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Republic of the Philippines

Department of Education
NATIONAL CAPITAL REGION
SCHOOLS DIVISION OFFICE OF CALOOCAN CITY
CALOOCAN CITY BUSINESS HIGH SCHOOL
Sikatuna Extension Urduja Village, Caloocan City
SPENDING PATTERNS LEADING TO UNNECESSARY EXPENDITURES OF SENIOR

HIGH SCHOOL STUDENTS BASIS TO STRATEGIC FINANCIAL PLAN
A Research Paper Submitted to the

Faculty of Senior High School, Basic Education Department,
Caloocan City Business High School
In Partial Fulfilment
Of the Requirements for the Subject
Practical Research 2
By:
Alolor, Genbrauis J.
Bringcola, Emmanuel
Dayapera, Joshua V.
Dumale,Ram colin C
Dumalaga, Cialy
Bagasala, Trisha Allhea
Ferrer, Clarence
Hesido, Maria Christina
Madrelijos, Ruth
Montalban, Yca
12 -Chairman ABM
Group 1
Submitted to:
Mr. Marvin F. Nomabilis
OCTOBER 2023
.
Address: Sikatuna Extension, Urduja Village, Brgy. 172 Caloocan City

Telephone No.: 02-8559-6915
FB Page: Caloocan City Business High School
School ID: 319707
Email address: 319707@deped.gov.ph
PAGE 20

CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION AND ITS BACKROUND OF THE STUDY
An international look at students’ spending habits indicates a complex interplay

between cultural variety, economic inequality, and educational environments. The
distribution of cash among students differs widely around the world, reflecting regional
traditions and ideals. While some people put an emphasis on saving money and paying
for necessities, others are drawn to consumerism and pleasure. Economic origins,
whether wealthy or modest, have a significant impact on these spending decisions.
While some students struggle with the burden of college expenses and everyday
demands, others have more money to spend as they like. These behaviors are further
impacted by the widespread use of digital platforms, which has created a generation
used to making purchases online. The individual journey of each student, impacted by
parental support, peer dynamics, and the goal of financial literacy, nevertheless, is the
one common thread.
The way students spend their money has also changed dramatically in the digital
age. For students, accessing a variety of goods and services is now simpler than ever
thanks to online shopping and electronic payment options. Students now have more
options for making purchases thanks to the convenience of e-commerce platforms and
mobile payment apps.
Students in the Philippines budget their money to pay for numerous necessities.
Tuition and fees take up a sizable amount of their budget, which can be a big financial
burden. Due to the fact that many students commute by public transportation or

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motorcycles, transportation costs are also a significant factor. Cuisine costs include
eating out, eating at home, and even treating oneself to cheap street cuisine. For
individuals who live away from home, housing costs are an issue. Purchases of course
materials, school supplies, and textbooks are necessary. Additionally, students set aside
money for social events, movies, and coffee shops. Many students purchase laptops,
smartphones, and internet connectivity as important investments in technology. Clothing,
personal care products, and sporadic medical costs are all included in budgets. Another
significant cost for students in the Philippines is transportation. Buses and jeepneys are
popular forms of public transportation that many students utilize to get to school. Some
people might even buy motorcycles to commute more easily and affordably.
Students in Caloocan city business high school tends to buy what they don't really
need, specifically the unnecessary expenditures such as excessive buying online and in
physical stores. Subsequently, the budget that they have either for a month or a day
runs out immediately. On the contrary, students might just having fun and awarding
themselves and led by impulsive buying this study focuses in the spending habits of
students in Caloocan city business high school that led in buying unnecessary
expenditures. Students might feel compelled to conform to their peers' spending habits,
participating in activities or purchasing items they cannot afford. This social influence
can contribute to a cycle of unnecessary expenditures, impacting their overall financial
well-being. The researchers aim to identify strategic financial planning for students to
handle their budgets and allowances prudently.

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STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM
This study pertains to the spending patterns leading to unnecessary expenditure of

senior high school student’s basis to strategic financial program and techniques.
Researchers would like to seek answers to the following problems:
1. What is the demographic profile of the respondent in terms of?
1.1. Gender
1.2. Age
1.3. Economic status
2. What is The Spending patterns of Respondent?
2.1 Planned Expense
2.2 Unplanned Expense
3. What Are the factors that influencing unnecessary expenditures by the respondents in
terms of?
3.1 Peer Influence
3.2 Impulsive and compulsive buying
3.3 Lack of Financial Awareness

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4. Where do Respondents spend their money the most?
4.2 Online shopping
4.3 Expense for personal satisfaction
4.4 Excessive Food buying
5. Is there significant relationship between spending patterns of senior high school

students in their unnecessary expenditures?
HYPOTHESIS OF THE STUDY
Null hypothesis (H0)
There is no significant relationship between spending patterns of Senior High

students in their unnecessary expenditures
Alternative Hypothesis (H1)
There is significant relationship between the spending patterns of senior high

school students in their unnecessary expenditures
Objectives of the study:
The specific objectives of the study are:
1. To determine unnecessary expenditures of senior high school students

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2. To assess the spending patterns of Senior High students, including the factors
that basis in their spending patterns
3. To correlate spending patterns and unnecessary expenditures by the students
CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK
This part shows the representation of the ideas and connection in our topic
entitled “Spending Patterns Leading to Unnecessary Expenditure of Senior High School
Students Basis to Strategic Financial Techniques “where the problems find factors and
what way we could find solution on it, moreover find its results
INPUT PROCESS OUTPUT
1.Demographic Information • Conduct a survey
a. Age Wise spending patterns of • Used statistical tool

b. Gender students
• Analyzed the result
c. Academic strand
And spread awareness in
d. Economic status • Make a conclusion
financial planning
2. Respondents spend their money
the most on various items.
3. Factors influence unnecessary

expenditures among respondents.
4. There is a significant relationship

between spending patterns and
unnecessary expenditures among
senior high school students.
Unnecessary expenditures
FEEDBACK:

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This conceptual framework illustrates the comprehensive approach to

understanding the spending patterns of senior high school students. It encompasses
three key components: Input, Process, and Output. The purpose of this input in the
conceptual framework is to gather comprehensive information that serves as the
foundation for understanding the spending patterns of senior high school students. The
process involves data collection, analysis, and assessment to transform this input into
meaningful insights. This structured approach helps create a clear picture of senior high
school students’ spending behaviors, leading to unnecessary expenditures. The output,
including visualization of spending patterns, financial literacy assessment results,
influential factors analysis, and identification of unnecessary expenditures, provides
actionable insights for developing strategic financial programs and techniques tailored to
the specific needs and circumstances of the students.
SCOPE AND DELIMITATIONS
This study focuses on Grade 11 and 12 students in Accountancy Business and

Management at Caloocan City Business High School during the academic years 2023-
2024. The research specifically examines spending habits leading to unnecessary
expenditures among these students.
This study is limited to the specified strands and school, excluding other
institutions. The research employs a survey questionnaire as the primary data collection
tool, emphasizing a detailed analysis of financial behaviors contributing to unwarranted
expenses among senior high school students.
SIGNIFICANCE OF STUDY
This study will aim to delve into how this research affects various stakeholders,
including students, teachers, educational institutions, youth, and future researchers
highlighting the profound impact it can have on each of their lives.

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Students- This study will benefit from it by becoming more financially literate,
experiencing less financial stress, and making better financial decisions, all of which can
put them on the road to financial freedom.
Teachers- It will provide them with the tools and information they need to integrate
financial education into their curricula, improving the quality of education for students as
a whole.
Educational institutions - As reference in this study it can be utilized by

educational establishments to enhance the distribution of resources, leading to possible
cost savings and improved student financial assistance.
Youth- Knowledge and initiatives created can be more widely disseminated to help
young people outside the study's scope make informed financial decisions when they
enter adulthood.
Researchers- It will be useful reference for future researchers who would plan to
make any related studies, particularly on how most of the senior high students spend
their allowance on unnecessary activities
DEFINITION OF TERMS
This part tells a word or phrase used to describe a thing or to express a concept
includes in our study such as;
Budgeting – According to Merriam Webster budgeting is a plan for the coordination of
resources and expenditures.
Expenditures – in line with oxford dictionary this is the action of spending funds.

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Financial planning –This term would be referred to the process of assessing the
current financial situation of the students.
Planned expense – Expenses that are included in the pre-defined budget or financial
plan of the students for a specific period.
Spending – According to oxford dictionary financial program is the money or financial

resources expended by a person, group, or government.
Spending patterns – This term refers to this study is the transitions of how and where
students spend their money on
Unnecessary expenditures – This term defines students allocating their money in

unnecessary things that is no longer priority of a student.
Unplanned expense – Expenses that occur spontaneously, without prior anticipation or

inclusion in the students' budget, causing a deviation from their planned spending
patterns.

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CHAPTER 2
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
This chapter presents the review of related literature which will delves into the
review of related literature and studies. Conceptually grounded in the exploration of
financial behaviors among senior high school students, this chapter aims to
contextualize the study within the existing body of literature. Identifying key areas of
research, it lays the foundation for understanding the spending patterns that may
contribute to avoidable expenses, forming the basis for the development of strategic
financial plans in the educational context.
Spending Patterns of students
In the study of Singh et al. (2020) observed significant variations in students'

spending patterns based on their education levels, resulting in diverse spending habits.
Building on this, Obagbuwa and Kwenda (2020) highlighted the pivotal role of financial
attitudes in shaping students' spending behaviors. As highlighted by both study there is
an educational level impact which indicates the needs for targeted financial education
and planning support tailored to student moreover it is important to to insist in more
responsible financial habits among students.
Moreover stated by Norasibah et al. (2020) outlined primary expenditure

categories, emphasizing food, beverages, and accommodation. The average student
expenditure amounted to 915.94, with a specific focus on necessity items averaging
774.04. The study emphasizes the understanding and managing of expense to promote
financial well-being among students.

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Abawag and Domingo (2019) reported that unmonitored spending on food and
transportation could lead to financial issues among respondents, underscoring the need
for proper monitoring and moderation. This highlights the effective monitoring and
moderation mechanism of students to prevent financial challenges among students
Classification of unnecessary expenditures
According to Sandrasegaran, K. and Rambeli, N. (2023), spending is the most

crucial activity that most people tend to do every day. From the economic point of view,
this is known as the concept of paying attention to the behavior of the consumer which is
the utility of consumer behavior theory. The behavior of spending differs due to various
factors where social and demographic changes can have main implications too. Looking
at the word consume, factors of needs and wants can make their behavior during
spending be affected. This is where every person wants to satisfy their need which has
become part and parcel of human life. Spending is a crucial daily activity, viewed
economically through the lens of consumer behavior theory. Social and demographic
changes significantly influence spending behavior, where the concepts of needs and
wants play a role in shaping individual choices to satisfy their essential requirements.
In this study by Imran Anwar Mir. (2023) the rapid proliferation of smartphone
technology in Indonesia, characterized by its cost-effectiveness and strides in the
development of the online network, has inadvertently contributed to a rise in
discretionary expenditures. Students actively partake in online shopping, solidifying their
position as the predominant user segment. Notably, students emerge as the primary
demographic engaging in various unnecessary expenditures, encompassing areas such
as excessive food consumption, entertainment, personal items, and more. Given the
pivotal role that students play in driving the online shopping landscape in Indonesia, a
meticulous examination of their unnecessary expenditures assumes paramount

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importance. This scrutiny is particularly crucial for understanding the nuances of their
purchases, shedding light on the specific categories of unnecessary expenditures. Such
insights are invaluable for online shopping providers, equipping them with the knowledge
needed to refine their business strategies and cater effectively to this burgeoning market
segment, thereby optimizing their appeal and services in the realm of online commerce.
Abu A. K. Et Al. (2023) state that, in today’s society, it is common to see that
students lack the knowledge on how to manage their finance wisely. From buying
unnecessary luxury things to not saving any money for the future. This can be because
of them are not exposed to the importance of having a secure financial plan because of
the mindset of them still young and do not have to worry about the future. Many students
lack financial management knowledge, leading to imprudent spending on unnecessary
luxuries and neglecting savings for the future. This behavior often stems from a youthful
mindset, assuming that there's no immediate need to worry about long-term financial
planning.
Based on Darshini D. S. K. Et Al. (2023), nowadays, the young generation spends

more money on online shopping, convenience, travel, socialising, and online gaming
than on homes and cars compared to previous generations. This bad habit affects
spending behavior as the young generation tries to follow trends and buy anything they
want without thinking twice. The younger generation tends to allocate more funds
towards online shopping, convenience, travel, socializing, and online gaming, rather than
investing in traditional assets like homes and cars. This shift in spending habits is
attributed to the influence of trends and the tendency to make impulsive purchases
without considering the consequences.
Impulsive and Compulsive buying

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Zayed (2023) Compulsive buying disorder (CBD) is an uncontrollable and

compulsive desire to shop and make purchases despite harmful consequences. Zayed
states that the reason behind people buying compulsively is because of few reasons
such as: to reduce stress, and reaching a new ‘high’ when buying new things.
In the words of Sathya J. et al., (2023) The effects that compulsive buying does to
consumers are:1. Feeding off an addiction; they have been used to buying things left
and right that they have developed a real addiction to it. And addictions are hard to
break. 2. Cultural and Socioeconomic factors such as pressure to conform to the norms,
as with the massive rise of online shopping during the pandemic and easier access to
available goods consumers are mainly still buying things in order to go along with the
trend that people are doing. 3. While evident, the factor that is affected by compulsive
buying is financial ability, not only does it limit their capability to tend to their needed
expenses, it also takes away their ability to save money if something ever comes to
happen and they need the funds they are spending relentlessly.
Also conclude by Rahman M. F., Hossain M. H., (2022) with the rise of technology,
and the ease of access to finding things that potential customers might buy, compulsive
buying happens. With the characteristic tics of a good, immersive website that has an
algorithm, people found themselves that they are spending more time looking for things
to buy online than they need to.
According to Nuangjamnong, (2022) Products that has been advertised via social
media, and/or endorsed by a celebrity may have an effect that drives consumers in order
to consume the same product in order to be included in the trend. While people who
have self-esteem issues suffered the most from compulsive buying.

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Based on Mingming Zhang and Guicheng Shi (2022) online shopping's explosive
growth has influenced marketing strategy. Social media presence is crucial in the
marketing industry. Thus, the impact of social presence on online impulse purchase.
This study highlights the impact of visual appeal on consumer behavior and strategically
leverage it to enhance the overall shopping experience. At the same time, consumers
should be mindful of these influences and make informed decisions to avoid
unnecessary impulsive purchases.
According to Olsen et al. (2021) Impulsive buying account is over 40% of all
internet purchases more on self-reported purchases. This study emphasized how
impulsive buying is a substantial factor in online shopping, constituting more than 40% of
all transactions. is a significant portion of online consumers makes purchases
impulsively rather than as part of a planned shopping.
Financial Plan
In Accordance with Condino, R. M. Et Al. (2022) Students should understand how

money works on their hands, how to spend money with their decision, and how to spend
the money on the right things. Which is precisely the point. Students in this generation
spend their money as if you could get in the highways and in any easy ways.
By the study of Eloriaga, E. R. Et Al. (2022) It is important to know the ways in

practical financial planning so the financial literacy of the students. Because we never
really know if when and how we will need the money in the most unexpected ways of our
life.
In the alignment of Ramirez (2022) financial planning may lead to more in-depth
research being done to analyze how financial planning came to be, projections for the
future, and even individual research on different financial markets that are emerging. It

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may also lead to further research in the study of wealth – what wealth is, what it has
developed into compared to the past, and how people have developed their ideas of
what wealth is to them. This means to say that it could lead to an exploration of the
concept of wealth, its evolution over time, and how individuals personally define and
perceive wealth. It is a way out of every Students to at least think about their future in
managing money at an early age.
Based on university of Louisiana (2021) that attending school can be extremely

costly because you have to spend money to advance your education and because
attending school requires time away from your capacity to labor and generate income.
That is awful. However, there's a reason you're in school: to further your social and
professional development. Chances and to make the most of your post-graduation
professional choices. You're putting in long-term investment: you're giving up a lot now
in order to gain a lot later on onward. You're going to reap the benefits of that
investment. If you want to reach your financial objectives, put money aside for the future,
and treat yourself to the most amazing possibilities in your career.
Factors that influencing unnecessary expenditures
Initially, Hermino and Arifin (2020) highlight a broader societal context where
parents, preoccupied with sustaining life through work, perceive schools as burdensome
due to associated fees. Transitioning to factors influencing spending habits.
Obagbuwa (2020) outlines a comprehensive list, including financial attitude,

knowledge, age, financial aid, and years at university, family background, and course of
study.

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Zulfaris et al. (2020) then delve into the specifics, revealing a positive relationship
between financial literacy and parent socialization with money management, while peer
influences and self-control exhibit a negative association, emphasizing the challenges
students face in controlling their spending.
Akelo et al. (2019) narrow the focus further, identifying specific factors influencing
spending habits, such as year of study, family financial level, gender, and school.
Finally, Bona’s study (2018) provides a profound insight into the deeply rooted
impact of family background on college students’ spending behavior, emphasizing the
critical role of parents in shaping attitudes not only toward financial management but
also life in general. This underscores the importance of early financial education and the
need for a set of positive attitudes alongside financial knowledge for long-term success

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CHAPTER 3
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
This chapter shows the methods of research to be employed by the researcher. In

conducting the study which includes the research design, research respondents,
population and sampling of the study, Research instrument and its development
establishing its validity and reliability, data Gathering procedures, and the appropriate
statistical treatment of data
RESEARCH DESIGN
The researchers will employ descriptive approach to investigate the spending

patterns contributing to unnecessary expenditures among senior high school students.
The focus is on understanding the relationship between these spending habits and the
occurrence of unnecessary expenses, drawing inspiration from (Bugheanu&
Străchinaru’s, 2020) work, where correlational research illuminated the link between
spending behavior and age. Similar methods will be applied to gauge how spending
patterns and unnecessary expenses correlate among senior high school students.
The choice of correlational research allows for the exploration of associations and
relationships between variables without disrupting the natural setting. This approach
aims to uncover trends in senior high school students spending behaviors and discern
how these patterns align with unnecessary expenses.

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RESEARCH RESPONDENTS
The research is centered on Grade 12 and 11 students from Caloocan City

Business High School, specifically those enrolled in the Accountancy, Business and
Management (ABM) track. The choice of respondents, totaling 171 students, was
carefully selected from both Grade 12 and 11. Researchers chose the same strand
strand as they. Since the strand we have is relevant in budgeting, and ensuring a
comprehensive exploration of budgeting within this specific educational context.
POPULATION AND SAMPLING
The study population includes Grade 12 and 11 students in the Accountancy,

Business, and Management strand at Caloocan City Business High School. Slovin’s
formula will be used to determine the sample size, resulting in 171 students.
The researchers will employ a simple random technique to select 24 students

from each section, which includes President, Director, Commissioner, CEO, CIO, and
COO. Participants will be asked to complete a 12-question survey during class hours.
RESEARCH INSTRUMENTS
The Researcher utilize the following instrument in their data gathering;
Researchers- Made Survey Questionnaire and was used as the main data-
gathering Instrument to be prepared focused on answering the statement of the problem.
The Spending habits of senior high students basis to unnecessary expenditure. The
questionnaires contains 12 questions, the questionnaires will be distributed to the
respondent after they agree to our permission to give them survey. The date gathering

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instrument was structured first in the participants demographic profile; Gender, age, and
economic status wherein it has option from A-C Statemet of the problem questions will
have options scale ranging from 1-4 Where in the (1) is strongly disagree, (2) is
disagree, (3) is agree and the last one is (4) strongly agree. This legend will help the
researchers to analysis the result of conducting date-gathering.the
The following are its parts:
I. Understanding Respondent Demographics

II. Unveiling Spending Habits
III. Identifying Influential Factors in
IV. Uncovering Specific Expenditure Areas
DATA GATHERING PROCEDURES
The researchers will dedicate a significant amount of time and energy to creating
the questionnaires. Additionally, the researchers will obtain a letter of request, which the
Caloocan City Business High School professor verify.
After confirming the validity and dependability of how gathered, designing

Questions fit the study and all necessary changes to the chosen Respondent. Once the
research questionnaire is done, Researchers will give survey questionnaire forms to
participants. The distributed questionnaires will be completed and submitted back. By
the agreement reached by the researchers and the respondents, their corresponding
answers to the questions are therefore retained. The data collected will be arranged and
tallied by the outcome of the statistical analysis carried out. After the data has been
collected, arranged, and tallied it will be statistically treated, analyzed, and interpreted.

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Researchers will use a survey form to conduct a survey that contains the said
questions based on the study’s research question in other to gather data. Thus their
corresponding answers to the question are kept by the agreement of the respondents
and researchers.
STATISTICAL TREATMENT
Upon the collection of data by researchers, it undergoes a comprehensive process

encompassing compilation, analysis, calculation, and interpretation. Subsequently, the
data is subjected to statistical treatment, employing various tools such as percentage,
frequency, and Pearson-r,
+Pearson- R
Correlation Coefficient measures the correlation of two continuous variables. It will

interpret the relationship of two variables that are specific spending habits and
unnecessary expenditures of senior highschool students. It us equated using this
formula:

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Where:
R= correlation coefficient
Xi= value for spending habits
Yi= value for unnecessary expenditures
X̄ = mean of spending habits
Ȳ= mean of unnecessary expenditure
Frequency and percentage distribution
The frequency of each response will be determined on the number of the respon
dents who will check in the particular item. The Demographic profile of the respondents
will be determined using the
Formula of the percentage.
Where:
P- Is the percentage
f- is the frequency
N- Total number of respondents

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100 - is a constant value

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Republic of the Philippines

SPENDING PATTERNS LEADING TO UNNECESSARY EXPENDITURES OF SENIOR

A Research Paper Submitted to the

Mr. Marvin F. Nomabilis

Address: Sikatuna Extension, Urduja Village, Brgy. 172 Caloocan City

Republic of the Philippines

INTRODUCTION AND ITS BACKROUND OF THE STUDY

An international look at students’ spending habits indicates a complex interplay

Address: Sikatuna Extension, Urduja Village, Brgy. 172 Caloocan City

Republic of the Philippines

Address: Sikatuna Extension, Urduja Village, Brgy. 172 Caloocan City

Republic of the Philippines

STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

This study pertains to the spending patterns leading to unnecessary expenditure of

1. What is the demographic profile of the respondent in terms of?

1.3. Economic status

2. What is The Spending patterns of Respondent?

2.1 Planned Expense

2.2 Unplanned Expense

3.1 Peer Influence

3.2 Impulsive and compulsive buying

3.3 Lack of Financial Awareness

Address: Sikatuna Extension, Urduja Village, Brgy. 172 Caloocan City

Republic of the Philippines

4. Where do Respondents spend their money the most?

4.2 Online shopping

4.3 Expense for personal satisfaction

4.4 Excessive Food buying

5. Is there significant relationship between spending patterns of senior high school

HYPOTHESIS OF THE STUDY

Null hypothesis (H0)

There is no significant relationship between spending patterns of Senior High

Alternative Hypothesis (H1)

There is significant relationship between the spending patterns of senior high

Objectives of the study:

The specific objectives of the study are:

1. To determine unnecessary expenditures of senior high school students

Address: Sikatuna Extension, Urduja Village, Brgy. 172 Caloocan City

Republic of the Philippines

INPUT PROCESS OUTPUT

1.Demographic Information • Conduct a survey

a. Age Wise spending patterns of • Used statistical tool

3. Factors influence unnecessary

4. There is a significant relationship

Address: Sikatuna Extension, Urduja Village, Brgy. 172 Caloocan City

Republic of the Philippines

This conceptual framework illustrates the comprehensive approach to

SCOPE AND DELIMITATIONS

This study focuses on Grade 11 and 12 students in Accountancy Business and

Address: Sikatuna Extension, Urduja Village, Brgy. 172 Caloocan City

Republic of the Philippines

Educational institutions - As reference in this study it can be utilized by

Address: Sikatuna Extension, Urduja Village, Brgy. 172 Caloocan City

Republic of the Philippines

Spending – According to oxford dictionary financial program is the money or financial

Unnecessary expenditures – This term defines students allocating their money in

Unplanned expense – Expenses that occur spontaneously, without prior anticipation or

Address: Sikatuna Extension, Urduja Village, Brgy. 172 Caloocan City

Republic of the Philippines

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

Spending Patterns of students

In the study of Singh et al. (2020) observed significant variations in students'