1218 T7 V1-V10 Lecture Slides

Topic 7
Operational Amplifiers
Video 1
Introducing The Amplifier
Overview
• Purpose
• Compared to transformers
• Non-inverted and inverted outputs
1 ENGN1218 Electronic Systems and Design

Amplifiers
• The amplifier circuit
• Increases the amplitude of the input signal
• Is a system building block
• One of the most commonly used circuits
• Variety of functions
• Stereo systems contain audio amplifiers to amplify the sound
• Radio and TV receivers contains amplifiers to amplifier the signals
• Key building block for robotics

Amplifiers
• Amplifiers are linear circuits
– Output shape is same as that of the input
Non-inverting amplifiers
Non-inverting • Positive gain
𝑣 ⁄𝑣 𝐴
• the output waveform is
identical in shape to the
input waveform
Inverting amplifiers
• Negative gain
Inverting 𝑣 ⁄𝑣 𝐴
• the output waveform is
an inversion of the
input waveform

Amplifier vs Transformer


ENGN1218 Electronic Systems and Design

4
Amplifiers: Example ECG Machine
• An ECG machine
– Contains amplifiers that amplify the weak signals picked up from
the human body

Amplifiers: Telecommunications Vocoder
• A voice coder (Vocoder) inside every mobile phone consists of:
– Speech analyser
• Converts analogue into digital speech
– Speech synthesizer
• Converts digital signals into analogue speech

In our next video…
I will formally introduce you to the op-amp

Topic 7
Video 2
Introduction to the Op-Amp
Overview
• Background
• The integrated circuit
• The LM741 op-amp

The Operational Amplifier
The op-amp is last of the five circuit elements we are covering in this course
• 8-terminals, active (can supply power), needs V DC power
5. The op-amp:
• Previous: 2-terminal and passive circuit elements

1. Resistance: dissipates energy
2. Capacitance: stores energy
3. Inductance: stores energy
4. The diode: dissipates energy heat/light

Operational Amplifier Circuits
• The operational amplifier (op-amp)
– One of the wonders of the electronics engineering world
– Low cost
– Easy to use and versatile
• Broad range of practical applications
• Building block of analogue computers
• Early operational amplifiers were primarily used to perform
mathematical operations
– such as addition, subtraction, integration and differentiation
– thus the term operational amplifier.

Integrated Circuits
• An Integrated Circuit (IC)
– an electronic circuit
– constructed entirely on a single small chip of silicon.
• All the components that make up the circuit – transistors,
diodes, resistors, capacitors
– are an integral part of that single chip.

The LM741 Operational Amplifier
• The LM741 operational amplifier
– The single most important integrated circuit for analogue circuit
design.
– Released by Fairchild Semiconductors in 1968
– Designed by David Fullaghar Symbol with DC supply
𝑉
– Most popular op-amp of all time
– Two opposite input terminals Output
– One output terminal
𝑉
– Requires DC power supply
Internal Block Diagram PSPICE Symbol

Operational Amplifier Circuits
• An LM741 operational amplifier
– an example of an analogue IC:
– 22 BJTs, 12 resistors, 1 capacitor.
In ENGN2218, after we
study BJT, we will have
look at the internal structure
of the amplifier and its
currents and voltages.
See op-amp datasheet on Course Resources webpage.

Op-Amp: Chip Hall of Fame
https://spectrum.ieee.org/static/chip-hall-of-fame

Op-Amps: Terminal Behaviour
Typical Internal Block
• The +ve and –ve input terminals Package Diagram
– can be drawn either with +ve at
top or bottom
7 7
Inverting
input 2 Non-inverting
input 3
Non-inverting 6 6
Inverting
input 3 input 2
4
4

Op-Amps: Power Supply
• The power supply terminals for 𝑉 and 𝑉
– Sometimes they are not shown in the circuit diagram
• But in practice they are always there
– These schematics show the power supply connections and ground
locations
– Provide the limits for output voltage
• Use the bubble convention to simplify the circuit diagrams
𝑉
Single supply Dual supply 𝑉

0 𝑣 𝑉 𝑉 𝑣 𝑉 Bubble convention

Op-Amps: Power Supply
• Most op-amps are operated with a dual or split power supply
– From datasheet
» Minimum supply voltage: 5𝑉
» Maximum supply voltages: 22𝑉
» Typical supply voltages: 10𝑉 or 15𝑉
» Typical supply current: 1.7𝐴
» Power rating: 500𝑚𝑊
Dual supply
𝑉 𝑣 𝑉 Bubble convention

Op-Amps: Terminal Behaviour
• In ENGN1218
– Won’t be studying the internal behaviour of the op-amp
– Will take a black-box approach and focus only on the terminal
behaviour
• Allows us to use the op-amp as a circuit building block to make an
amplifier

We will be introduced to the ideal op-amp model, and the all

important summing point constraint

Topic 7
Video 3 The Ideal Op-Amp Model

Overview
• The ideal op-amp model
• Negative feedback
• Summing point constraint

Ideal Op-Amp Model
• The voltage controlled voltage source (VCVS)
– Will be used to model the behaviour of the op-amp
– Not a real world device
• Used to theoretically model
– the behaviour of complex real world electronic devices and components
Ideal dependent voltage controlled voltage source

(VCVS)
𝑣
𝑣 𝜇𝑣
𝜇 is dimensionless

Ideal Op-Amp Model
The op-amp as represented by an equivalent voltage-amplifier
circuit model, with a dependent voltage source
𝑅 : output resistance
𝑣 and 𝑅 : model
𝑅 : load resistance
the driving circuit
𝑅 : input resistance 𝐴 : voltage gain due to
𝑖 0𝐴 the device internal circuitry

Ideal Op-Amp Model
The op-amp can be represented by this equivalent voltage-amplifier
circuit model with a dependent voltage source
The ideal op-amp model
• The input resistance 𝑅 ∞ 𝑅 0Ω
𝑅 ∞
• Appears in parallel to input terminals, 𝑣
won’t draw any current from the 𝐴 ∞
source
• The output resistance 𝑅 0Ω
• Appears in series with load resistance 𝑅 : input resistance
• Shouldn’t introduce any voltage drop 𝑅 : output resistance
to the output 𝐴 : voltage gain due to
the device internal circuitry
• Internal device gain
• 𝐴 ∞

Ideal Op-Amp Model
• The ideal op-amp model 𝑣

•𝑅 ∞Ω 𝑣
•𝑅 0Ω
•𝐴 ∞
This ideal model leads to Summing Point Constraint
• Note:
• Practically, from LM741 op-amp datasheet
• 𝑅 2𝑀Ω
• 𝑅 75Ω
• 𝐴 200,000

Op-Amp Operation: Negative Feedback
• Negative feedback
– A portion of the output voltage of an amplifier is
returned to the input
– The two basic op-amp configurations use –ve
feedback
• Inverting amplifier
• Non-inverting amplifier
• Non-assessable circuits (will be studied in
ENGN2218)
– No feedback e.g. comparators
– Positive feedback e.g. Schmitt trigger comparator

Op-Amps: Summing Point Constraint
• With the ideal op-amp model and negative feedback
• Can make the following two assumptions:
• Due to internal circuitry design
1. The input voltages are equal
𝑣 𝑣
2. The input currents to the op-amp are negligible
𝑖 𝑖 0𝐴
• Consequences
• Output voltage is independent of the load resistance
• Output is independent of op-amp internal voltage gain
• We do not need to use the ideal op-amp model (containing
VCVS) to solve op-amp circuits with –ve feedback
• We can use summing point constraint for design and analysis
Op-Amps: Summing Point Constraint
• Another way of stating the summing point constraint
• Negative feedback imposes constraints on the input voltages and
currents
• Due to the complex internal circuitry of the op-amp
1. Voltage drop across the two inputs becomes zero
𝑣 𝑣
𝑣 𝑣 0𝑉
2. Input currents become zero

𝑖 𝑖 0𝐴

Looking Back with Thanks
• Harold Stephan Black (Engineer in Bell Labs)

• Concept of negative feedback amplifier
• Sketched out on a blank spot of his New York
Time newspaper
• during his morning commute to Bell Labs in
Manhattan in 1927
• Completely revolutionised electronics
• Nine years before the patent office believed it

We will go through the steps for analysis and design of op-

amp circuits

Topic 7
Video 4
Op-Amp Amplifiers: Analysis
Overview
• Inverting amplifier
• Non-inverting amplifier
• Buffer amplifier
• Steps for analysis and design

Different Op-Amp Configurations
• Over this topic we will study the following op-amp configurations
1. Inverting op-amp amplifier
• Voltage gain with phase reversal
2. Non-inverting op-amp amplifier
• Voltage gain without phase reversal
3. Buffer amplifier
• Have a gain of 1 or less, with the advantage of high input resistance and low
output resistance
• Op-amps that perform arithmetic
4. Summing amplifier
• Output is the inverted scaled sum of the inputs
5. Difference amplifier
• Output is proportional to the difference between the two inputs
6. Op-amp Integrator
• Integrates a signal with respect to time
7. Op-amp Differentiator
• Differentiates a signal with respect to time
Op-Amp Amplifier Circuits
• The basic op-amp circuits studied in ENGN1218 are the non-inverting
and the inverting op-amp amplifier circuits
• Both circuits use negative feedback
Non-inverting op-amp Inverting op-amp
𝑣 𝑅 𝑣 𝑅
𝐴 1 𝐴
𝑣 𝑅 𝑣 𝑅

Non-Inverting Op-Amp Amplifier
• The non-inverting amplifier

– Signal goes into the non-inverting input (+) of the op-amp.
– Voltage gain but not phase reversal
• Input and output signals are said to be in phase
• The voltage gain of the non-inverting amplifier using an op-amp is
calculated using the formula
• 𝐴 1

Non-Inverting Op-Amp Amplifier
• Example
• Find the voltage gain of the non-inverting amplifier
• when 𝑅 1𝑘Ω and 𝑅 10𝑘Ω
• Ans:
• 𝐴 1 1
• 𝐴 11
• Suppose the input voltage 𝑣 0.5𝑉
• Then
• 𝑣 𝐴 𝑣 11 0.5 5.5𝑉

Inverting Op-Amp Amplifier
• The inverting amplifier
• has a feedback resistor 𝑅 and an input resistor 𝑅
• The signal is applied to the inverting input (-) of the op-amp
• The output signal is both inverted and amplified
• The voltage gain is set by the external resistors 𝑅 and 𝑅
𝑣 𝑅
𝐴
𝑣 𝑅

Inverting Op-Amp Amplifier
• Example
• Find the voltage gain of the inverting amplifier
• When 𝑅 1𝑘Ω and 𝑅 10𝑘Ω
• Ans:
• 𝐴 10
• Suppose the input voltage 𝑣 1𝑉
• Then 𝑣 𝐴 𝑣 10 1 10𝑉

The Buffer Amplifier
• Amplifiers have more applications than just providing gain.
• A circuit can be damaged if a load is poorly matched to the
circuit it is connected to
– This effect of loading one stage by another can be overcome by
using a buffer amplifier between the stages
• Buffer amplifiers are a special case of the non-inverting op-amp
amplifier, where 𝑅 Ω open circuit and 𝑅 0 (short circuit)
𝑣 𝑅 𝑣
𝐴 1 𝐴 1
𝑣 𝑅 𝑣

The Buffer Amplifier: Power Gain
• Buffer amplifiers have a power gain Circuit 1
48kΩ
• Example: Assume that the ideal op-amp is operating in
the linear region. 320mV
16kΩ
• Calculate the power delivered to the 16Ω resistor in both

circuits.
Circuit 2
• Circuit 1:
48kΩ
• voltage divider 𝑣 320𝑚 86.8𝑚𝑉
16kΩ
320mV
.
• Power 0.4µ𝑊
• Circuit 2: Buffer configuration 𝑖 𝑖 0𝐴 • The power ratio with and
• 𝑣 𝑣 320𝑚𝑉 without the op-amp:
• Power 6.4µ𝑊 . µ
• 16
. µ
Analysis/Design of Op-Amp Circuits
• When using the ideal op-amp model and summing point
constraint:
• If you try to use the mesh-current method to analyse op-amp

circuits, you will not be able to make any progress

Summing point constraints Analysis:
Ideal Non-Inverting Op-Amp
• Step 1:
• Apply op-amp assumptions
• 𝑣 𝑣
• 𝑖 𝑖 0
• Step 2:
• Find voltage at inverting pin
• 𝑣 𝑣 𝑣
• Step 3:
• Apply KCL at inverting pin node
• 𝑖 0
• Step 5:
• Step 4: • Find Rin and Rout
• Simplify
• 𝑅 ∞Ω
• 𝐴 1 • 𝑅 0Ω
Summing point constraints Analysis:
Ideal Inverting Op-Amp
• Step 1:
• 𝑣 𝑣
• 𝑖 𝑖 0
• Step 2:
• 𝑣 𝑣 0𝑉 Virtual Ground Concept
Zero voltage at inverting
• Step 3: terminal (negative pin) is
• Apply KCL at inverting pin node referred to as virtual ground.
• 𝑖 0 • Step 5:
• Step 4: • Find Rin and Rout
• Simplify 𝐴 •𝑅 𝑅
•𝑅 0Ω

Output Voltage Range
• For linear operation as an amplifier
• Output voltage must lie between the two supply voltages
• determined by 𝑉 𝑣 𝑉
For example:
• when the op-amp is powered by dual supply,
with 𝑉 15𝑉 and 𝑉 15𝑉
• Then as 𝑉 𝑣 𝑉 ,
• The output voltage range is
• 15𝑉 𝑣 15𝑉

We will work through inverting op-amp examples

Topic 7
Video 5
Op-Amp Examples
Overview
• Op-amp circuit analysis examples

Inverting Op-Amp Analysis: Example 1 pg. 1/3
• Solve Textbook Assessment problem 5.1

• a) Calculate 𝑣 for the following vales of 𝑣 :
• 0.4, 2.0, 3.5, 0.6, 1.6, 2.4
Ans: 𝐴 5 𝑣
»𝑣 5𝑣
15 𝑣 10𝑉
𝒗𝒔 (V) 𝒗𝐨𝐮𝐭 comment
-2.4 𝑣 5 2.4 12𝑉 Op-amp saturates at +10V
-1.6 𝑣 5 1.6 8𝑉

-0.6 𝑣 5 0.6 3𝑉

0.4
2.0 𝑣
𝑣 5 0.4
5 2.0
2𝑉

10𝑉 
3.5 𝑣 5 3.5  Op-amp saturates at -15V
17.5𝑉

• b) Specify the range of 𝑣 required to avoid amplifier saturation
Ans:
• With the dual power supply and 𝑣 5𝑣
• Then 𝑣
15 𝑣 10𝑉
𝑣
15 𝑣 10
5 5 5
3 𝑣 2 (multiplying by -1 changes the inequality signs)
2 𝑣 3

Inverting Op-Amp Analysis: Example 2
• Solve Textbook Example 5.1

Inverting Op-Amp Analysis: Example 2
• a) Calculate 𝑣
if 𝑣 1𝑉 and 𝑣 0𝑉
• 𝐴
10𝑉 𝑣 10𝑉
• 𝑣 .𝑣
• . 1 4𝑉

• b) Calculate 𝑣 • Using KCL
if 𝑣 1𝑉 and 𝑣 2𝑉 𝑣 𝑣 𝑣 𝑣
0
25𝑘 100𝑘
• The summing point constraint 2 1 2 𝑣
• 𝑣 𝑣 and 𝑖 𝑖 0𝐴 25𝑘 100𝑘
• Then 𝑣 𝑣 𝑣 𝑣 6𝑉 
Op-Amp Analysis: Example 3 pg. 1/3
• Solve Textbook problem 5.18

• a) What op-amp circuit configuration is this?
– Lets redraw the circuit in a more standard configuration.
ANS: non-inverting op-amp with input voltage at +ve input

terminal

• b) Calculate 𝑣
ANS: The gain of an non-inverting amplifier
• 𝐴 1
• 𝑣 𝐴 .𝑣 1 𝑣
𝑣
• 1 4 11 4 44𝑉
16 𝑣 16
• Op-amp saturates to +16V so 𝑣 16𝑉

• Derive 𝑣 for the circuit shown
• Step 1:
• 𝑣 𝑣 0𝑉 (given) 𝑣
• 𝑖 𝑖 0𝐴
• Step 2:
• 𝑣 𝑣 0𝑉 (given)
• Step 3:
• 𝑖
• 0
• 0 → 𝑣 𝑣

• Derive 𝑣 for the circuit shown
• Step 3 cont.:
𝑣
• Apply KCL at 𝑣 node
• 0
𝑣
• 𝑣
• 𝑣 𝑅 𝑣
• 𝑣 𝑅 𝑣
• 𝑣 𝑣

We do more examples of op-amp analysis and design

Topic 7
Video 6
More Examples of Op-Amp Circuits
Overview
Examples for design and analysis
Check solutions with PSPICE

Op-Amp Design: Example 1 pg. 1/6
• Solve Textbook Example problem 5.2

• a) Design an inverting amplifier
• with gain of 12 𝑅
Ans:
𝑅
𝐴 12
𝑅 12𝑅
• Choose common resistor value 15𝑉 𝑣 15𝑉
• 𝑅 1𝑘Ω
• then 𝑅 12𝑘Ω

• b)What range of input voltages allows the op-amp to remain in
the linear operating range?
• We know
• that 15𝑉 𝑣 15𝑉
• And 12 15𝑉 𝑣 15𝑉
𝑣 12𝑣
15𝑉 𝑣 15𝑉
15𝑉 12𝑣 15𝑉
15 15
𝑉 𝑣 𝑉
12 12
1.25𝑉 𝑣 1.25𝑉
Example 1 PSICE Simulation pg. 4/6
• Here is the example circuit drawn in PSPICE
– The circuit looks different because the +ve input pin is at the top
of the op-amp symbol
• This is the only way PSPICE will draw this circuit
We have used the

The input is
‘bubble’ to draw
sinusoidal
the bias voltages

• The red is the input with peak 1V, and the green is the output
• The output voltage peak is very close to 12V
• What happens if we increase the peak input voltage to 2V?
• The output voltage will try to move between 24𝑉 peak
• The circuit reaches ‘saturation’ at 15V (not clipping)

• Saturation occurs if input voltage is outside the linear range
• 1.25𝑉 𝑣 1.25𝑉
• No longer functioning as an amplifier as is now non-linear
• Solve Textbook problem 5.6

• Calculate 𝑖 , 𝑣 , 𝑣 , 𝑖
ANS:
Op-amp is in inverting configuration
• Step 1:
• 𝑖 𝑖 0𝐴 15 𝑣 15
• Step 2:

ANS contd: 𝑣
• Step 3:
• 𝑖 0
.
• 0
15 𝑣 15
• 𝑣 0.8𝑉

𝑣
ANS contd:
• Apply KCL at 𝑣 node
• 0 15 𝑣 15
. . .
• 0
• 𝑣 20𝑘 20µ 26.67µ 40µ

•𝑣 1.733𝑉

𝑣
ANS contd: 𝑣
.
• 𝑖 20µ𝐴
• Using KCL at 𝑣 node 15 𝑣 15

. . .
• 𝑖 0 𝑖 0
• 𝑖 46.65µ 173.3µ
•𝑖 220µ𝐴

Op-Amp Analysis: Example 2 PSPICE pg. 6/6

We look at the algebraic capabilities of the summing and

difference op-amp circuits

Topic 7
Video 7
Summing and Difference Amplifiers
Overview
Summing amplifier output derivation
Difference amplifiers output derivation
Examples

Different Op-Amp Configurations
• Voltage gain with phase reversal 
• Voltage gain without phase reversal 
3. Buffer amplifier

• Have a gain of 1 or less, with the advantage of high input resistance and low
output resistance
• Output is proportional to the difference between the two inputs
The Summing Amplifier
• A summing amplifier
– The inputs
• Two or more inputs
• Number of inputs can be increased or decreased as needed
– The inverted summing amplifier has a negative feedback path that includes the
resistor 𝑅
– The output is the inverted weighted sum of the input voltages
𝑅

The Summing Amplifier: Derivation
• A summing amplifier: assume it is in the linear region
– Derivation of 𝑣
• Step 1:
• 𝑣 𝑣
• 𝑖 𝑖 0𝐴
• Step 2:
• Step 3:
• Apply KCL at inverting pin node • Special case 1
• 𝑅 𝑅 𝑅 𝑅
• 𝑖 0
• 𝑣 𝑣 𝑣 𝑣
• 0 0
• Special case 2
• • 𝑅 𝑅 𝑅 𝑅 𝑅
• 𝑣 𝑣 𝑣 𝑣 • Where output voltage is inverted sum
• Weighted sum of input voltages of the input voltages

The Summing Amplifier: Derivation
𝑅 𝑅 𝑅
𝑣 𝑣 𝑣 𝑣
𝑅 𝑅 𝑅
• The output is the inverted weight sum of the input voltages

• Each input voltage is amplified by the ratio of the feedback resistor
to the individual input resistor.
• E.g. sum 16 individually recorded audio signals to form a single
audio signal,
• by varying the input resistors, each signal will have a different
amplification factor

The Summing Amplifier: Example 1
• Textbook Problem 5.12
– The op-amp in the figure is idea
a) What circuit configuration is shown in the figure
b) Find 𝑣 if 𝑣 1𝑉, 𝑣 1.5𝑉 and 𝑣 4𝑉

The Summing Amplifier: Example 1
• Textbook Problem 5.12
a) It is in the summing configuration
b) Find 𝑣
if 𝑣 1𝑉, 𝑣 1.5𝑉, 𝑣 4𝑉
• 𝑣 𝑣 𝑣 10 𝑣 10
.
• 5𝑣 8𝑣 2.75𝑣
• 5 1 8 1.5 2.75 4
• 𝑣 6𝑉


Example 1 in PSPICE
• Here is the same circuit in PSPICE
– The simulation confirms our theoretical calculations

The Difference Amplifier
• A difference amplifier
– The output is proportional to the difference between the two input
voltages

The Difference Amplifier: Derivation
• A difference amplifier: assume it is in the
linear region
– Derivation of 𝑣
• Step 1:
• 𝑣 𝑣
• 𝑖 𝑖 0𝐴
• Step 2:
• 𝑣 𝑣
• Applying KCL to –ve pin
• 𝑖 0
• 𝑣 (
• 𝑣

• Step 3:
• Applying KCL to +ve pin
• 𝑖 0
• 𝑣
• 𝑣 𝑣
• From summing point constraint
𝑣 𝑣
• 𝑣
• 𝑣
𝑅 𝑅 𝑅 𝑅
𝑣 . 𝑣 𝑣
• 𝑣 𝑣 𝑣 𝑅 𝑅 𝑅 𝑅
• 𝑣 𝑣 𝑣

• Special case 1
• 𝑅 𝑅 𝑅 𝑅 𝑅
• Then
• 𝑣 𝑣 𝑣
• Hence the name
• Special case 2
• If 𝑅 𝑅 𝑅 𝑅
𝑣 . 𝑣 𝑣
• Then 𝑅 𝑅 𝑅 𝑅
• 𝑣 𝑣 𝑣
• Here the output is a scaled replica of the difference between the two
input voltages 𝑣 and 𝑣 .
• Scaling is controlled by the value of external resistors

The Difference Amplifier: Example 2
• Textbook Assessment 5.5

The Difference Amplifier: Example 2
a) For 𝑣 4𝑉 𝑅
𝑅
• The equation derived for 𝑣
• Relationship between 𝑣 and 𝑣
• 𝑣 . 𝑣 𝑣
𝑅
• . 𝑣 𝑣 𝑅
• 𝑣 5𝑣 5𝑣 20 5𝑣
• The DC input tells us that for linear operation
• 10𝑉 𝑣 10𝑉 • 6𝑉 𝑣 2𝑉
• 10𝑉 20 5𝑣 10𝑉 • 2𝑉 𝑣 6𝑉
• 30𝑉 5𝑣 10𝑉

We will be introduced to using op-amps as building blocks for

circuit design

Topic 7
Video 8
Op-amp Amplifiers as building blocks
Overview
Examples

Interconnection of Op-Amps
• Assuming
• we use the ideal op-amp model
• where 𝑅 ∞Ω and the output resistance is 𝑅 0Ω
• Then
• the relationship between the output voltage and the input voltage is
NOT affected
• By the connection of a non-zero load resistance
• Across the output of the amplifier
• The op-amp can be used as a system building block
• Amplifiers have different functions
• Are often combined to achieve an overall purpose

Op-Amps Building Blocks: Example 1
Find the output voltage 𝑣
• Ans:
• Inverting op-amp amplifier 20kΩ
• 𝑣 𝑣
10kΩ 20kΩ
𝑣 10kΩ
• 𝑣 v1
• 𝑣 2𝑣
𝑣
10kΩ
• Summing amplifier v2
• 𝑣 𝑣 𝑣
• 2𝑣 𝑣
• 𝑣 4𝑣 2𝑣

Op-Amp Building Blocks: Example 2 pg. 1/4
Example:
• The circuit has three inputs
• 𝑣 , 𝑣 and 𝑣 .
• The output of the circuit is 𝑣 .
• The output is related to the inputs by
• 𝑣 𝑎𝑣 +b𝑣 +c𝑣
• where a, b, and c are constants.
• Determine the values of a, b and c.

• Determine the values of a, b and c.
Ans:
• Break it up into its separate building
blocks,
• the final amplifier is a summing
amplifier,
– so if we determine the output
voltages of the three op-amps at the
inputs we can write the equation for
the output voltage

• Ans contd:
• For top inverting op-amp output
• 𝐴
• 1
• 𝑣 𝑣
• For centre buffer amplifier
• 𝑣 𝑣 𝑣 0.5𝑣
• For lowest non-inverting op-amp
• 𝐴 1 1 1 2
• 𝑣 2𝑣
• Ans:
• 𝑣 𝑣
• 𝑣 0.5𝑣
• 𝑣 2𝑣
• The summing amplifier:
• 𝑣 𝑣 𝑣
• 𝑣 0.5𝑣 2𝑣
• 𝑣 3𝑣 0.5𝑣 8𝑣 𝑎 3, 𝑏 0.5, 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑐 8

We will learn how the op-amp can do integration

Topic 7
Video 9
Integrator Op-amp Circuit
Overview
Integrator circuit output derivation
Examples

The Op-Amp Configurations


• Have a gain of 1
3. Buffer amplifier
or less, with the advantage of high input resistance and low
output resistance

to the difference between the two inputs
• Output is proportional
Op-Amp Integrator Circuit
• The op-amp integrator
– integrates the input signal with respect to time
• determines the total area under the curve of a function
– Uses a capacitor as the feedback impedance (NOT a resistor)
– The output voltage is proportional to the integral of the input
voltage
1
𝑣 𝑣 𝜏 𝑑𝜏 𝑣 𝑡
𝑅𝐶

Op-Amp Integrator Circuit
• Derivation of output voltage for op-amp integrator
• Using summing point constraint
• 𝑣 𝑣 0𝑉 and 𝑖 𝑖 0𝐴
• KCL at inverting input terminal
• 𝑖 𝐶 𝑣 𝑣 0
• 0 𝐶 𝑣 0
• 𝑣 𝑣
𝑣
𝑣 𝑣
1 𝑣
𝑣 𝑣 𝜏 𝑑𝜏 𝑣 𝑡
𝑅𝐶

Op-Amp Integrator Circuit: Example 1 Pg. 1/4
Sketch the output voltage for this input voltage, where 𝑣 0 0𝑉
• Step 1: write an equation to describe the input voltage

• Step 2: using integration, find the expression for output voltage
• Step 3: Sketch the output voltage

5, 0 𝑡 1 𝑚𝑠
• 𝑣 𝑡 5, 1 𝑡 3 𝑚𝑠
𝑣 0 0𝑉
5, 3 𝑡 5 𝑚𝑠
• 𝑣 𝑡 𝑣 𝜏 𝑑𝜏 𝑣 𝑡
• Where . µ
1000
• For 0 𝑡 1 𝑚𝑠
• 𝑣 𝑡 1000 5 𝑑𝜏 𝑣 𝑡 𝑑𝜏 𝑡
𝑡
• 5000 𝑑𝜏 0 5000 𝜏
0
• 𝑣 𝑡 5000t
𝑣 1𝑚 5𝑉

• Step 2 contd:
• 𝑣 𝑡 1000 5 𝑑𝜏 𝑣 1𝑚
• 𝑑𝜏 5
5000
𝑡
• 5000 𝜏 5 5000 𝑡 1𝑚 5
1𝑚
• 5000𝑡 5 5 5000𝑡 10
• 𝑣 3𝑚 15 10 5𝑉
• 𝑣 𝑡 1000 5 𝑑𝜏 𝑣 3𝑚
• 5000 𝑑𝜏 5
𝑡
• 5000 𝜏 5 5000 𝑡 3𝑚 5
3𝑚
• 5000𝑡 15 5
• 5000𝑡 20

5000t, 0 𝑡 1 𝑚𝑠
• 𝑣 𝑡 5000𝑡 10 , 1 𝑡 3 𝑚𝑠
5000𝑡 20, 3 𝑡 5 𝑚𝑠

• Sometimes an integrator circuit is used as an approx.
pulse counter.
• Sketch the output voltage vs time.
• When the output voltage is -10V, how many input
pulses have been applied
• assume the pulses have an amplitude of 5V and
duration of 2ms, as shown.

𝑣 0 0𝑉
5, 0 𝑡 2 𝑚𝑠
• 𝑣 𝑡 0, 2 𝑡 5 𝑚𝑠
5, 5 𝑡 7 𝑚𝑠
• 𝑣 𝑡 𝑣 𝜏 𝑑𝜏 𝑣 𝑡
• Where µ
50
• 𝑣 𝑡 50 5 𝑑𝜏 𝑣 𝑡
𝑑𝜏 𝑡 𝑡
• 250 𝑑𝜏 0 250 𝜏
0
• 𝑣 𝑡 250t
𝑣 2𝑚 0.5𝑉
• Step 2 contd:
• 𝑣 𝑡 50 0 𝑑𝜏 𝑣 2𝑚
• 0 0.5 0.5𝑉
• 𝑣 5𝑚 0.5𝑉
• 𝑣 𝑡 50 5 𝑑𝜏 𝑣 5𝑚
• 250 𝑑𝜏 0.5
𝑡
• 250 𝜏 5 250 𝑡 5𝑚 0.5
5𝑚
• 250𝑡 1.25 0.5
• 𝑣 𝑡 250𝑡 0.75 𝑣 7𝑚𝑠 1𝑉

250t, 0 𝑡 2 𝑚𝑠
• 𝑣 𝑡 0.5𝑉, 2 𝑡 5 𝑚𝑠
250𝑡 0.75, 5 𝑡 7 𝑚𝑠
𝑣 𝑉
2 5 7 𝑡 𝑚𝑠
0.5
1.0

We will see how simple it is to design a differentiator op-amp

circuit

Topic 7
Video 10
Differentiator Op-amp Circuit
Overview
Derivation of the output of the differentiator circuit
Examples



3. Buffer amplifier
output resistance

• Output is proportional to the difference between the two inputs

Op-Amp Differentiator Circuit
• The op-amp differentiator
• Differentiates the input signal
• Determines the instantaneous rate-of-change of a function
• Uses a resistor in the feedback loop
• Uses a capacitor as the input resistance
𝑑
𝑣 𝑅𝐶 𝑣 𝑡
𝑑𝑡

Op-Amp Differentiator Circuit
• Derivation of output voltage for op-amp differentiator
• Using summing point constraint
• 𝑣 𝑣 0𝑉 and 𝑖 𝑖 0𝐴
• KCL at inverting input terminal
• 𝑖 𝐶 𝑣 𝑣 0
• 0 𝐶 𝑣 0
• 𝐶 𝑣 𝑣
𝑣 𝑣
𝑑 𝑣
𝑣 𝑅𝐶 𝑣 𝑡
𝑑𝑡

Op-Amp Differentiator: Example 1
• Verify the solution given
𝑑
𝑣 𝑣 𝑡 𝑅𝐶
𝑑𝑡
𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡 slope of input voltage
𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡 𝑅𝐶
2.2𝑘 .001µ
• Solution 2.2 10
For 0 𝑡 5µ𝑠
Slope1 ⁄ µ 2 10
𝑣 2.2µ 2 10 4.4𝑉
 For 5 𝑡 10µ𝑠
Slope2 ⁄ µ 2 10
 𝑣 2.2µ 2 10 4.4𝑉
• The differentiator has converted a triangular wave to a square wave

• Find and sketch the output voltage
5000𝑡, 0 𝑡 1 𝑚𝑠
5, 1 𝑡 2 𝑚𝑠
• 𝑣 𝑡
10,000𝑡, 2 𝑡 3 𝑚𝑠
5000𝑡, 3 𝑡 4 𝑚𝑠

• Step 2: using differentiation, find expression for output voltage
• 𝑣 𝑅𝐶 𝑣 𝑡
• Where 𝑅𝐶 10𝑘 0.1µ 1𝑚𝑉
• 𝑣 1𝑚 𝑣 𝑡
• 𝑣 1𝑚 𝑣 𝑡 1𝑚 5000 5
• 𝑣 1𝑚 𝑣 𝑡 1𝑚 0 0𝑉
• 𝑣 1𝑚 𝑣 𝑡 1𝑚 10000 10𝑉
• 𝑣 1𝑚 𝑣 𝑡 1𝑚 5000 5𝑉
• Step 3:
5, 0 𝑡 1 𝑚𝑠
0𝑉, 1 𝑡 2 𝑚𝑠
Sketch 𝑣 𝑡
10, 2 𝑡 3 𝑚𝑠
5, 3 𝑡 4 𝑚𝑠
10
𝑡(ms)



3. Buffer amplifier
output resistance

• Output is proportional to the difference between the two inputs

• Differentiates a signal 
with respect to time
Now its time to say Goodbye.
I hear your cries, but alas it’s true.
This is the final episode of ENGN1218.
This is the end of season 1 of Electronics.
Don’t despair season 2 is coming soon… (ENGN2218)
See you then.
Thought you might want to see who my

recording buddy was during the making of
these videos. Thanks for your support Skadi,
and keeping your barking to a minimum.

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Topic 7

1 ENGN1218 Electronic Systems and Design

2 ENGN1218 Electronic Systems and Design

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I will formally introduce you to the op-amp

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• 8-terminals, active (can supply power), needs V DC power

• Previous: 2-terminal and passive circuit elements

2. Capacitance: stores energy

3. Inductance: stores energy

4. The diode: dissipates energy heat/light

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See op-amp datasheet on Course Resources webpage.

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Single supply Dual supply 𝑉

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We will be introduced to the ideal op-amp model, and the all

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Video 3 The Ideal Op-Amp Model

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Ideal dependent voltage controlled voltage source

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• The ideal op-amp model 𝑣

This ideal model leads to Summing Point Constraint

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2. Input currents become zero

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• Harold Stephan Black (Engineer in Bell Labs)

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We will go through the steps for analysis and design of op-

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• The non-inverting amplifier

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• Calculate the power delivered to the 16Ω resistor in both

• If you try to use the mesh-current method to analyse op-amp

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We will work through inverting op-amp examples

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