Oscillations

1193

COMPETITION SUCCESS MATERIAL

Useful Concepts/Information
1. Objects that vibrate have an equilibrium (or mean) position and
are
return the object to its cqulibrium position. subjected
restoring force that tries to to a
2. The mean or cquilibrium position of a
vibrating body is the position at which the body
would come tO rest if it were to lose all of its
energy.
3. In simple harmonic motion (S.H.M.), the body
moves to and fro about the mean position
in a straight line and the force acting on the body at any
instant is directly proportional
to the displacemnent of the body from the mean position at that
instant and this force is
always directed towards the mean position.
4. For a body executing S.H.M., its displacement from the mean position at any
time t is
given by
y = a sin (0t + o) ...(i)
where a is the amplitude of the motion (i.e. maximum displacement from the mean
position), @is the angular frequency and is the initial phase of the body. Note that
eq. (i) is for the case the body starts its motion from the mean position. If the body
starts its motion from the extreme position, then,
y =a cos ( t + )
5. For a body executing S.H.M., the time for one complete cycle or vibration is called
time period T and is given by ;
2Tt
T=

6. The velocity and acceleration at any time t of a.body executing S.H.M.are given by:
Velocity, V = a Ocos (0ot + ¢) = ya'-y (magnitude)
Acceleration, A =a o» sin (0 t + ) = 0»y (magnitude)
and occurs at the mean
The maximum velocity of the body is 0 a(i.e. when y = 0)
where y = t a The
position. The velocity of the body is zero at the extreme positions
occurs at the extreme
maximum acceleration of the body is 0»a (when y = a) and
the mean position.
positions. The acceleration is zero (when y= 0) at
S.H.M. do not depend on the amplitude of
7. The time period (T) and frequency () of
the motion.
S.H.M. is given by;
8. The acceleration of abody executing
Acceleration = o»y
shows that acceleration is directed towards the mean position.
The negative sign
executing S.H.M. is
Restoring force F acting on the body m (o»y) = mo'y
F= mass × acceleration
mean position
the extreme positions where y = tund zero at the
It is maximum at
where y = 0. instant is
body in S.H.M.at any
The kinetic energy of a
mv² 2 -mo'ta'-y')=moa'
2
cos' or
Eg = positions where y = ta and
extreme
kinetic energy of the body is zero at the
The = 0.
maximum at the mean position where y
1s
 Principles of Physics
is :
1194
body in S.H.M. at any instant
energy of a
1. The potential 1
Ep = -mo'y moa'sin´ot
2 positions where y=
2 the extreme
of the body is maximum at
The potcential energy
mean position where
y= 0.
and is zero at the is
energy of a body executing S.H.M.
12. The total
mo'a'- y')+ma'y² =mo'a?
E= Ey +Ep = 2 2
2
is in the form.0
energy of the body
y = 0), the total the body :
Atthe mean position
(where
(where y = ta), the total energy of
positions
K.E. and at the extreme
in the form of P.E. T2)
dy = a0 cos (0 t+
; V=:
13. In S.H.M., y = acos 0 dt
dV cos (0 +)
Acceleration, A =
dt
y by t.
Therefore, V leads y by ¯2: Aleads Vby T¯2; A leads
Displacement
14. In S.H.M., Time period, T=2u, Acceleration

15. The time period T of a spring - mass system is

2Tt m
T=
k
where k is force constant and m is the nmass attached to the
spring.
series, then force constant
16. If two springs of force constants k, and k, are connected in
k of the series combination is

k= kk,
k, +k
17. If two springsof force constants k, and k, are connected in parallel, then force constant
k of the parallel combination is
k = kt k,
18. Asimple pendulum of length exhibits S.H.M. for small angular displacements from
the vertical with time periodT given by ;
T=

Note that time period is independent of the

19. If the time period of apendulum clock
suspended mass.
increases, it runs slow and vice-versa.
20. If acceleration due to gravity decreases by b%, the time period of simple
increases by b/2%. pendulu"
MCQ FROM MEDICAL ENTRANCE EXAMINATIONS
1. A particle executing S.H.M. has amplitude
0.01 m and frequency 60 Hz. The maximum 2. A simple pendulum is executing simple
acceleration of the particle is harmonic motion with a time period I. D
[AFMC Pune 2001]
the length of the pendulum is increaseo
by 21%, the increase in the time perioo
(a) 144 T'm/s (b) 120 I'ms is
[AIIMS 2001]
(c) 80 ²ms (a) 60 ms (a) 21% (b) 10%
(c) 30% () 50%
Oscillations
3, The frequency ofoo00oU0000004
oscillations of the springs 1195
shown in Fig. 25.24 will be
[AIIMS 2001] (a) J2gl(1+ cose) (b) 2gl(1-cos))
(c) 2glcose
9. Two springs of constants k, and k,
k,
maximum have equal
velocities when
harmonic motion. The ratio ofexecuting simple
their amplitudes
(masses are cqual) will be [Pb PMT 1999]
(a) (b) 2
k k
m
(c) (d)
Fig. 25.24
10. A particle executes simple
harmonic motion
1 1 |(k+ k, )m of amplitude A. At what distance from the mean
(a)
2Tt V m (b) 2TC position its kinetic energy is equal to its
kik potential energy? [AFMC Pune 19991
kk (a) 0.51l A (b) 0.61 A
(c) (d)
2r(k +ky)m (c) 0.71 A (d) 0.81 A
4. A hollow sphere filled with water forms the 11. Two springs A and B (k,= 3k) are stretched
bob of a simple pendulum. A small hole at the by the same suspended weight. Then ratio of
bottom of the bob allows the water to slowly work done in stretching is
flow out as it is set into small oscillations and [CBSE PMT 1999]
its period of oscillations is measured. The time (a) 1:2 (b) 1:3
period will [AFMC -Pune 2000] (c) 1: 4 (d) 2: 1
(a) increase (b) decrease
12. A mass m suspended separately from two
(c) remain constant (d) first (a), then (b) different springs of spring constants k and k,
5. A simple pendulum hangs from the ceiling of gives time periods t, and t, respectively. If the
a car. If the car accelerates with uniform same mass is connected to both the springs as
acceleration, the frequency of the simple shown in Fig. 25.25,then time period t is given
pendulum will [Pb PMT 20001 by ; [CBSE PMT 2002]
(a) increase (b) decrease 0000
(c) become infinite (d) remain constant
0. A body is vibrating in S.H.M. with an
amplitude of 0.06 m and frequency of 15 Hz. k
The maximum velocity and acceleration of the
[AFMC Pune 1999]
body are
(a)
5.65 m/s, 5.32 x 10 m/s m

6.82 m/s, 7.62

(6) x10 ms Fig. 25.25
(c)8.91 m/s, 8.21 x10 m/s
(b) r=12
(d)
9.82 m/s, 9.03 x 10 m/s (a) t = , + h
*Ine total energy of abody performing S.H.M. (d) =+
depends on [CBSE PMT 2001]
a spring and
(a) k, a, m (b) k, a, x 13. Abody of mass 5 kg hangs from T seconds.
oscillates with a time period of 2
(c) k, a (d) k, x length of the spring
If the body is removed, theJCBSE PMT 1994]
8. The bob of a simple pendulum having length will decrease by
I 1s displaced from the mean position to an (a) 2Tt metres (b) g metres
angular position w.r.t. the vertical. It is then (c) gk metres (d) kg metres
Teleased. The velocity of the bob at equilibrium
[CBSE PMT 2000]
position is
 Principles of Physics X
(b) 3/4
1196 (a) I/3
(d) 1/4
pendulums having lengths 0.5 m (c) 23
harmon.
14. Two simple displaced linearly alittle at the is pertoriming simple
and 2.0 mare 20. A particle 4 cm an
be in the same
phase -axis with ampltude
motion along
same time. They will minimum time tak
when shorterpendulum completes oscillations time period 1.2 sec. The
[CBSE PMT 1998) 2 cm to
to move trom
equal to by the particle again is [AIIMS 1906
(b) 5 cm and back
(a) 2 =+4 (b) 0.3s
(c) 3 (d) I (a) 0.4 s
executing S.H.M. with an (d) 0.6s
15. A particle is seconds. (c) 0.2s
amplitude of 4cm and time period 12 such that its acceleration
2 cm
The time taken by the particle in going The 21. Aparticle moves
where 0s the displaceme
from the mean position is T,
seconds. is given by a = -bx and b is aconstan
time taken from this displacedposition to reach from equilibrium position is [CPMT 19911
the extreme position on the same
side is 7, The period of oscillations
seconds.Then T/T, will be 4
[CBSE PMT 1993] (b)
(a)
(a) 2 (b) 1 2T

(c) 1/3 (d) 1/2 (c) 2ryb (d)

I6. A simple pendulum with a bob of mass m S.H.M. When its

22. A body is executing
Oscillates from Ato C and back to A (See Fig. displacement from the mean position is 4 cm
25.26] such that PB is H. If the acceleration and 5 cm, the corresponding velocities are 10
due to gravity is g then velocity of the bob as cm/sec and 8 cm/sec. Then time period of the
it passes through B is [CBSE PMT 19951 [CPMT 1991)
body is
P (a) T¯2 sec (b) 2I sec
A
(c) 3 T¯2 sec (d) t sec
23. A particle has simple harmonic motion. Its
equation of motion is:
x = 5sin (41 - TU6) cm where x is the
Fig. 25.26 displacement. If the displacenent of the particle
(a) zero (b) 2gH is 3 cm, then its velocity in cm/s is
[MP PMT 1994)
(c) /2gH (d) mgH
17. Amass m is suspended from a spring of (a) 20 (b)
6
negligible mass and the system oscillates with
of
a frequency n. What will be the frequency (c) 16 (d)
oscillations if a mass of 4 m is suspended from
the same spring? [CBSE PMT 1998] 24. The displacement x (in metres) of a particle
performing S.H.M. is related to time t (1n
(b) 2n
(a) 4
seconds) as : x=0.05 cos 4A + 4)
(c) (d) 4n
2 The frequency of the motion will be
pendulum in a freely
13. Frequency of asimple [CBSE PMT 19991 [MP PMT 1998)
falling lift is (a) 0.5 Hz (b) 1.0 Hz
(b) infinite
(a) zerO (c) 1.5 Hz (d) 2.0 Hz
(d) cannot say
(c) finite 25. If metal bob of a simple pendulum is replace
a simple harmonic motion, if the by a wooden bob, then its time period will
19. In the amplitude, then [AIIMS 19981
displacement is half of kinetic
of total energy will be (a) increase (b) decrease
which part [CBSE PMT 1995]
(c) remain the same (d) first (a), then (b)
energy?