partial charges,
interacting over much larger distances. The stronger the intermolecular forces
between the molecules of a liquid, the greater is the energy required to separate the
molecules to turn into gas with à higher boiling point. Decreasing the temperature
decreases the kinetic energy of the particles. Increasing the pressure squeezes them closer
together.
- play large roles in determining the physical properties of liquids. Solids have
relatively stronger intermolecular forces than liquids do. The stronger the IMFs in the
sample of molecules, the stronger they interact, which means they stick together more.

____ ______

BOND: Between
ATOMS INTERMOLECULAR FORCE:
Between MOLECULES

Author: MYLENE B. ZABALLERO

School/Station: Maningalao National High School
Division: Agusan del Norte
email address: mylene.zaballero001@deped.gov.ph
2
Types of Intermolecular Forces of Attraction:

1. Dispersion Force (London Force)

The intermolecular attractions resulting from the constant motion of electrons and the
creation of instantaneous dipoles are called Dispersion Force or London Force.
This intermolecular force was named after Fritz London, who first proposed its
existence in 1930. Dispersion forces act between all atoms and molecules. But they are
the only intermolecular forces acting among noble–gas atoms and nonpolar molecules.
This fact is reflected in the low boiling points of the noble gases and nonpolar molecular
compounds.
London forces are dependent on the motion of electrons, their strength increases with
the number of electrons in the interacting atoms or molecules. In other words, it increases
with increasing atomic mass or molar mass.
It is the weakest of all intermolecular forces, since the bigger the number of electrons,
the more it diffused the electron cloud in the atom or molecule, the greater its
polarisability.
Polarisability of the atom or molecule refers to the ease with which the electron
distribution can be distorted.

Figure 1. The Dispersion forces of two neighboring molecules

Source: https://www.masterorganicchemistry.com

2. Dipole-Dipole Forces (Van Der Waals Attraction)

A dipole is created by equal but opposite charges that are separated by a short
distance. This force of attraction was named after a Dutch Physicist Johannes Dedirek
Van der Waals, who in 1873 first postulated these intermolecular forces in developing a
theory to account for the properties of real gases.
The direction of a dipole is from the dipole’s positive pole to its negative pole. A dipole
is represented by an arrow with a head pointing toward the negative pole and a crossed tail
situated at the positive pole. The dipole created by a hydrogen chloride molecule, which has
its negative end at the more electronegative chlorine atom, is indicated as follows.

H Cl
Source: Image from www.en.wikipedia.org.

The negative region in one polar molecule attracts the positive region in adjacent
molecules, and so on throughout a liquid or solid. The forces of attraction between polar
molecules are known as dipole-dipole forces. In this force, the larger the dipole moment, the
stronger the attraction. A molecule of water, for example, has two hydrogen-bonded with one
oxygen in which the more electronegative oxygen atom is the negative pole of each bond. Since
the molecule is bent, the polarities of these two bonds combine to make the molecule highly
polar as shown in figure 2.

Author: MYLENE B. ZABALLERO

School/Station: Maningalao National High School
Division: Agusan del Norte
email address: mylene.zaballero001@deped.gov.ph
3
 Figure 2. The attraction between hydrogen and oxygen of a water molecule.

Source: https://www.masterorganicchemistry.com

3. Hydrogen bonding

Some hydrogen-containing compounds, such as hydrogen fluoride (HF), water (H 2O),

and ammonia (NH3), have usually high boiling points. This is explained by the presence of
a particularly strong type of dipole-dipole force. In compounds containing H-F, H-O, or H-
N bonds, the large electronegativity differences between hydrogen and fluorine, oxygen,
and nitrogen atoms make the bonds connecting them highly polar. It is usually
represented by dotted lines connecting the hydrogen-bonded to the unshared electron
pair of the electronegative atom to which it is attracted as illustrated for hydrogen
fluoride (HF).
+ -
+ -
H-F
--- H-F

Hydrogen bonding

Author: MYLENE B. ZABALLERO

School/Station: Maningalao National High School
Division: Agusan del Norte
email address: mylene.zaballero001@deped.gov.ph
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 Figure 3. Hydrogen bonds in HF.
Source: http://wps.prenhall.com/wps/media/objects/3082/3156196/blb1102.html

Types of Intermolecular Forces and Relatives Strengths:

 Dispersion (London force) Weakest
 Dipole-Dipole
 Hydrogen bonding Strongest

Author: MYLENE B. ZABALLERO

School/Station: Maningalao National High School
Division: Agusan del Norte
email address: mylene.zaballero001@deped.gov.ph
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Author: MYLENE B. ZABALLERO
School/Station: Maningalao National High School
Division: Agusan del Norte
email address: mylene.zaballero001@deped.gov.ph
6