UNDERSTANDING ISC MATHEMATICS -xII (II)

EXERCISE B"I
Very short ansl.oer type questions
Eaaluate the following integrals:

L' U)[x5dx ' Jlaa*

ni\ xr
(iii)
I#*
2. (,) l#0, (ii)
'J f sinzx cosec2xdx (iii) sin r secz x dx.
'vx J
3. (i) s'a*
I (ii) I z, ,, d* (iii)
I#*
'il *-
4. (i) JI ,I-sln'x d* (,r) Il_--dx
cos2x +2sinz x
(iii) o.
J cosz x J fftu,"ua
(NCERT)
s. U) I ezbs, x-3 dx (ii) ! szt"ss' dx
I ztosa* dx.

E" 1.2 Some properties of indefinite integrals

The following properties help us in reducing a number of problems to elementary standard
integrals.

Property ,. * (l f Al a*) = f @).

Proof. ret
Jf (x) dx:F(x) ...(l)

Then by definitiory {r l*)) : f (x).

oJ-

substitutingthevalueof F(r)from (i), weget =ytx), as required.

fr( !tt.l ax)

Property ,. Ikf@) dx:k If(x) dx,wherekis a constant.

proor. since
frQ, Jtal ax) :r fi( J rt.l ax) -rf(*) (Byproperty 1)

Therefore, by definition of integrar,

lff(x) dx:* J flx) dx, as required.
property s.
I V/x) + fr(x)) a* = I f/x) dx n I frli a*.

proof. since
fi(J rr,r,i ax + [fz@) d.): * (Jr,at a.) *
*(!il.t a.)
- fr(x) + fr(x) (By property 1)
Therefore, by definition of integral,

J tr,trl fr(x)) ax
+ :
lflx) ax + Jfz6) ax. Erlm
Property 4. The properties 2 and 3 can be generalised to a finite number of functions
fr, f, ...,f,, and real numbers k' k2, ..., k,, giving

I Utrfr(*) + krfr(x) + ... + k,,f,,(x)) rtx = ktlfre) o* + 4!yr@) dx + ...* k,,lf,@) dx.
50 illi
ILLUSTRATIVE EXAMPLES
Example 1-. Eaoluqte the following integrals:

(i)Jt:x5-7sinx+2)tlx
Solution. {l) J tS x5 -7sin x + 2) dx : 3l xs dx- ZJsin x dx + z! t ax
:3 + *7.(-cosx) + 2.x + C: 7 cos x + 2x + C.
1*u+
I IIr
INTEGRALS A-651

(ll)
J
tad (sec x + tan x) d. = Itan-l [-l-. H) *

:J,,,,-, l*'?.''"?l*: t[,,.,-, tli.*+l ax:!tu,, [""(; .;)) *

;l) [-,i-sin[) Ir-t,"]J
= Ie.;) or: +...+ ++c=t (n + x) + C.

ri) : :
Example ts. tf f'(x) 4x3 -\ ana fQ) o, find f(x). (NCER7)

Solution. Civen f '(x) : nr' - i,

by f (x) : ar : - 3x-a) dx
der;
J [n,' i) !(4x3

= 4.ro - 3.r-t +C= ro + l*C.

4 -3 xJ

Butf(z):0= zn*\218+C=0 =16***C=0

= c= -ru_ j.=-+
f(i: ro*#-+
Example 14.tf f'(x): asin x +b cos x,f'(0):4,f (0):3 andf (+): s,findf (x).

Solution. Given f'(x) : a sin x + b cos x.

f'(0) : 4 ax 0 + b x 1 : 4 * b :
= 4.

f'(x):asinx+4cosx
By def., f(x): J (o ti" r + 4 cos x) dx:-a cos r + 4 sinx + C.
Now/(0)=3* -a+4x0+C:3 ...(l)

u,',a rl,a') :5
'\2) = -axo + 4x\+ C:5 = C = 1.
From (i), -a + 1. :
: -2. 3 =+ a
f(x):2cosx+4sinx+1.
EXERCISE 8.2
Very short answer type questions (L to L4) :
Eaaluate the following (L to 20) integrals :

L. (i) t @x2 + bx + c) dx (NCERT) (ii) ! 6ue + 1) dx. (NCERT)

-/ r \
2. (D - J[it.#)* (,i) I(#-#.t,tr.7)a.
(NCERT Exemplar)
(i) 2'.o"=* (iil JQxz-3 sin x + 5J;) dx.
3. " JI 3sinzx d* (NCERT)
A-652 UNDERSTANDING ISC MATHEMATICS - XII (II) r, * i .--.

4. (i) [Qx - 3 cos x + ex) dx (NCER7) uil Jxzl',

\
- ll
x-,i
,- (NCERT)
-ttui

e / r \
s. 0l(r:rz+2e^-!)ar
x)
(NCER7) Ui\ JllJx + :=lax. (NCERT)
a- lr
\ Jr )
. -Til

G. (ilJtt-x)Ji dx (iil I J; (3x2 + 2x + 3) dx. (l/cERT)

7. ,',
'' J1xt+5x2-4 or (NCERT) (r,) lxj-3:+a or. (NCERI)
x' 'vx
8. (D
J x,(zr-|)' a- Uil I (x + ^ti)z Ax.
g. (i)
"J |
G+a)z or (ii) e.3--2-- ^'^ 1

Jx Jl^ x *1 rtr. (NCER7)

10. (i) f l-sinx ,, (,i) 1 ,ologr _ ,5logx

J cos, x J ;i;*.. _;:i;*, .t,
(NCERT) (NCERT Exemplar)

(l) J r". x (sec r + tan x) dx sec2 x

11.. (ii) , dx'
J cosec- ir

12. (i) [ r+!{ - tan x -3an2 x\ dx (ii) 2-3sinx

.
.
dx.
J \sln ,x cos x ) J cos" .lr

13. (i) 1- a-
" JI .1+cosir (NCERT Exemptar) (ii) _ 1, ax.
J 1-sinx

14. (i)l
' J
1 a, (ii) sin2 x
_dx (l/cERT)
1+cosecx J 1+cosr

15. (i).J\I (e-sinIcosl+51d, (ii) cos 2,t

---:--i----
Er..i::,e
J sln- ,x cos'a _r
u"L.
2 2 )

'15. (l) [ tut' (ii) J _ cosec

J secx+tanx d,
-lr
dx.
cosec ir - cot x
So-'.r:r*
(ii) 6sinlx+5cos3x ,--
17. r,t J$!a. J t-U'{'
s1n'x cos' ,tr

[Hinf. (l) x6 + 1 : (xz1s *, - (x2 + 7) (xa - xz + 7),

(a+b)(a2-ab + b2).)
"'n3+b3:
L8. G) I \E+r"r2, d, (ii) 7- cos2x dx.
J

ls. (r) .ot-,(#*)* (ii) tan

.(tT-."r2,
11 _/_ t.ldr.
J J (!1+cos2x rl
Eram:ie
20. (i) Jta#(cosec x - cot x) dx (ii) cos-1
./1-tan2x)
l- I d,t.
J \1-FtanzxJ
Solution
21. If f '(x) = 4x3 - 6 and /(0) = S, find f (x). (NCERT)

8.2 INTEGRATION BY SUBSTITUTION

Some functions can be integrated directly by the use of standard integrals while there exist
some functions which cannot be integrated directly but can be reduced to the standard
integrals by proper substitution i.e. by the introduction of a new variable. The rr,ethod of
t>
 A-659
(I ill) INTEGRALS

In particulat, if m: ru, then

! "rn
** sin nx a* = I sir* mx n* = I '- r";'*' a*
= +l_ _,,,,f#.)* ,.

{ *lxz + C' find the ztalues of n

* and b'
Example ts. (i) lf ! {e' bx) dx =

lf tun2 kx a* =
tt! - x + C, find the aalue of k'
Qi) J
. .(,)
! {r* * = ++f,x2 + C "
Solution. (i) Given bx) dx

rutJ(*'+bx)dx=++\nc '''(")

On comparing (i) and (ii), we get a: 4' b :3'

...(0
(li) Given J tan2 kr o* = 'u\" - r + C
But J tan2 k dx =J (r".' kx - 1) o* : t\o* - r + C .. .(,,)

:ERT)
On comparing (i) and (ii), we get k = 3'
rlr
-dx Example 16. Y ! ih
: *" o) * b, Jind the aatues of a and b'
li*
JCfr; =,'. [i *r) *
.. .(,)
a
Sorution. Given

u*l**;=J;+r=J ----7-;f
L+cos[*-;)
\ -/
(x
tanl--- TE

;- Ztb)
or=l \2 4
+C
= I:-#-;\=]
z.o,-[l _) _
J'"" t;-;) 1
2

+c ...(ii)
: ,ur", lL_a')
[z 4)
On comparing (l) and (li), we get

- L4 and b : C, where C is any real number

o=

i.e. a =- [ and b is anY real number'

4

EXERCISE 8.3
Vetry short flnslfier type questions (1" to 10) :
wrpens if Find all the anti'deriaatittes of the fcllouting
(1 to 6) functions:
(NCEI{T)
1. (i) sin 2x (NCERT) (ii) cos 3x
(rvcERT)
- nx)) dx n (i) sin mx (IVCERT) (ii) eb
(ii)4e3'+1 (NCELr)
J. (i) (ar + &)3

1 (ii) 1ax+b (NCEr{n

4. lll =--
l7 -2x
 6ffir@

UNDERSTANDIT'IG ISC MATHEMATICS-Xi

.-
m
A-660

5. (i) tan2 (2x - 3) (NCERCI (li) 5 cosecz (,2 - 7 x) t,l

(ll) (3x + 2) cot (3x + 2)'
6. (il {; cosec

Eaaluate the follotttirtg {7 to 2L) integrals

:
if!
(NCERT) (ii) J (es'rogx a g3r toga) dx'
O l eb.s dx

8. (il i Jt+cosr dr (,,) I 1T--'int dx'

(i) J (sec2 (7 'x) dx Qi) I a3'*5 dx, a>o'
9.

L0.ot!ffia. (if Jsec2 xcoseczxdx'

m
u. t't! U!*a. I i1 dx'
Ui)

(ISC 201.0) Qi) I *+ dx'

(NCERT Exemptar)
12. $) I d.
=+€
-?
I[ ---;11-
,,r., ..3 + 4xz -3x n*.
t.nt
13. utl t'rax
1.4. rit!616d. (i;)j-r=|-;ax.
.tt

1"5. ritlffia. (ii) t xJix -i dx.

(fl J cos2 r dr (NCERT) Qi) I sirf x dx'

L5.
(NCERT)
tr
(t) (?:c + 5) dx (NCERT) (if J cosa 2x dx
17. J sin2
. r
(ii) J sinx
;.- ^x a*.
{l-cos/
a*
L8. t'l [ -)-
I-stn, Sil
(ii) J sin 4x sin 8x dx
Lg. (i) J cos 3x cos 5x dx
(NCERT)
(iii) J sin 4x cos 3x dx (iu) J sin 2x cos 3x dx.

d* (it) J sin r sin 2 x sin3x dx.

' rI "in4*
20. U\ cosr
dx (ii) J sina x cosz x dx'
2x. (i) J sin6 r
nx dx,where m! n are positive integers' m * n' What happens if
22. Evaluat* J.o* tnx cos

Itt = fl?

8.2.2 Two sPecial forms

g#: + C' n + -1'
Theorem r. I t,rtrll" f'(x\ dx =
Proof. ruti(r): t + f'(x) tlx: dt,
r f 1,+1 (f(*l),,*l- -r, \-'
c
J
(/i,ll' l'tx) dx = J
u" dt = ,*1+c: --' its derit'atiae f '{x)' tlrcn the
Hence, if ttu irttegrand is tlte product of.a function f {x) snd
powet of a
oi.f k) by i and diuiding tlrc result bv neu index'
i*tffral is obtained by incrensing tlte index'n1 poount
md tdding C.
lriote that the above formula fails when n: *1' and we have :
A-664 UNDERSTANDTNG ISC MATHEMATTcs-xr rir fiFiia.i,;t,ifr*

EXERCISE 8.4
Jffi, ri
Very short answer type questions (1- to'g) :
Eaaluate the follouting (L to 21) integrals: rlt
L (il J x3(l + xa)3dx (,0
I tz* " +1 ,p * +* +t a*.

2. $) x (x2 + 3)ttz r* (,i) II -==L:-:

4x+l
[ J 'lzxz +x-7 dx. l*rr
llEl
3. (,)
J G##:* ax 6i1 [@x + D \fx\x-3 dx.
rplfir!
lti! I

4. G) e' (a + be,)5 dx (iil ooll],- dx

! J
s(,)JtTr,* rio J !!t-i)
(tj:a:r'z 7,

5.(rJ$-* (trlwdx
I
?. U)
Isin r coss x dr (ii)
J
cos3 (ax
b) sin + (ax + b) dx.
f
8. (0 ,x tan x dx (ii)JcoPxcosec2xdx.
J sec3

e. (0
J .,ffi,,,
(1 + tanz x) dx (ii) l -"n* dr.
J I+cosx
10. (,) | $:- ax (ii) | t^"- ax.
., aiSlnX J r/cos x {
tHinL (i) g - = (sin x)-3l2 cos r.l
{srn x = --jesx
srn x {sln r

11. (i)
" J[--_-tll!-a, (,i) [ '* "'* ,r. ,!

r'3+2cosx J !X - COS.r

(i) r, I (3 tan2 x + 2) sec2 x

o''
:12.
J at'*}r \tt) I 6;;7r"";9
13. (,)
J ,rr, + t)2 dx (ii)
e3,
J(L#ryd.
(i) * {fi !cotaxdx.
14.
t tann ax
at"u0c
[Hint (i) tan4x = tan2 x. tan2.x: tan2r (sec2 x-1) =tanz x. sec2r- tan2r.]
1s. (o [ '1'ul' a, (r,) I| 1+sin2r
J x+logsecx J x+srn..x j":'luo
----dx.
16. (i) [ tln r set' 'r ,, (,,) I *u, dr.
J 1- tan4 x J 1+xb
17.(i)
J#=ilHr, (i,) [ ,t'rt2'-tin'=
J sinz x+cosx+7 dr.

18.(,) Iaffi*;d, ti,t I -J- a,.

ts.(i)1ffi" (ii)
I#**
[Hint (l0 Divide numerator and denominator by er.]
 to. ii) JL l+ ',,= d* (ii) Il-tlX.tanx .
e-x J a+btant x
(i) 1= = ,l' (ii) tanx sintcosx .l
IHini.
' -l+e-x ex+l ; * t#; =
;;;;7;;;;;z;:'t
11. (j) JI !--'"1.r a* f cos 2x
Jl-dX.
(ii)
I + cotr (cosx + sinx)z

8.2.3 Selecdon of proper substltution

There are no hard and fast rules for making suitable substitutions. It is the experience which
guides us best for the selection of a proper substitution. However, some useful suggestions
a:e given below :

7. Ifthe integrand contains a t-ratio aff(x) or logarithm off(x) or an exponential function in

iphich the index is f(x), put f(x) : t.
2. If tlrc integrand is a rational functiotr of ex, put ex : t.
3, To eaaluate :

OI sinn x dx, where n is positizte odd integer, put cos t: t.

Q) [ cost x dx, where n is a posititse odd integer, put sin x = t.

Qi[ I sec'x dx, where n is a positiae eaen integer, put tan x - t.

Qfl t cosec" x dx, where n is a posititse eaen integer, put cot x : t.

@) ! sint x cosl x dx, where p is positioe odd integer, put cos x=t

@fi tsinr x cosq xdx, where q is positiae odd integer, put sin x = t.

4. To eoaluatu J x"-t f (x") dx * I + f k) dx, put xn = t.

5. To eaaluate I F@, (s x + Bluv) dx, p > 1, an integer, put (a x + p)tlp : 7.

6. To eanluate I kos x + sin x) f (sin 2x) dx, put sin x - cos x : t and to eoaluate

[ {ro, * - sin x) f (sin 2x) dx, put sin x + cos ic : t.

dx
7. To eoaluat, | :-r---r-, diaide numerator and denominator by cos2 x and then put
J asin x + cosL x
t1

tanx:t. -

ILLUSTRATIVE EXAMPTES
Example 1. Eaaluate the following integrals:
O ! *t sin (xa) dx (ii\ [ cosec2 (sin x) cos x dx.
Solution. (i) Put xa : t= 4x3 dx : dt
= x3 dx = !4 ar,

Jx3 sin (xa) dx = J ,in t. f, at = + tsin t dt

= f t- cos f) + C: - f cos(ra) + C.
(ii) Put sin x : f + cos x dx - dt,
J"or".'(sin x) cos x dx: J"or"., t dt: -cot f + C
= - cot (sin x) + C.
 ffi,-
UNDERSTANDING ISC MATHEMATICS-KI rr
f
= -2 I=#'cos'sin tdt = -zl O-cosr)cosr dr
n
f / 1+cos2f\ ,.
: -z f (cos f
-
- cos2 t) dt = - zJ [cost--)dt il
J
=-2sin t+t+ f,sinzf +Cwherecosf : Ji' t

Example 24. (i\ If I *-' .511x2 4, - y.51lx2 +C, then find the ualue of k' :

(ii,) U x dx:atan3 x+b tan x + cx+ C, thenfindtheaalues of a,b nnd c, f

Itana
Solution. (i)Put \ =t +(-2) .ra dx=dt *xa dx=-lat' tt

...
J
r-a.srr,, dx =J r (-*r,) = -+,{= . c f;
=-ffi.' . .(i)

But v4.51lxz dx : k. 5r/:2 a g ...(2)

J 5

On comparing (1) and (2), we get k = -ZTh

16
(ii) tana r = tan2 r' tan2 r = tan2 r (sec2 x - 1) :tan2 x seC x - tan2 x
: tan2 r sec2 r - (sec2 r - 1): tan2 x ' sec2 r - sec2 x + 1"
!f
*^'^*-J
"JI turro x dx= I tur,'xseCx ar - | sec2 x clx - | t a' J"---..-r
(For the first integral, put tan x = t - sec2 r dx = dt)
: I *0,- I *&xdx* I ta*

:+-tanx+x+c
: ]tun'r - tan x + x + C ...(1)

x+cx+C ...(2)
But f
J
tanax dx=atan3x+btan :!f
On comparing (1) and (2), we get
o:!,b=-1.andc:1. lttll

EXERCISE 8.5
Very short type questions (L to 3) :
sns:rr)er
Eualuate the following (t to Zs) integrals
1. 0 !zxsin (r2 + 1) dx (NCER?) (ii) If cos (ra)dx'

2. r,rJffa' utt !ffa.

(,,,) j#* r,) J ""n#G 0,.

3. (r) sin x.e"6x dx (i0 ,t| _:_ dx.

J L+ e^
 A-677
INTEGRALS
xx ([)
4. (i)
J
sin r sin (cos r) dr (NCERT) (ir)
J
x3 seC (xa + 3)dx.

s. Q) I +""' (1) a, Q;) [ zx sec3 (r2 + 5) tan (r2 + 5\ itx.

Hint' (r, Put sec \x2 + 5) : s.

g(to8r) cosecl0ogx)
6. (D dx (,0 ,r.
J 1
a -tan-l r f (2
sin tan-l x)
7. ti\ I i7 ax (,,)
J ---*7- o'
7 gmlan-l x
8. <ttl4f a. (,0
J 1*7-'*'
,

t (x +\\ex
s. U) t e. coseC (e*) dx (ii)
I a1*, o*'

10. $)
t x'z eI3 sin k\ dx (ii)
J "",1"r,, ,r.
. (i)
11. t0 r sin3 (x2) cos (*) dx (f, *", 2x xc 2x dx (NCERT)
J J
. (2)

12. (il sin3 (2x + t) dx (NCERT) (,,) sin3 x cos2 x ilx (NCERD
J J
13. Q) sin?x dx (,0
J
tm, co€ x dx. (NCERT)
[
.,4. (,) :* (,,) ell:=--l d,.
J|
a* J
{stn r

15. (D cosec x log (cosec x - cot x) dx (ii)

J
''*!Hi) ,,
J

16. Q) seca x dx trr,' x sel x dx. (NCERT Exemplar)

[ J

. I cosr-sint ,--
(1)
17. o !:*!ff&a. (,i)
J
l:tll.
./1 + sin2x

. .(2)
18. o!ffia. (NCERD (ii)
[ ,'t*;l a*. (NCERT)

-_2
le. oldqd, {iil ) *ign a*.

zo. tl [+P 'f-vz 6v (,i) l-+

J x-lx
(NCERT)

Hlnt (0Put5-x2=t
1

21. fi\' Jl--l- dx (NCERT Exemptar) tiil t-'13= ax. (NCERT Exemplar)
1.+.lx 1.+ x4
1

Hint (,) Put Ji = t i.e. x: t2 (ii)Put x4=t i.e. x=f.

 }.|TEGRALS
-ru ([)
4. (i)
J
sin x sin (cos x) dr (NCERT) Qil [# seC (xa + 3)dx.

s. Q)
I it'"2 (1) a,. $i) [zr sec3 (x2 + 5) tan (r2 + 5) dx.

Hint (rr) Put sec(x2 + 5) : t.

6. (') J googr) dr (,;l

J -@iI&.
7. ot!ffa, (,il
Is#adr
8-tt!ffa. p
^m tn-7 t
(,i) | z------r-
J I+X'
dx.

e. $) ! e. cosec2 (e') dx $f)[##d..

10. 0t *'e'3 sin (ef) dx (,;l 4&EA dr
J
...(1)
- sin3 (x2) cos (*) dx
11. (ril
f trr,' 2x *c 2x dx
G) (NCERT)
...(2)
[
12. (0 sin3 (2x + 1) dx (NCERT) (;il xcoszxdx (NCER7)
J Jsin3
13. Q) siflx dx (iil xcolxdx. (NCERN
[ Jsin
74. (') 1 "*l'
., {sln r a,
(,ilJ#dr.
15. (l) cosec x log (cosec x - cot x) dx co 13('*z) a,
J

$) [ *caxdx (iil xsedxdx. (NCERT Exemplar)

Jtan2
.. .(1)
17. ,rId#En. lnl JI| -:
cosr - sinx
.11 + sin2x
dx.

...(2) a_
$)l#dx (NCERT) (ii)
J xJx+2 dx.
(NCERT)

-_2
19. ol@+vd. {ii) J
*fu ax.

{o Ja P $-; 7v (,,) l-+

J X-alx
(NCERT)

Hhf.(rPut5-x2=t
j--=
21. (0
" J| -1+"/x ax (NCERT Exemptar) {iil [-t\ ax. (NCERT Exemptar)
1+ x4
I
Hlnt (i) Put Ji : t i.e. x= t2 (li)Put x4=t i.e, x=P.
 Xlliifl*;iiffi'
UNDERSTANDING ISC MATHEMATICS.XI]
A.678
dx (iiyl+:
22. ti) It 117;61 '"' J {1+.1'x

f'lint. (,,) put .E+E : t + x = (tz -1)z + 6:': +t(tz -l) dt'

-- "
(NCERT ExemPlar
23. \i) I 7p *p;7;9 dx
. I s\n5x )-. \in IlltF dx'

Hint. (l) Put nz + b2 sinz x : t'

(n+=+t.,+)l,putr *+:,
24. (D If j : f,e"' + C' then find the value of k'
x ek" dx

then what is the value of k?

(,i) If 16 sin (5r7) d- : + cos (5x7) + C'
J

8.3 FOUR STANDARD INTEGRATS

+
l. Itanx dx=-loglcosxl+ C or log lsecxl
C

2. I cot x dx = laglsin xl + C
tanxt+C or t"S\t*li.;)l .'
3. Isecxdx=tostsecx+
x cot xl + C or loglt* il., C'
+. I cosec x dx =loglcosec -
Proof.r. Jtan xdx: J H dx=-i #*
(Putcos x:t= -sinx dx:dt)
: - I +61 = -rog l'l + C: -los lcos xl + C
--" l-l-l
: -loe + C = -(1og 1 - toglsec xl) + C
secx I I :ile!
= -(0 - loglsec rl) +C : loglsec xl + C'

. I cosx
o'
2. Jcotxdx = J o.,
(Put sin x: t + cas x dx = dt)

= tidt:log
lr
lfl +C:loglsinxl+C
!L

a.
J
sec x dx : J,". *'###; or = I'"';';l'lil;i'f'- '*
(put sec r + tan x: t - (sec x tan x + sec2 x) dx: dt)
i 1 dt:ios'" lfl +C:log lsecr+tanrl +C
= )t
o,

J,ecx o.:[*"=Jdq-
 A-682 UNDERSTANDING ISC MATHEMATICS -ru ([)
Example 6. Eaaluate the following integrals :

(,) I,t'n'* d* (iil I =t"'*, o*.

J stnx+cosx J ll + stnx
sorution.(D
J,r;+*; ar: jtljffi r.
Isin2x+cos2x+2sinxcos.xax--lI 1

J s)n"r+cosx J sinx+cosx dr
_ [(sinx+cosx)2 a._ [
:J;"x+cosx
J trlrsrn.x+
a(t I )"'
f;.or*]
: Jt',"r +cos, o, - L,D
l!
I r," * ; or
[, a.,J

= J'
[(rt, .x [.oru. ( r * L) ar
+ cos x) dx -
'- J--"--t^'+)-^
Jz
: - cos x + sin , -
k
log lcosec
[, . ;) -.o. [, . ;] ,..
(iiy [-J]- (+,nrL-1
J vl + srnx = t,[ Vl + sinx a,
ar

: f Jr + sinx a*_ | _J_: dx --"-

J J Jt + sinx
X.4 ffi
=Jlm€, d.-J+;.::dx
't/'*-'[;-")
:J!'mE-f dr-Jffi
{zcos'[ 4 2 )
: l, !.* (; - ;) * +, I*" (; - i)0. {

-t ''"(X ;)
- * , 'ori'"'(;
1 T-----=-
-;)."'[X
+C
z -l !..
/- -.\ t-
=-zJz sinll - 1l- J1 ros.
o lr"c
x\
'---\4II - -t+tan
I
1ll+C. 7E

\4 2) 2.) -"1 7- z)
r

EXERCISE 8.6
Very short answel type questions (L to J) :
Ettaluate the following (1 to S) integrals :

1. (i)
,.J | tan (z - 3x) dx (ii)
!cot(7x-4)dx.
1+tan2x
2. (i)
" J| 2tanx or (ii) I -!--x
J srn -x cos
ar.

3. (i) JI ':"r dr (,i) I tin2r d*.

srnr J sin 4,r
4. (i) JI ,']n' , d* (NCERT) (ii) i '1" -d,
srn(x _ G) J cos(r + u)
Hint (l) sinx: sin (r - 6y + o): sin(x-u) cos cr, + cos(r-cr) sin cx.
m (il) INTEGRALS

s. (il1 ril J .*5j|6-5

sin(x-ct)sin(x-0)

Hint (,) J *1,-ft;.,"1,-By=frd-E 1++4**

t - 1 f i\.tV1-*\,.,ar.
dx
(ii)
J .*e=a.*O=e= sii6:d J cos(x-a)cos(x-D)
(tsc 2016)
6.(il1 Q)[tan3xdx'
ri,,r t, - a) cos (x - b)

r clx t f cos(il 'r-- D- ""'

Hint. (i) J S,^,,#aft=A=i6rG:a) J ,i"G:A-ilr=z1 "
7. (, I -+*= d, u,t I -4.s: a'
cos 5r sin 3x'
Hint (l) sin 2r = sin (5r - 3x): sin 5x cos 3r -
,rr, t - sin2x+co-s2x : secrtanx + cosecl'
ulr ;il;;;z x sin x cos2 x

B. G)lTk (,;l IH#;I d,

Hint. (i) 1- sinx = 1+.r, [;*r)='*t'[t.i)

8.4 SEVEN MORE STANDARD INTEGMTS

LJ #?or=*'"sl#\.'
,.T #?o*=*'"rl#\.'
3.
I --J:- Cx = sin-l Ia * C, lxl < a
,la2 - x2

4. I L+C
-:-dx=Ltun-l
xz +az a a

s.J 1 d*=Lsec-1 L+C,x>a

xrlxT-az a a

6.J +, dx = losl* * ,i7 + o' +C

1x" + a'
-c. bsl* * n'7i7 + C,lxl>
?.T +-
x' -
tl a-
ax = a.
A-692 UNDERSTANDING ISC MATHEMATICS.XII (iII liffir"ffirr

Example 14. Find, dx. '1

J im
sotution. i :fq--!l rtr: I
sin (x - cr) !"
J \sin(-r+u) J ,ulsin (r + u) sln (x - s)

sinxcostx-cosxsincx
=J rj -t-- t,!
\ sln' x -.
- sln' (x
=cos(x J
ffi4-dr-sin"i **j=,m.d,
=cosu"nr-sinrx.I,
t.' = Ji -----ary:,ir = Ji &,ir L,
vsin2x-sin2cr v(t-cos?x)-(1 -cos2u)
I
= II| - --;-"""_ -;
sin r' fi
d.r'
1,q r.)Sz (X COs. .1.

= - sin x dx : dt =+ sin x dx : - dt)

(put cos x = t
L"

J| ---;L--
u.orzo-iz -s;r.r \cosa/
= f-f--'l = - sin-l (sec cxcos r)
and Iz: r[--;rya, q (putsinx:z*casxdx*rlz]
.
\stn' ir - sln-
)^,
u
- | = logl z+,!zz -sinzcx I

---!l:a:
- srn* 0.

: log lsin x + J;in'z ;:;in') u

&{"'
.

.'. I| sirr - cr) dx : - cos 0 sin-l (sec u cos r)

(r
,

J tsin(r+q.)
-sinulog I sinr + Jiin'? r - sin'zs t + C.
EXERCISE 8.7
Very short frnswer type questions (1" to 3) :

Eualuate the followirtg \7 to 16) irtegrals:

1. tl I 7L_.^ a, (l/cERr) tii) l -

r1
"clx.
tdx
\iir [-L (ia) t__
J .rz +16
!r-^
(t) | T4-- (NCERT Exemyttar) (rj) I
1-
rla

u 9x.
"176 - J 2s+gx2'

(i) f-g:
J xtl9xt -16
(lr) lax
l*-.
J ^1-z
!a
r 1

ldx
a. (il)
tit I o!= I
J 12-zrz'
(,) | -:j!:= ldx (NCERT)
J J15 - 8x'
(ii1
jt_ ,[*-+r'
- ZU
6. (i) JII -T ^2
'tv (1SC 2015) ( li) | *.*' d*.
tt'+4 ' J xz r1
7. (i) Jlx1i ,tx (NCERT E.rcmplur) (,i ) | "- d.r.
J 1+.to
(licERT)
t -,)
f -r3
8. (1) | -=!::
J i a6
rlx (NCERT) (li) I --=.==
J _.16
dx, (NCERT)
{.10 1[
-xir (il) ]iTEGRALS A-693

s. (i) Jf J+ 3*,dr.
,lal-t
dx (NCERT Exemptar)
'Gi\l
' J 7+2xa
(NCERT)

10. (i) I sec2 -t

[ga*
" {4-sin'x
(NCERT) (,r)
' Jl:d.Y.
Jtan2x+4
(NCERT)

11. ra
J sffp; a, (iil' J[ t"t9!'=' ar.
1-cotz x

12. (i) J6sinx+cosx ,, f sinx + cosx

' J| _9 +16sin2x
(,,, tlx.
Vsin 2x
. J-.
13. (')
" JI ,\il, Itur
"d*
2sinzx+5cos2x J --------;-------
11sin'x + 4cos'x + 5
.

74. rilJ:Ya, (iil

J2_L
=-dt)
1s. o IfF rioJffia, (NCERT Exemplar)

16. (i)
.t| $x"-1
,,1
ar (NCERI") (,il [ $:
J 4x2-l
ar. (NCERT)

1.2. ft J ffi ar (NCERT Exemptar) Un

J
EZ dx
= dz')

18. If t[ -Z- dx : k rlr.-r (lx) + C, then what is the value of k?

'^17- 4'
8.4.1 To evaluate
(l) L'! write
J axz +bx+c ,
-c. c: a(*, * !*. ;) :r[(,. *)' . :
#j : ; [(, . *)' ,0'),
arz+bx+

: - # =* ! -
where o'=
kzdepending on the sisn o[
"a4a2
.

Put .x +
Za - dx: dt,then the_ o_.
!:, __integral reduces to I, | -+-,
given
J tz + k2 , which ,. be
..-.^-,. can
evaluated.

tiil ! ;ffifu dx, we find real numbers A and B such that

px + q=A (axz + bx+ c) + B :A (2ax +b) + B.

*
Equating coefficients of x and the constant terms on both sides, we get
2a A : p andAb + B : q, which give the values of A and B. Then the given integral
reduces to known forms and hence it can be evaluated.

..2
:ERT) i;f +bx+c - J;F.*t=l; *l-l2n) +kz
,1
c
where + kz = _ b2
depending upon
upc the sign 1\t"cb'
; G" a n 4a"

ERr) Put *+ + : t* dx : dt, then the given integral

dx:dt,thenthegi reduces to
2a

ERT) +
la JI lt'+k,
=!l--,
which can be evaluated.
:-xII (Ii
"TEGRALS A-703
EXERCISE 8.8
Eualuate the follotaing (1 to 12) integrals :

1' $) Jp*.8
JI xl^+2x+2
(ii) ',* (r{cERT)

z. unl,r+] -dx
(D
J;r:*E (NCERT)
(IJCERT)

= 3. (i) I * "t::-
!#;+d,
au)
or (A/CERT) ur
J lx'+6x+5

4. (l)
Igr.*r.r* (iiy
JI 6+ 4sin.r.- cor2x
cos x
dx.

(0
I# (NCERT) (ii) | = ar-.
J x' 3x + 2
,'l
-
6. (i) | (ii)l'J:
* --4-
(NCERT)
l/ _O)(_X- (NCERT)
J ,lr' + zx + i'
fi)ig
J {(r-il(x-Z) (NCERT) tr,tfffi (NCERT)

/.\ fl:
(r, dx
J J5x' - z, (I,rcERT) \u) IlCx-;-: {NCERT)
J ,l9x - ,4x2

s. (,)[e
J ../s- 4x-Zxz
(ii) [p!a-
J tl4x - x' (NCERT)

10. (i) [-=t-r-= a, (NCERI) (ii) a-

" V5-4x-r" ,[ Vx-+4x+10
=l'n 6,.

11. (i) (i,)[&a'.

'| tJ x'-Bt+7
=3lL4, .t _ ZXx _ 3)
1(.r

(i) | .r * 2-
ar)
72.
J x'+2x+3 tl
4r. (i,) f_Sa"
J - 2xr -3
V-ro
8,4.2 rntegration of rationar functions of sin r
and cos r
If the integrand is a rational functiein of sin x or
cos x or botlu it can be reduced to a rational
function of t by the substitution i : tan
l.
,IIUSTRAIIYE EXAMPTES
Erample 1.. Eaaluqte the follozoing integrals :

o I *f-,, (iit dr
" JI 5+4sinr uii\ JI 7-2siltx'
dx

Solution. (i) Let tan

f= f + sec2 i I a* = at

ii) 2r!t -. 1- tan2 I

=+ dx - - -.Z,itt = , 2df" and r-t"
sec2]
,2? l*[a,] l+t! ----' COST =
T;tr
1+tan2{
2
A-708 UNDERSTANDING ISC MATHEMATICS-XII -

EXERC'SE 8.9
EallLrate the follawing (i to 4) integrnls:

1. (')
" .,I
dr
2+cosr tii) j ax
5-r4cosx
)-
2' til J *f..., tiil j 4cosx-1
dr
3. (i)
" JI 4+5sinx
(ii)
i 1-sinx+cosr
dx

4. (i)
" JI
d*
1-tanx
(NCErin $i) J dx
L+cotx
(NCERT

8.5 INTEGMTION BY PARTIAL FMCTIONS

A function of the torm P, rvhere f (x) ands(r) are polynomials, g@) + 0, is called a
g(r)
rational function. If the degree of f (x) is less than degree of g(r), then the rationai function
is called proper, otherw'ise, it is called irnproper.
In this section, we shall learn the technique of integration of rational functions. When the
integrand is a rational function wirich is not in a simple form, write the integrand as the sum
of sirnpler rational functions by a method called decomposition into partial fraetions and
then do the integration.

1"1 11') be ihe given rational algebraic function.

s(x)
First, if deg/(r) > d"g I (r), then by long division we can find quotient q (x') and remainder
r (r) such that
f (x) = g(x)t(x)+r (x),wheredegr(r)<degg(r)
+ ,-= r(x) where
f(x) q\x) + --, , r(x\
g(.r) gG) -*
g(x)
is a proper rational algebraic function.

Thus, given algebraic fraction : a polynomial + a propff rational algebraic fraction.

Then we resolve the proper rational algebraic traction into partial fractions as mentioned
below. Firsf factorise the denominator of the proper rational algebraic fraction into real
s
factors which may be of the tbllor,r.,ing four types :
(l) Linear non-repeated. (il) l-inear repeated.
(ili) Quadratic non-repeated. (lu) Quadratic repeated.
The following table gives us an idea of the types of partial fractions to be taken for
different types of proper rational algebraic functions :

Type of proper rational function Type of partial fractions

0x+a n+h A B
(x-a)(r-i,)' --b
)
px-+qx+r A BC
c-;c:iu-d'a*tt*c x-a x*b x-c
px + q_ AB
G-o)Z x*a --
u-d2
pr2+q*+, n+h ABC
(*--o)2(x-b)'4?Lt x-n (x-a)' x*b
s-xil (il) , .: A-725
--:R.ALS

EXERCTSE 8.10
Ettaluate the following (1 to 25) integrals :

1 u) Jc#;r) (NCERT) Gi) ---!-

! (x+1)(x+2) a*. (NCERT)

(,) (NCERT) (,, xz +l

J (x-1)(x-2) J xz -5r-+6

(0J x3+x+1 ,
(NCERT) (,0 l- x2
xz -'1, J -tlX.
x(l - 2x)

3x-- dx.
(ilJ -dX
(r-1)(r -2){x-3) dr (NCERT) Qi) I -dX.
(r - 1)(x - 2)(r -
1

3)
(NCERT)

(r) 5x
*^ (NCERT) (,0 x, (NCERT)
J (x+1)(x2 -4) J (x-l)t(x+2)
3x -\ -dv clx 3x+5
(0J (x
ui) I ;3 -;r -; +7 dx' (NCERT)
- 2)z

(0J -(x-1)(xz+1) dx (NCERT) (,0

-dX.
xz +x+L ,
(NCERT)
---J- J (x+2)(xt +1)
,,
(0j (7-x)(l+xz)
(,0
I (x +1)(x/ +9)
5x
clx. (NCERT)

xz +x 4J
his step) (i)
J xr -xz +x-l
$i) I -tlX.
-----::- +1) dx.
(x-l)(xt
-dx -
(,) dx
(,il (,*,ZG4T
dx
J 1:;5 J
or by x2)
-tlX x2
(i) (,,) clx.
J (x2 +l)(xz +3\ J (1+ xi) (2+ xr)
dx dx
(r) (NCERT) (,,) (NCERT)
J ;G{4 J ;Gz.1)
dx
(ilJ 7w;T
dx
(NCERT) (,0
J -;@+8)'
=r2+8)
e' dx
ft) J (1 + e') (2 + ex)
(NCERT) ui) I 7;
cos .r sin2x
(,) dx (,0 dx
J (1 - sin x) (3 - sin r) J (1 - cos 2x) (2 - cos 2x)

sec2 t
(,)J (2 + t"n r) (3 + t**) dx r;;r Jmfzaa
=,rt-8) ldx
rrl
"' II 1r, +L)(xz + 4)
(NCERD tii)
I gafu;A d-. (NCERT)

.
(i) r
-.2

I t?ffi *n
x2+1
d* (,,)
' 1-=--!--
J x+-xt-12
ax (NCERT Exemplar)

(rJ+. - (NCERT) tiitlfia.. (NCERT Exemplar)

(,) [ fil
J S1NX
,, (,i) [ :'"I a*.
J SIN4X

Hint (r)Put Jcosr :t= cosr= t2=-sinxdx:2tdt.

A-726 UNDERSTANDING ISC MATHEMATICS.XI (ID

L+ x2 'L- xZ
2t. (,) J 'l+xa clx oi) I l+ x*
- ,.2 -ClX.
x2 +4
22. (,) J .n -=' 1
dx Qi) J xa + x2 +16 clx.
x4 + xz +'l

-2
2s. (, J xa
1

+1.
Gi) I- -:--
xa +t
dx.

-UA x2 xz -3x+1. dx.

,
24. (il (,,)
J xa-xt+1
J xa + xz +'1,
sin x + cosx
25. (il ___z n Gi) Jcotx dx'
J -dx
sln-r+cos-x
clx
I -

8.6 INTEGRATION BY PARTS

Theorem. lt f @l and g(r) are differentiable functions, then

I f t*l {bl dx = f (xl s(r) - I f't*l s@l dx.

Proof. Since/(r), g(r) are differentiable functions of x, we have

fr vos(r)) = 7@) s' @) + f' (x) s@),

by definition of anti-derivative, we get

tf t*l B'(x) + f'(x) s(x)) dx : f (x) sQ)
I
* Jf {i s'k) dx + If'(*) s(x) dx f (x) s(x)
:
: (i s@) - I f'(x) s(x) dx.
I f {i s'(x) dx f
=
If we write f (x) = u and B'@) =u, then

! ,,dx=u ! oa*- I(*l ,rr)o- ('..s'(r) =7)1s(r): Jodxl

In words : Integrar or the product:iffi;l1Ti"J:;L'ii::1"r1','-iill#fiif::ff:li

The aboue rule of integration is known as the rule of integration by pafis.

REMARKS
1. Whileintegratingaproductof twofunctionsbythe ruleof integrationbyparts,the choice
of the order in *niCn the two functions are to be taken is important. The following rule
helps us in choosing the first function :
If two functions are of different types, take the first function to be the function which
comes first in the word 'ILATE' where
(l) I stands for the inverse circular function like sin-1 r, tan-1 x etc'
(ll) L stands for the logarithmic function.
(iii) A stands for the algebraic function (like polynomials).
(iz) T stands for the trigonometric function.
(o) E stands for exponential function.
2. In applying the rule of integration by parts, there is no need to add constant of
integrition when we write the integral of the second function. The constant of integration
must be added in the final result.
3. It is worth noticing that the rule of integration by parts is not applicable to product of
functions in all cases. For example, this rule does not work for J v? cos x dx. Because

there does not exist any function whose derivative is Ji cos x.

IrcS-Xrr (fi) iiffiMl]ffi;.u: A-739

-3cosr) ! tr/z tos, (-;) il : - I J ", v.vtlz ,1s

(integrate by parts, taking iog f as the first function)

-*[,'r,'#-li#"1
-! 1 tilz
ru,r log r +
!l rr,r dt = -! fi/z 1or 1 *
5't1r*-
nple 1e(l))
Lsztz (2- 3log r) + C
sinx)+C
*(r. *)'''[z - arog(,. #)] -' "
EXERCISE 8.II
lknn mum ilLszuer type questions (1 to B) :
::u-:."ate the
follozoing (1 to 22) integrals :

: . )texdx (NCERT) {iil J*sinxdx. (NCERT)

: 'ix*czxdx (NCERT) (iil I * sin 3r dx. (NCERT)
i .i teb dx'
. .(1) (;;) Ix cos 2x dx.
,{, i -r sec2 x tan x dx (ifl I Qr"zr + sin x) cos x dx
: I r logx dx (NCERT) (iil ! xlog2x dx.
rple 19(l))
t. : i:;2 logxdx (NCERT) $)lrogxdx. (NCERT)
:--7)logxdx (NCERT) (ii) l*,log (1 + x) dx. .

t, , itan-lxdx (NCERT) (ii) cos{(*) *

J
Hirt (1, cos-r 1: sec-l r.
x
9. :' j# an-1 x dx (ii) [ x2 sin-l x dx.

lr,l- ,i JI !5
1

a, (ii) I x2 e' dx. (NCERT)

^lt- x

1.1* ,it J xz e3* dx Q) J x2 cos x dx.

l: ,,r J (1og x)2 dx (ifl [ f sin (xz) dx.
..
.l-a- ':l )I /.x"
^ . ".a
e*- dx
1

(ifl J cos nE a*.

L4- r;) j tan+ ",[i a* (i) J # :rrn-l (x2) dx.
,NCERT)

L:. ,i) J sin3 ji a* (i0 | l=- a, (NCERT)

J 1i1 -,t2
(i) { sin{ (3x - 4x3) dx (ir) t.'tr (u;:#)
I
J
"
I !:E:a
sin-1 x
(ii)
") J (t-rlr,,
x. a* dx.

15. (ilJr'sinxdx (fi J eb sin x dx.

-1 di ! e" sinbx dx (ii) I e,- cos (br + c) dx.
1 19. Q)
 A-740
IJNDERSTANDING ISC MATHEIvIATICS.XII (II)

20. {i) I *, e,3 cos x3 dx (iil I u, sin2 x dx.

2't. \i) I on lan-l x dr

J <rn;rytir $fi!cosec3xdx.

I Y?
22. (i) J.or (log x) ttx Gi) dx.
rfo

8.6.1 A speciat form

t etyUl + f,(xll dx = ex f tx) + C.

Proof. lr-(f (*) +f,(x)) ax: lf G) e, rix + [f,ti r* d,
(integrating the first integral by parts, taking/(r) as the first function)
= f(x) u, * f't*) ex dx + f'(*) ex dx + C
:"ftir:r+e.
J I
ltry
;l

ITLUSTRATIUf EXAMPLES
Exanople 1" Eaaluate the
following integrals; l|hfta
(i)
f o'(:#-*) * iri) jax re( x {."1 + tat. x) ;x '\.{ lL-,f,i' , ,i

sorution.0)
l*$ #)dx: IS,,ax-l 4*a*
(integrate the first integral by parts, taking
4 u" the first fur,rction)

: #,', - ! Gz) r-t.ex d.x- I #r, *,

: #,, *l |ex dx- I *,, dx+C = # .,
Alternatioely, let f (x) = ,then /,(r) :
; 3
Thus, the given integral is of the form ,tx))
I ,,(f (r) + f d"x.

,. r (t ?\
Jr^ |.e-i)or = Jr,ff(r)*f,(x\)dx:e*f(x)+C

=.,.; +C=
;i r"
(ii) I ,, secr(1+tanx) d*: r.ar dx + lsec ; tan x.ex dx
Jsec
(integrate the first integral by parts, taking sec r as the first
function)
= secr. e- -
lsec.r tan x.e, dx + J sec x tan x.e, dx + C
:SECT.CT+C,
Example 2. Eaaluate the following integrals:
(i) l r'(tor-'r *to;)d''
' I
(NCERT) (Q j e2' (- sin x + 2 Ermu,ire
J \ cos x) dx.

Solution. U)
I ,,[tr,',, -.#)dx: fran-l r .ex dx * { }p u, d*
(integrate the first irategral by parts, taking tan*1 .r as the first fuunmum"
function)
 A-746 UNDERSTANDING ISC MATHEMATIC'q-'':1 llli

Example 1.2. Eaaluate the following integrals :

(;) '( *---L:) a, (ii) [ c,i,' (xcos3 x: sinx ] dx.

J
/t

.i [/og(logx) fiogx)t ) \ cos.x )

solution. ti) f Ii.sOosr)*ffiJ a,

: J,o* (rosr) . 1 dx + I W;m *

(integrate the first integral by parts, taking log (log r) as the first funca:

: ios(rosr),- J # +
.xdx+ I dff *
: xlos(rog r) - .
J Gos r)-1 1 ax
+
[ #*O o,
r;r,;:
lTi;ffi ;: ilil1,T :'
i; l;'ilT: I#;--1'
'! x rog (rog n - # J ch dx+!#, dx + C

= ,
[i.s(logr)-#)
..
Jr(r"*,cosr) a-- [rsinx(sec
(ii) f e.i", xtanx)dx
[**#=)o-:
tFor {ssinxgss xdx,putsinx:f =+cos xdx:dt,
'J Igsin] cos
... r dx = J| et dt : et - esin\.]
r
(Integrate the first integral bv parts, taking x as the iirst function and ssin 163 r as tjt
r
second function; and integrate the second integral by parts taking ssin ut the firsl
function
":';:.::":i,-:,:: ;il[i:":::J e.i.,. cosr secr rrx) +
-J C

: assinr- Jesi" x dx-secr. ssinx L,

Je.i", dx
+C
- (r - sec r) e'i'x + C.
EXERCISE 8.12
Very shart ansu)er type questions (7 to 5) :
Eaaluate the following (1' to 1,2) integrals :

1. (i) I ,'(sin r + cos r) dx (NCERT) (ii)

J
e'(tan x + secz x) dx.

2. til ! e' [tos, * *) * (ii)

J e'(cot
x - cosecz x) dx.

3. (i) I u' {xz + 2x) dx (ii)

Jtr*1)ddx.
'J [r, [sin-'r*---Ll
4. (i) a, (ii)
J
(, .or x + sin x) dx.
J1-*7)
t
5. (f) Given
Je,(tan
x + 1) sec x dx: e'f{x} + C. Write/(x) satisfying the above

(,il If a* = f(x) e' + C, then write the value of /(x).

I[+)t'
i:cs Kt (il) A-747
\TEGRALS

(li) l\eL'dx'
6. I ,'(tan r + log sec r) dx
(D J 4X-

7. (i) Jf sinxcq::-lu'r,
Sln'x
(iii I e' (cot r + iog lsin xl) dx.
P.{'l
8. rr;r\ | -'---'- p" ,7r.
Q) [;#'1. (^JCERT)
.I (r-t t,l-

Hint.(ii)(:r't-1- - r+l---2
2
=_
1
.____'J.
t function) (x +
* l)' (x + l\' i)- (x + 1)'
e Yg2x
e. utJffi,:a. (NCERT) (ii) I ;;^,,,,
d \l r ait
tr.

Hint (1,) P:ut 2x : t.

r I + sinZx
it function) 10. (il J ffi,,a, (NCERD $n i fiffi e'dx. iN'l:E;r.-'

dx +C
! ffif
- 1L. <a u. a* (li) j (r:os r r- 3 sin x) e3* dx.

72. tO J tr + log x) dr (ri) f (sin (iog r) r cos (log x)) dx'

8,6.2 Three more standard lntegrals

*io? *1
{2 sin-t Ia
^'JI .fA: ,,
x. d* =
2
+ +c

,. I,* +*i a* - *';i7 .T*rl*-Ji';' i .,'

3. j Jr -; z rtx = rr=-*,rr1x+ 't'i'-d l* c.
:r1S x aS the

I {^'-.'dr=l nl*'-ita*
a-c the first Proof. 1.
(integrate by parts, taking 4,* _ f as the first function)
\-
: I +(.nz - xz\-vz \-2xi.x dx
^l;T- xz - -
__ xiaz _xz
t #dx = xiaz - i
:F Cff{ o,

= x,i-iz - *z - I ";r. -F d* + r, I fi7 or

=,"@lr: - I $, -ii,;* + a2.sin-t L + 2 C.

On transposing, we get

zl
-., ^17- -, 6* = *jrz - ,i + a2 sin-ll.
a
+ 2C

*'tii f
+ [ 4;, -f a* = +lsrn-t i o.
fove
," I "F.-'or=l "[f-or' .t a*
(integrate bY Parts, taking ,E -.' as the first function)

: Jfr + x, ., _ | lh, * xz)-yz.(2x). x dx

 A-757
-xr (fi) ],;:GRALS

: z. lltz* -1\sin-1 r + tJi- P ]+c

(see part (l))

: l@.-1)sin-r ii +Ji ^,4-r) + c.

e (NCEnr)
r,-rmpre 7. Euatuate:
-:+ +,y-:E
t:':
JI stn-'{r cos ' {I
dx, x 10, 1.1'

i,o,J,ution. As sin-lJx +cos-1 Ji =t, so cos-1 : ; - sin-l r'

'
/- -, r\
- -
sr"-i.E -.os
J1 sin-l Jx + cos-1 {x l.f+ ,- = lsi"-rJi [i 'i"-IJx,,} ,,
2

: ;J [r,* -r.,[r -i) * : fJsi"{Jia,-lta*

4
= -L
lt' -r+C
*,heret= J[sin-in&dx

tput Ji : t = x: t2 * =2t dt)

tlx
: Jsin-r
r.2t dt :2 Jsin-1
t. t dt
( '2 n -l- */
: 2 lsin-tt ;- rr\,
\. - ' "'h- t' |
)

:12s6-rt_Jffi
, -t1 -t2)+l )t
dt

:r2sin-1 t* JrT-F at- I#"

.t:-
: ;2 si,.-r ,
" '*!+]si# r - sin-1 r
: |t<rr'- r)ri,'r-' t * t^E - Fl
: |ttr*- 1)sin-1 "{i + ii "!T - x|.
.'. Given integral = lttr*-1)sin-1 "ti+'['*-*) - x + C'

EXERCISE 8.I3
ri,i,rmr snurt aflsu)er type questions {1 to 3) :
::aluate the fallouring (1 to 8) integrals :

i :)
l"{+--'a,
(NCER0 Qi) J ,[r'-o ar'

: " I^ETI'a, (NCE/ir) (ii) ! JT: +-' ar. (l'/cERT)

i , ji;*z-eax (ii) [ ^E-0.' a.

A-752 UNDERSTANDING ISC MATHEMATICS-T-

4. (,)l:',0, tii)
ri
r ;:;Tr:'I""
't
xz +6 '\l

.. JI :1:2:a*
s. o)
lr2 _zs
(i
f r"*slffir*
i)

,rT* lt'-=
6. Q)
I -^[*u -t a*. url e.r *7x.

7. (l)
J
sinrcour",.fl*t *. 4 d, {,r) J Yrc*,t--, *.
Hint (i) Put sin2 x = t =stn r eos x ax : *dt.

(il) Put (log x)2 : t* try- a, =

ior"
8. (D jxcos'7xdx (NCERT) (,i) J cos-1 nri an.

8.6.3 To evafiuate
fi I^t*' +b.+, dx, a >0, write
axz + bx .r c = a *, *L**rl=
a a)
rl **a)' * !-
( b'=
\ l\ 2a) a Aat

:'l(-*$l''t'l
2a)
ft-l

Ll i
,c62ch2 :t
w'here
; -;? lC depending on the sign of
; - -F
Putr + !:t=
2a
dx: dt,thenthe givenintegral reducesto oneof the followingthree
forrns :

["[F;7 dx, I,l;'z - a'z a*, J^[o' - r' rlx, rvhich can be evaluated by using
standard formulae.

Uil Jgx * 4rE*\b* *, d*,

we find real numbers A and B such that

Px ) q: e + bx +c) + B : A(Zax+ b) + B
{@x2
ZaA = p and Ab + B = which give the values of A and
= 11, B.

Thus
Jrpx
* qlrEf *b* *, ,tr

: A JJ
[ (Zax +D^lior\ur *, dx +B [ ,[rr: +ir +, a-
: AIr + BIz.
For I.,, put axz + bx + c : t
= (Zax + b) dx : dt,

Ir = A
IA a,= A.+*C, = ! . lo*, + bx + c)zt2 + Cr.
,
l, can be evaluated as in (l).
A-756 UNDERSTANDING ISC MATHEMATICS.XII
rUri
f *-r
={iJ 11
lu' *f "'147 l du
tril
t\i4) W**
.mi
f . .1
L -J
I-'147 ( J+z t- ffi
I a-l
1

l" 1llr/ l4l

: Jr[- +' 'loslu+
F+gl] ..,
I

2 -l
) "i il
&$

.rffi
r ---; -
_ 'tZ y,* 3) J^.)/
lx'+-x+-
!22
+Cz
2 \" 4) t

r: f .!tr'+3x+7)ztz
n( sr*3 -- +3r +t tntt, l+x+g
-Z[=;"'12x2 +:!f I'sl :lf:* x.'"37
22 -
+ -x +

: ;t r' + 3;r + 7)'t ' + #fn, + zlrE* ** * z

+x *:
a-
* 517f,2
128tonl
"l 4 * x'+-x+-
oJ/

22

EXERCISE B.t4
Eoaluate the follozuing (L to 5) integrals :

1. 0 l{xL+u++ ax (ii)
J{.2+zx+s ax.
(NCERT

2. $S | ^[f * +* * e a, (NCERT) (ii)

I tE: r,. .' dx. (NCERT Exemplar

t "T + sx - xz ax.
t',
3. (i) J J3 - 2x * xz dx (NCEI{T) (i l) (NCERT

4. (i) [ rr-4x-xzdx
J
(NCERT) (ii) I ^hi - r' a. (NCERT

5. (i) l(.r.:) J:-+r-t2 dx (il) l{zr*zl'EF+s*+o ax.

J

8.7 DEFINITE INTEGRAT AS THE LIMIT OF A SUM

Let y : /(x) be a continuous function on the closed interval fa, bl and (without loss oi
generality) that all the values taken by the function are non-negative so that the graph of the
given function iies above the r-axis.
Let MA, NB be the ordinates at the points
x : a, r : b respectively. Consider the region
below the curve, above the r-axis ai'rd between
the ordinates .r : q and x : b i.e. the region
AMNB (shown in fig. 8.1). Let us find the area
of this region.
Divide the segment MN into r equal parts at
the points M1, Mr, M3, ..., Mr-, with the length
of each part : lz so that
nh:MN:ON-OM:b-a.