MODULE IN

DYNAMICS OF RIGID BODIES

(PART B)

GBB

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 Eq. 1

90
∑𝐹𝑦 = 𝑚𝑎 +↓ 90 − 𝑇 = ( )𝑎 Eq. 2
𝑔

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 𝑥𝐴 𝑥𝐵

Solution:

a. Applying conservation of linear momentum:

[𝑚𝐴 𝑣𝐴 = 𝑚𝐵 𝑣𝐵 ]
𝑥𝐴 𝑥𝐵
𝑣𝐴 = 𝑣𝐵 =
𝑡𝐴 𝑡𝐵
𝑥𝐴 𝑥𝐵
𝑚𝐴 = 𝑚𝐵
𝑡𝐴 𝑡𝐵

where: 𝑥𝐵 = (30 − 𝑥𝐴 )
and 𝑡𝐴 = 𝑡𝐵

𝑚𝐴 𝑥𝐴 = 𝑚𝐵 (30 − 𝑥𝐴 )

(90 + 90 + 400)𝑥𝐴 = 400(30 − 𝑥𝐴 )

𝑥𝐴 = 12.24 (m) 𝑨𝒏𝒔𝒘𝒆𝒓

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Solution:

a. Applying conservation of linear momentum:

[𝑚𝐴 𝑣𝐴 = 𝑚𝐵 𝑣𝐵 ]

20(4.8) = 0.08𝑣𝐵
𝑣𝐵 = 1,200 (m/s) 𝑨𝒏𝒔𝒘𝒆𝒓

b. Bullet’s relative velocity:

[𝐯𝐵/𝐴 = 𝐯𝐵 − 𝐯𝐴 ]

𝐯𝐵/𝐴 = 1200𝐢 − (−4.8)𝐢 (m/s)

𝐯𝐵/𝐴 = 1,204.8𝐢 (m/s)

𝑣𝐵/𝐴 = √1,204.82 (m/s)

𝑣𝐵/𝐴 = 1,204.8 (m/s) Answer

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Case 1: Consider frictionless surface.
Case 2: Consider coefficient of kinetic
friction of 0.22.

(a)

Solution:
𝜃 = 35°
a. With reference to figure (b), 𝑊 = 𝑚𝑔 (N)
𝐹 = 𝑚𝑎 𝑊 = 𝑚𝑔
𝐹 𝑚𝑎 𝑎 𝐹 = 𝑚𝑎 (N)
tan𝜃 = = = 𝐵
𝑊 𝑚𝑔 𝑔
(b)
𝑎 = 𝑔tan𝜃 = 9.81tan35°
𝑎 = 6.87 (m/s 2 )
𝑚𝐴 = 0.5 (kg)
b. With reference to figure (c), 𝑚𝑎

Case 1: Consider frictionless surface. 𝐴 𝑃

[∑𝐹 = 𝑚𝑎]
𝑊𝐵 = 0.981 (N)
𝑃 − 𝐹 = 𝑚𝑎

𝑃 − 0.687 = 0.5(6.87) 𝐵 𝐹 = 0.687 (N)

𝑃 = 4.12 (N) 𝑨𝒏𝒔𝒘𝒆𝒓 (c)

c. With reference to figure (d), 𝑊𝐴 = 4.905 (N)

Case 2: Consider 𝜇𝑠 = 0.22 𝑚𝑎
𝑁 = 4.905𝐵+ 0.981 = 5.886 (N)
𝑅 𝐴 𝑃
μs𝑅 ==0.22.
𝐹𝑅 = 𝜇𝑠 𝑁 0.22(5.886) = 1.295 (N) 𝐹𝑅
𝑊𝐵 = 0.981 (N)
[∑𝐹 = 𝑚𝑎] 𝑁𝑅

𝑃 − 0.687 − 1.295 = 0.5(6.87)

𝐵 𝐹 = 0.687 (N)
𝑃 = 6.887 (N) 𝑨𝒏𝒔𝒘𝒆𝒓
(d)

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Solution:

a. With reference to figure (b), find 𝑎

for combined blocks 𝐴 and 𝐵.

𝑊𝐴𝑥 = 10(9.81)sin40° = 63.06 (N)

𝑊𝐴𝑦 = 10(9.81)cos40° = 75.15 (N) (a)
𝑊𝐵𝑥 = 15(9.81)sin40° = 94.59 (N)
𝑊𝐵
𝑊𝐵𝑦 = 15(9.81)cos40° = 112.72 (N)
𝑊𝐵𝑦 𝑊𝐵𝑥

𝑁𝐴 = 75.15 (N)
𝑊𝐴 𝐵
𝑁𝐵 = 112.72 (N)
𝑊𝐴𝑦 𝑊𝐴𝑥
𝐹𝐴 = 𝜇𝑠 𝑁𝐴 = 0.15(75.15) = 11.27 (N) 𝑁𝐵
𝐹𝐵
𝐹𝐵 = 𝜇𝑠 𝑁𝐵 = 0.3(112.72 = 33.82 (N) 𝐴

[∑𝐹 = 𝑚𝑎]
𝐹𝐴 𝑁𝐴
𝑊𝐴𝑥 + 𝑊𝐵𝑥 − 𝐹𝐴 − 𝐹𝐵 = (𝑚𝐴 + 𝑚𝐵 )𝑎
(b)
63.06 + 94.59 − 11.27 − 33.82 = (10 + 15)𝑎
𝑎 = 4.502 (m/𝑠 2 ) 𝑊𝐴𝑥 𝑃𝐴
b. Consider the FBD in figure (c), calculate 𝑃𝐴 ,
𝐴
which is the force in the rope.
[∑𝐹 = 𝑚𝑎] 𝐹𝐴
𝑊𝐴𝑥 − 𝐹𝐴 − 𝑃𝐴 = 𝑚𝐴 𝑎
(𝑐)
63.06 − 11.27 − 𝑃𝐴 = 10(4.502)
𝑃𝐴 = 6.77 (N) 𝑨𝒏𝒔𝒘𝒆𝒓 𝑊𝐵𝑥

c. Consider the FBD in figure (d), calculate 𝑃𝐵 , 𝐵

which is the force in the rope. 𝑃𝐵
[∑𝐹 = 𝑚𝑎]
𝐹𝐵
𝑊𝐵𝑥 − 𝐹𝐵 + 𝑃𝐵 = 𝑚𝐵 𝑎
94.54 − 33.82 + 𝑃𝐵 = 15(4.502) (d)

𝑃𝐵 = 6.76 (N) 𝑪𝒉𝒆𝒄𝒌𝒊𝒏𝒈 (Note: 𝑃𝐴 should be equal to 𝑃𝐵 . )

(Note:
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 Initial condition,
at rest

The same as

𝑣 = √2𝑔ℎ

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 The same as
∑𝑚1 𝑣1 = ∑𝑚2 𝑣2

Review:
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𝑇= 𝑚𝑣 2
2

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Reference: ∑𝐹 ∙ 𝑑𝑡 = 𝑚(𝑣2 − 𝑣1 )

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𝑚𝐴 (𝑣𝐴 )1 cos30°

The same as
∑𝑚1 𝑣1 = ∑𝑚2 𝑣2

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 Equivalent equation: ∑𝐹 ∙ 𝑑𝑡 = 𝑚(𝑣2 − 𝑣1 )

∑𝐹 ∙ 𝑑𝑡 = 𝑚(𝑣2 − 𝑣1 )

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∑𝐹 ∙ 𝑑𝑡 = 𝑚(𝑣2 − 𝑣1 )

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 𝑣𝐵1 = 0 𝑣𝐶1 = 0

(a) before collision

Solution:

a. Calculate 𝑣𝐴2 after first collision. Refer figure (b).

(Note: 𝑣𝐴2 = 𝑣𝐵2 )

[∑𝑚1 𝑣1 = ∑𝑚2 𝑣2 ] (for plastic collision) 3 (m/s) 1.5 (m/s)

𝑚𝐴 𝑣𝐴1 = (𝑚𝐴 + 𝑚𝐵 )𝑣𝐴2

𝐴 𝐴 𝐵
2(3) = (2 + 2)𝑣𝐴2
𝑚𝐴 𝑣𝐴1 (𝑚𝐴 + 𝑚𝐵 )𝑣𝐴2
𝑣𝐴2 = 1.5 (m/s) 𝑨𝒏𝒔𝒘𝒆𝒓
(b) after first collision
𝑣𝐵2 = 1.5 (m/s) 𝑨𝒏𝒔𝒘𝒆𝒓
𝑣𝐶2 = 0 (m/s) 𝑨𝒏𝒔𝒘𝒆𝒓

b. Calculate 𝑣𝐴3 after second collision. Refer figure (c).

(Note: 𝑣𝐴3 = 𝑣𝐵3 = 𝑣𝐶3 )
1.5 (m/s) 1.0 (m/s)

𝐴 𝐵 𝐴 𝐵 𝐶

(𝑚𝐴 + 𝑚𝐵 )𝑣𝐴2 (𝑚𝐴 + 𝑚𝐵 + 𝑚𝐶 )𝑣𝐴3

(c) after second collision

(𝑚𝐴 +𝑚𝐵 )𝑣𝐴2 = (𝑚𝐴 + 𝑚𝐵 + 𝑚𝐶 )𝑣𝐴3

(2 + 2)1.5 = (2 + 2 + 2)𝑣𝐴3
𝑣𝐴3 = 1.0 (m/s) 𝑨𝒏𝒔𝒘𝒆𝒓
𝑣𝐵3 = 1.0 (m/s) 𝑨𝒏𝒔𝒘𝒆𝒓

𝑣𝐶3 = 1.0 (m/s) 𝑨𝒏𝒔𝒘𝒆𝒓

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 (a) before impact
Solution:

a. Calculate horizontal component of bullet′s velocity. Refer figure (b).

𝑣𝐴1 = 420cos45° = 296.98 (m/s)

𝑣𝐵1 = 0 (m/s)

420cos45° (m/s)
𝐴 𝐴 𝑣𝐵2 = 𝑣𝐴2

(b) before impact (c) after impact

b. Finding block′s velocity, 𝑣𝐵2 , after impact. Refer figure (c).

[∑𝑚1 𝑣1 = ∑𝑚2 𝑣2 ] (for plastic impact)

𝑚𝐴 𝑣𝐴1 +𝑚𝐵 𝑣𝐵1 = (𝑚𝐴 + 𝑚𝐵 )𝑣𝐵2

(Note: After impact, 𝑣𝐵2 = 𝑣𝐴2 )

6(296.98) + 4,000(0) = (6 + 4,000)𝑣𝐵2

𝑣𝐵2 = 0.4448 (m/s) 𝑨𝒏𝒔𝒘𝒆𝒓

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 (a) before collision

𝑣𝐴2 𝑣𝐵2

(b) after collision

Solution:
a. Finding cars′ velocity after collision. Refer figure (b).

[∑𝑚1 𝑣1 = ∑𝑚2 𝑣2 ] (for plastic impact)

𝑚𝐴 𝑣𝐴1 +𝑚𝐵 𝑣𝐵1 = 𝑚𝐴 𝑣𝐴2 + 𝑚𝐵 𝑣𝐵2

8,000(2) + 10,000(1) = 8,000𝑣𝐴2 + 10,000𝑣𝐵2

where: 𝑣𝐴2 = 𝑣𝐵2

8,000(2) + 10,000(1) = 8,000𝑣𝐵2 + 10,000𝑣𝐵2

𝑣𝐵2 = 𝑣𝐴2 = 1.44 (m/s) 𝑨𝒏𝒔𝒘𝒆𝒓

b. Change in the kinetic energy during the impact

1
[∆𝑇 = 𝑇2 − 𝑇1 ] where: 𝑇 = 𝑚𝑣 2
2
1 2
1 2 2
∆𝑇 = (𝑚𝐴 + 𝑚𝐵 )𝑣𝐴2 − [𝑚𝐴 𝑣𝐴1 + 𝑚𝐵 𝑣𝐵1 ]
2 2
1 1
∆𝑇 = [(8,000 + 10,000)(1.442 )] − [8,000(22 ) + 10,000(12 )]
2 2
∆𝑇 = 18,662.40 − 21,000 = −2,337.60 (N ∙ m)

c. Percentage of energy lost during the impact

∆𝑇 2,337.60
%Loss = − × 100% = (100) = 11.13% 𝑨𝒏𝒔𝒘𝒆𝒓
𝑇1 21,000

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 1

(a) before impact

2 3
𝑊
𝑣𝐴2
𝑑
𝑣𝐴3 = 0

𝐹𝐴

𝑁𝐴
(b) after impact
Solution:
a. Finding block′s velocity after impact. Refer figure (b).
[∑𝑚1 𝑣1 = ∑𝑚2 𝑣2 ] (for plastic impact)
𝑚𝐴 𝑣𝐴1 = (𝑚𝐴 + 𝑚𝐵 )𝑣𝐴2
20(600) = (20 + 10,000)𝑣𝐴2 𝑣𝐴2 = 1.20 (m/s)
b. Part (a): Determine distance 𝑑 traveled by the block after impact.
Refer figure (b) and applying work-energy principle.
1
[𝑈2−3 = 𝑇3 − 𝑇2 ] Review: 𝑇 = 𝑚𝑣 2
2
1 2
1 2
𝐹𝐴 ∙ 𝑑 = (𝑚𝐴 + 𝑚𝐵 )𝑣𝐴3 − (𝑚𝐴 + 𝑚𝐵 )𝑣𝐴2
2 2
𝑁𝐴 = (10 + 0.02)9.81 = 98.30 (N) 𝐹𝐴 = 0.25(98.30) = 24.58 (N)
1
(−24.5)𝑑 = 0 − (10 + 0.02)(1.22 ) 𝑑 = 0.294 (m) 𝑨𝒏𝒔𝒘𝒆𝒓
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c. Part (b): Determine the percentage of mechanical energy lost.

[∆𝑇 = 𝑇3 − 𝑇2 ] ∆𝑇 = 0 − 7.214 = −7.214 (N ∙ m)

∆𝑇 7.214
%Loss = − × 100% = (100) = 100% 𝑨𝒏𝒔𝒘𝒆𝒓
𝑇2 7.214

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 2

𝑣𝐴2 𝑣𝑅2

𝑣𝐵 𝑣𝐵2
1

𝑣𝐴

(a) during impact (b) before and after impact

Solution:
a. Finding the velocity after impact. Refer figure (b).
[𝑈1−2 = 𝑇2 − 𝑇1 ] 𝑇2 = 0 (velocity at position 2 is zero)
𝐹𝑅 = 𝜇𝑁𝑅 = 0.65(1,800 + 1,400)9.81 = 20,404.8 (N) (Frictional resistance)
1 2
𝐹𝑅 ∙ 𝑑 = − (𝑚𝐴 + 𝑚𝐵 )𝑣𝑅2
2
1 2
(−20,404.8)(8) = − (1,400 + 1,800)𝑣𝑅2
2
𝑣𝑅2 = 10.1 (m/s) (resultant velocity after impact)
𝑣𝐵2 = 10.1cos72° = 3.121 (m/s)
𝑣𝐴2 = 10.1sin72° = 9.606 (m/s)

b. Finding the velocities before impact. Refer figure (b).

[∑𝑚1 𝑣1 = ∑𝑚2 𝑣2 ] (for plastic impact)

𝑚𝐴 𝑣𝐴 = (𝑚𝐴 + 𝑚𝐵 )𝑣𝐴2
1400𝑣𝐴 = (1400 + 1800)9.606
𝑣𝐴 = 21.95 (m/s) 𝑨𝒏𝒔𝒘𝒆𝒓 (velocity of car 𝐴 before impact)

𝑚𝐵 𝑣𝐵 = (𝑚𝐴 + 𝑚𝐵 )𝑣𝐵2
1800𝑣𝐵 = (1400 + 1800)3.121
𝑣𝐵 = 5.55 (m/s) 𝑨𝒏𝒔𝒘𝒆𝒓 (velocity of car 𝐵 before impact)
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