CATHOLIC SCHOOLS IN IFUGAO

MATHEMATICS 10
FOURTH QUARTER A.Y. 2022-2023
WEEK 1 MEASURES OF POSITION
MEASURES OF POSITION IN UNGROUPED DATA
COMMON TYPES OF FRACTILES
Fractiles – are numbers that partition or divide the set of data into equal parts.
TYPE OF FRACTILE THIS FRACTILE DIVIDES THE SET OF DATA INTO ____ EQUAL PARTS
MEDIAN 2
PERCENTILE 100
DECILE 10
QUARTILE 4

1.MEDIAN – middle number of the set of data when the data are arranged in numerical order or the 50 th percentile.
a. If the number of scores is odd, the median is the centermost score. Ex. n = 21 – then, the median is the 11 th position
b. If the number of scores is even, the median is found by computing the average of the two middle numbers. Ex. n = 16
th th
8 +9 th
– then, the median is the =8.5 position
2
Examples:
1. What is the median of this set of scores: 8, 2, 6, 9, 12, 15, 1, 5, 8?
Solution: Arrange the scores in ascending order. 1 2 5 6 8 8 9 12 15
With these nine scores, the number 8 is located in the exact middle, so 8 is the median.
2. Find the median of the scores 7, 2,3,7,6,9,10, 8, 9, 9.
Solution: Arrange the scores in ascending order.
2 3 6 7 7 8 9 9 9 10
7+8
The two centermost scores are 7 and 8. So, we find the mean of these scores: =7.5
2
Thus, 7.5 is the median of the given scores.
2.THE PERCENTILE – are values that divide a set of data into 100 equal parts. These values are denoted by P1, P2, …, P99.
There are 99 percentiles which partition the data set into 100 groups with about 1% of the scores in each group. For
instance, a student taking a competitive college entrance examination might learn that he or she scored in the 94 th
percentile. This does not mean that the student received a grade of 94% on the test; it indicates roughly that whatever
score that he or she achieved was higher than 94% of the peers who took a similar test (and also lower than 6% of his
or her peers).

PERCENTILE FORMULA

This is the general formula for determining the position of any percentile in the ordered set of data:

( )
th
kn 1
Pk = + score = Xi.j where i is the integral part and j is the decimal part.
100 2

The score Xi.j is the kth percentile and is found in the i.jth position in the ordered data set.

By linear interpolation, x i . j = x i + ( i . j−i ) ( x i +1−x i)

Example1. The following are the weights (in kg) of 15 students:
50, 48, 39, 40, 49, 50.5, 38.4, 43, 45, 47, 48, 48, 38, 52, 51.8
Find the a.) median and b.) the 85th percentile.

SOLUTION: Arrange the data in ascending order:

38, 38.4, 39, 40, 43, 45, 47, 48, 48, 48, 49, 50, 50.5, 51.8, 52
a. Median(P50) Solution: 38, 38.4, 39, 40, 43, 45, 47, 48, 48, 48, 49, 50, 50.5, 51.8, 52
P50 = 48
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 a) The 85th percentile: given k = 85, n = 15

P85 = ( (85)(15)
100
+ )
1
2
= 13.25

P85 = 13.25th weight

By linear interpolation: given: i = 13, j = 25, W 13 ( 13th weight ) =50.5
W i . j = W i + ( i . j−i ) ( W i+1−W i )
W 13.25 = W 13 + ( 13.25−13 ) ( W 13+1−W 13) = W 13 + ( 13.25−13 ) ( W 14−W 13)
W 13.25 = 50.5 + ( .25 ) ( 51.8−50.5 ) = 50.825

3. THE DECILE – A decile is a fractile that divides the set of data into 10 equal parts.
DECILE FORMULA: The general formula for determining the position of any decile in the ordered set of

( )
th
kn 1 kn 1
data: The kth decile score is the + score. That is, the position of the kth decile score is + , where n is the
10 2 10 2
number of data in the set.

Example: A quiz has 20 items. The following are the scores of 30 students.
18 15 10 12 20 20 15 12 10 8 5 12 15 16 18
20 8 7 9 6 20 19 19 13 11 10 17 14 12 11
th
a.) What score is at the 9 decile? And b.) At which decile is the score of 19?

Solution: Arrange the 30 score in ascending order:

5 6 7 8 8 9 10 10 10 11 11 12 12 12 12
13 14 15 15 15 16 17 18 18 19 19 20 20 20 20

a.) What score is at the 9th decile?

( ) score
th
kn 1
th
The k decile = +
10 2

D = ( + ) score = 27.5 score

th
9(30) 1 th
9
10 2
The score is between the 27th and 28th score
By linear interpolation: D9 = X27.5 = X27 + 0.5(X28 – X27) = 20 + 0.5(20 – 20) = 20
The 9th decile score is 20

b.) Which decile is the score of 19?

5 6 7 8 8 9 10 10 10 11 11 12 12 12 12
13 14 15 15 15 16 17 18 18 19 19 20 20 20 20
25+26 51
The 25th and 26th scores are the same: 19. So, we get the average of these ranks: = =25.5
2 2
The 25.5th score is 19. Therefore, Dk = X25.5 = 19

( )
kn 1
th
1
But Dk = the + score 3k + = 25.5
10 2 2
1
3k = 25.5−
2
( kn10 + 12 )=25.5 3k = 25
K = 8.33 or 8.33th decile

( k (30)
10
+ )=25.5
1
2

4. THE QUARTILE – A quartile partitions the data set into four equal parts.
QUARTILE FORMULA: The general formula for determining the position of any quartile in the ordered set of data:

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 ( ) score. That is, the position of the k
th
kn 1 kn 1
The kth quartile score is the + th
quartile score is + , where n is the
4 2 4 2
number of data in the set.
EXAMPLE: 1. In the given data set: 75, 60, 50, 45, 78, 80, 85, 90, 98, 99, 56, 64, What is the 1 st quartile?

Solution: There are 12 observations in the set. So, n = 12.

Arrange the numbers in ascending order.

45 50 56 60 64 75 78 80 85 90 98 99

Q1 Q2 Q3

Q1 = ( 1(12)
4
+ )
1
2
= 3.5th position

By linear interpolation: Q1 = X3.5 = X3 + .5(X4 – X3) = 56 + .5(60 – 56) = 56 + 2 = 58, Thus, the 1st quartile is 58.
FORMATIVE ASSESSMENT 1
1. The following are the weights (in kg) of 15 students:
50 48 39 40 49 50.5 38.4 43 45 47 48 48 38 52 51.8
Find the (a) median and the (b) 85th percentile.
2. A quiz has 20 items. The following are the scores of 30 students.
18 15 10 12 20 20 15 12 10 8 5 12 15 16 18
20 8 7 9 6 20 19 19 13 11 10 17 14 12 11
th
(a) what score is at the 9 decile? (b) at which decile is the score of 19?
3. In the given data set, find the 1st quartile.
75 60 50 45 78 80 85 90 98 99 56 64

WEEK2 MEASURES OF POSITION IN GROUPED DATA

1. MEDIAN: 2. PERCENTILE: 3. DECILE: 4. QUARTILE:
-3

[ ] [ ] [ ] [ ]
n kn kn kn
−Cf B −Cf B −Cf B −Cf B
~ 2 100 10 4
x=B L + ( i) P K =B L + ( i) D K =B L + ( i) P K =B L + ( i)
fc fc fc fc

where :
n=number of observations∨total frequency
i=class ¿ ¿ ( i=Upper limit −lower limit + 1 )
BL =lower boundary of the class that contains the median , Pk , D k , Qk
Cf B =the cummulative frequency of the lower class ¿
the median , P k , Dk , Qk
f c =the frequency of the class where the median , P k , Dk , Qk are located
FORMULA FOR MEASURES OF POSITION IN GROUPED DATA :

Example: To maintain confidentiality of the salaries earned by individual employees, a company presented the annual
salaries of its employees as follows.

Annual Salary (in Php) Number of Employees

100 001 – 200 000 10
200 001 – 300 000 18
300 001 – 400 000 15
400 001 – 500 000 20
500 001 – 600 000 10
600 001 – 700 000 8
700 001 – 800 000 5
800 001 – 900 000 3
900 001 – 1 000 000 1
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 Total 90

Find the following:

1. Median 2. Upper quartile 3. 8th decile 4. 70th percentile
Solutions:
Annual Salary (in Class Boundaries Number of Cumulative Frequency (cf )
Php) Employees (f )
100 001 – 200 000 100 000.5 – 200 000.5 10 10 where 1st to 10th are found
200 001 – 300 000 200 000.5 – 300 000.5 18 28 where 11th to 28th are found
300 001 – 400 000 300 000.5 – 400 000.5 15 43
Median class Cf B ofthe median class∧P k
400 001 – 500 000 400 000.5 – 500 000.5 20 63 Cf B of Dk ,∧Q k
where Q 3 is
BL ofthe median class∧Pk - Where 63rd is found
500 001 – 600 000 500 000.5 – 600 000.5 10 73 where 64th to 73rd are found
BL of D k ,∧Qk fc
600 001 – 700 000 600 000.5 – 700 000.5 8 81
700 001 – 800 000 700 000.5 – 800 000.5 5 86
800 001 – 900 000 800 000.5 – 900 000.5 3 89
900 001 – 1 000 000 900 000.5 – 1 000 000.5 1 90

Note: Class boundaries: Lower class boundaries = lower limit – .5 = 100 001 – 0.5 = 100 000.5
Upper class boundaries = upper limit + .5 = 200 000 + 0.5 = 200 000.5
Cumulative Frequency: adding of frequencies from the top. Start at 10, then 10 + 18 = 28, then 28 + 15 = 43 and so on.

1. Median: Solution: First determine the class interval where the median belongs:
n 90
= =45 , So the 45th salary is found in 400 001 – 500 000 class interval
2 2
i=upper limit −lower limit +1=200 000−100 001+1=100 000

[ ]
n
−Cf B
~ 2 45−43 2
x=B L + ( i ) =400 000.50+ ⌈ ⌉ ( 100 000 )=400 000.50+ ⌈ ⌉ ( 100 000 )=410 000.5
fc 20 20

2. The upper quartile is Q 3 :Solution: First determine the class interval where Q 3 belongs:
kn 3(90)
Q3 is∈ = =67.5 th position. The class interval 500 001 – 600 000 is where the 64 th to the 73rd salaries are
4 4
found. This is where the 67.5th salary (Q¿¿ 3)¿ is found.

[ ]
kn
−Cf B
Q3=B L +
4
fc
( i )=500 000.5+ [
67.5−63
10 ]
( 100 000 )=500 000.5+
4.5
10 ( )
( 100 000 )

Q3= 500 000.5 + 45 000 = 545 000.50

th kn 8(90)
3. 8 decile (D8) : Solution: First determine the class interval where the 8th decile belongs: = =72, So the
10 10
nd
72 salary is found in the class interval 500 001 – 600 000.

[ ]
kn
−Cf B
D8=B L +
10
fc
( i ) =500 000.5+
72−63
10 [ ]
( 100 000 )=500 000.5+
9
10 ( )
( 100 000 )

¿500 000.5 + 900 00 = 590 000.5

th
4. 70 percentile ( P70 ) : Solution: First determine the class interval where the 70th percentile belongs:
kn 70 (90)
= =63 , So the 63rd salary is found in the class interval 400 001 – 500 000.
100 100
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 [ ]
kn
−Cf B
P70=B L +
100
fc
( i )=400 000.5+
63−43
20 [ ]
( 100 000 )=400 000.5+ ( 1 ) (100 000 )=500 000.5

FORMATIVE ASSESSMENT 2
1. The following is a frequency distribution of a survey that was conducted among 40 people to find out the number of
times each of them eats in a fast food or restaurant in a week. Find the following a. median, b. D 2, c. Q 3, d. P99
Number of Times a Person
Class Boundaries f cf
Eats Out in a Week
0–2 -0.5 – 2.5 15 15
3–5 2.5 – 5.5 9 24
6–8 5.5 – 8.5 6 30
9 – 11 8.5 – 11.5 4 34
12 – 14 11.5 – 14.5 3 37
15 – 17 14.5 – 17.5 2 39
18 – 20 17.5 – 20.5 1 40
APPLICATION IN RESEARCH
WEEK4
MEASURES OF CENTRAL TENDENCY
Descriptive statistics – consists of methods for organizing and summarizing information. It includes
the construction of graphs, charts, and tables and the calculation of various descriptive measures such as averages,
measures of variation, and percentiles.

Example 1. Fifty customers were surveyed using the customer satisfaction survey.

CUSTOMER SATISFACTION SURVEY The table shows how the customers rated the different items.
Name:____________________________ Very Very
Date:____________ Sex:____________ Item Unsatisfied Unsatisfied Satisfied Satisfied
Age:_________ Nationality:__________ 1 2 3 4
City Address:______________________ 1. Quality of
For items 1 – 3, write Service 5 8 20 17
1 – Very unsatisfied 3 – Satisfied
2 – Unsatisfied 4 – Very Satisfied
1. Quality of service:_________________ 2. Quality of food 2 6 15 27
2. Quality of food:___________________
3. Value of money:__________________
4. Which dish is your favorite? ________ 3. Value for 5 7 18 20
money

Solution: All responses are equally likely to be chosen, so there are no outliers. The best measure of central tendency to
describe the customers’ level of satisfaction is the mean.
1 ( 5 ) +2 ( 8 ) +3 ( 20 ) +4 (17)
Quality of service : =2.98 ≈ 3
50
1 ( 2 ) +2 ( 6 )+3 ( 15 )+ 4 (27)
Quality of food : =3.34 ≈ 3
50
1 ( 5 ) +2 ( 7 ) +3 ( 18 ) + 4(20)
Prices : =3.06 ≈ 3
50
The results show that the customers are satisfied with the restaurant’s service, food, and value for money.

Example 2: The following were the responses to the question “Which dish is your favorite in this restaurant?” What
measure of central Tendency can be used to know the customers’ favorite dish?

Favorite Dish Number of Customers

Pork Adobo 9
Pansit 8
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 Porkchop Steak 5
Grilled Liempo 7
Sinigang na Maya-Maya 4
Fresh Lumpia 6
Bulalo 5
Fried Chiken 6

Solution: Since we are looking for the dish that received the most votes from the customers, the most appropriate
measure of central tendency to use is the mode. Based on the frequency count shown, the customers’ favorite dish is
pork adobo

MEASURES OF DISPERSION
To know if the customers have the same level of satisfaction, we use measure of dispersion such as range,
standard deviation, and variance.

Example: Refer to the table in Example 1 (customer satisfaction survey) above to answer the question. “Are the ratings
given by the customers on the restaurant’s quality of service homogenous or varied?
Solution: To describe the spread in the ratings given by the customers, we use a measure of variation. The table shows
the computation of the standard deviation.
Quality of service : x =2.98
Rating(x) f x−x (x−x )
2 2
f (x−x)
1 5 1 – 2.98 = - 1.98 2
(−1.98) =3.9204 ( 5 ) ( 3.9204 )=19.602
2 8 2 – 2.98 = - 0.98 2
(−0.98) =0.9604 ( 8 )( 0.9604 )=7.6832
3 20 3 – 2.98 = 0.02 2
(0.02) =0.0004 ( 20 ) ( 0.0004 )=0.008
4 17 4 – 2.98 = 1.02 2
(1.02) =1.0404 (17) ( 1.0404 ) =17.6868
Total 50 44.98
Standard deviation:

s=
√ ∑ x (x−x )2 =
n−1 √ 44.98
50−1
=√ 0.91796=0.96
The ratings given by the customers on the restaurant’s quality of service differ by 0.96. A large standard
deviation means that the ratings vary greatly. In this case, the standard deviation is small, it varies at 0.96, which
suggests that the customers’ levels of satisfaction with the restaurant’s service are more or less the same.
MEASURES OF POSITION
When data can be ranked, the measure of position can add more description to the data set. Consider the next example.
Example: Refer to the table in Example 2 (favorite dish) above to answer the question. The restaurant has difficulty
preparing the fresh lumpia. Should they phase it out?

Favorite Dish Number of Customers

Pork Adobo 9
Pansit 8
Porkchop Steak 5
Grilled Liempo 7
Sinigang na Maya-Maya 4
Fresh Lumpia 6
Bulalo 5
Fried Chiken 6

Solution:
First, we need to know its rank:
4 5 5 6 6 7 8 9

Median
The median is 6.5. Fresh lumpia’s rank is below the median but above the first quartile. By phasing out this dish,
the restaurant might lose 6 out of every 50 customers. It is better to retain it in the menu.
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 FORMATIVE ASSESSMENT 3
A company makes a survey of their employees’ satisfaction level. Below is the questionnaire and the results of the
frequency count.
EMPLOYEES’ SATISFACTION SURVEY 1. The table shows the frequency count of the employees’
Name (optional):________________Sex________ responses to their overall level of satisfaction with the
No. of years in service:____ Monthly salary:______ company.
1. How would you describe your overall level of Level of satisfaction Number of
satisfaction with the company? Employees
__very satisfied __neutral __very dissatisfied Very satisfied (5) 25
__somewhat satisfied __somewhat dissatisfied Somewhat Satisfied (4) 20
2. How would you rate your job satisfaction in Neutral (3) 13
terms of the following: write Somewhat Dissatisfied (2) 4
1 – Very Poor 2 – Poor 3 – Average Very Dissatisfied (1) 3
4 – Good 5 – Excellent
1. Salary__________ a. What is the employees’ level of satisfaction with the
2. Benefits_________ company?
3. Work Load_________
4. Work environment_________ b. Do employees’ responses vary? By how much?

WEEK5 WRITING A MINI RESEARCH

1. THINKING OF A RESEARCH TOPIC – A research project begins with your curiosity and interest. Be
observant with what is happening around you and check out those issues that interest you. Informal
discussions with your friends, teachers, school staff, and barangay officials may lead you to
interesting research topics. You may also find interesting ideas from previous researches, books and theories.

A research is conducted for various purposes:

1. For knowledge’s sake – The pursuit of research is purely out of curiosity.
2. For evaluation – The research aims to find out the impact of a certain program, project, practice, policy, an
intervention, or an innovation.
3. For improvement of current practice – A closer scrutiny of the current practice may lead to suggestions for
improvement.
Below are some examples of research topics:
BROAD AREAS SAMPLE SPECIFIC TOPICS
Education - Admission - Home Schooling - Promotion
- Memory - Student’s achievement
Environment - Energy Conservation - Global warming - Deforestation
- Recycling - Acid Rain
Family Issues - Family Values - Family Relationships - Domestic Abuse
Media and Communication - Censorship - Materialism - Media Bias - Reality Television

Examples: Determine the purpose of the research that aims to answer the given question:

1. How have the numbers of school drop outs increased in the last three years?
Answer: This may have started out of curiosity but the results of this study may give insights to existing school
policies and social situations and lead to recommendations to support students at risk.
2. Are households in your barangay doing garbage segregation?
Answer: This research wants to find out if the policy on garbage segregation is really being implemented.
Therefore, it is an evaluation of the garbage segregation policy and practice.

2. FORMULATING RESEARCH QUESTIONS

After identifying the research topic, you must formulate you research questions to define what you hope to
learn. Formulating the research questions requires care as these will set out the type of questions you will ask in your
questionnaire, interview, or observation instruments.

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 The following is a checklist that can guide you in formulating the research questions.
1. Relevance – Is the research question something that I or others care about? Is it arguable and not obvious?
2. Adds New Knowledge – Is the research question a new spin of an old idea, or does it solve an existing problem?
3. Reasonable Scope and Focus – Is the research question not too broad nor too narrow?
4. Doable and Manageable – Is the research question researchable within the given time frame and location?
5. Measurable – Is the research question answerable? If so, what information is needed?
If you said ‘yes’ to all the questions in the checklist, then you have formulated good research questions.

Example: Determine if the following can be considered good research questions. Explain why or why not.

1. What is happiness? Answer: There is no clear answer no matter how much research you do.
2. How many legs does an insect have? Answer: This is no longer new. The answer is 6.
3. What problem solving strategies do grade 10 students use in Mathematics? Answer: This is a good research
question. It has all the five characteristics in the checklist.

3. METHODOLOGY
Research Methodology – refers to your detailed description of procedure, instrument, and participants. This
includes you sampling procedure, instrument, and participants.
TARGET POPULATION (N) – the entire particular group of people a researcher identifies to study and about
which to draw conclusions
SAMPLE (n) – refers to that part of the population that is included in the study and where the information in
research comes from
SAMPLING – the process of selecting the participants from the target population to be included in the study.

Example: A survey on television viewers was done to determine the rankings of television networks in the Philippines.
Two hundred television viewers in 10 selected malls were interviewed. Identify the target population and the sample.
Answer: Target Population: television viewers in the Philippines
Sample: 200 television viewers in 10 selected malls
The sample size in this case is 200.

PROBABILITY SAMPLING METHODS

- Ensure that the sample is a representative of the population and that the statistical conclusions are valid.
TYPES OF PROBABILITY SAMPLING:
A. SIMPLE RANDOM SAMPLING
– The process is done by choosing the members of the sample one by one, using either the fish bowl method, lottery method,
table of random numbers or the random number generator.

Example: Suppose five students will be selected from the list of 40 students in a class, numbered 1 to 40. Using the random #
generator in the calculator numbers 6, 28, 18, 9 and 22 appeared first. Then students numbered 6, 28, 18, 9 and 22 will be part of
the sample.

B. SYSTEMATIC RANDOM SAMPLING

- A random sampling technique which considers every k th element of the population in the sample with the selected random
N
starting point from the first k members. The value of k is determined by the formula: k =
n
N 40
Example: A sample of ten will be selected from a population of 40 patients. Since k = = = 4, then choose from the first four
n 10
patients the random starting point using lottery. Suppose 3 was selected, then start from 3, then every 4 th element of the population
will be included in the sample, that is the patients numbered 3,7,11,15,19,23,2,31,35 and 39.

C. STRATIFIED RANDOM SAMPLING

- The population is divided into groups based on certain characteristics such as gender, race, civil status, or nationality. The
groups are called strata. The sample size of each group is proportional to the size of each group in the population.

Example: A sample of 150 students is to be selected from a junior high school population of 1000, of which 250 are in grade 7, 200
are in grade 8, 300 are in grade 9, and 250 are in grade 10. If the sample size is to be proportionally distributed, how many
samples are to be taken from each stratum?

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Solution:
PARTITIONS SIZE OF THE PARTITION NUMBER OF SAMPLES
GRADE 7 250 250
x 150=38
1000
GRADE 8 200 200
x 150=30
1000
GRADE 9 300 300
x 150=45
1000
GRADE 10 250 250
x 150=37
1000
TOTAL 1000 150

D. CLUSTER SAMPLING
- Like stratified sampling, the population is divided into groups, called clusters, however, unlike stratified sampling, the
clusters are heterogeneous groups of the population. The sample is taken through a random selection of cluster(s) and then, all the
members of the chosen cluster(s) will be part of the sample.
Example: Suppose a researcher wants to study the effect of a certain teaching methodology among the students coming from a
particular town. Since there are many schools in the town, it will be very inefficient and impractical to consider all the schools in the
study. Instead, the researcher will randomly choose a few schools and then the students in these schools will be surveyed.

E. Multistage sampling – The sample is selected by combining at least two different sampling methods.

Example: Suppose you want to conduct a survey about the students’ perceptions of the cleanliness of the comfort rooms in your
school. Use multistage sampling to select 500 respondents.

Answer: First, consider the grade levels as clusters then randomly select 5 grade levels. Then from each of the five selected
grade levels, randomly select 4 sections or classes. From each section, randomly select 25 students to participate in the survey.

4. THE SLOVIN’S FORMULA

The slovin’s formula is used to determine a reliable sample size.

In Social Science research, the error tolerance is usually set at 5% or 0.05.

N
n= 2 where n = sample size
1+ N e
N = population size
e = error tolerance or margin of error
Example: Find the sample size n for a research that has 2 500 population size at 5% error of tolerance.
N 2 500 2500 2500
n= = = = =344.83≈ 345
1+ N e 1+(2500)(.05) 1+6.25 7.25
2 2

FORMATIVE ASSESSMENT 4
Give the reliable sample size for the given population. Show your complete solution.
1. What is the reliable sample size for a population of 2 400 at 5% margin of error?
2. What must be a reliable sample size for 800 household members as the target respondents if the margin of error is
5%.
3. What is the reliable sample size for a study that has 400 target population size and 5% margin of error?
4. Find the sample size n for a research that has 2 500 population size at 10% error of tolerance.
5. Find the sample size n for a research that has 3 000 population size at 10% error of tolerance.

WEEK6 APPLICATIONS ON THE MEASURES

OF POSITION

What is the application of measures of position?

A measure of position determines the position of a single value in relation to other values in a sample or a population
data set.

What are the most commonly used descriptive measures of position?

The most common measures of position are Deciles, quartiles and percentiles.
9|MATH 10
Deciles – divides the distribution into ten subgroups
Quartiles - divides the distribution into four subgroups
Percentiles - divides the distribution into one hundred subgroups
SAMPLE PROBLEMS ON MEASURES OF POSITION FOR UNGROUPED DATA:
1. The following are scores in statistics test:
2, 3, 5, 6, 8,10,12, 15, 18, 20. Find the value corresponding to the 25 th percentile.

Solution: n = 10

( )
th
kn 1
th
Value of the 25 percentile = Pk = +
100 2

( )
th
25(10) 1
P25 = + = 3, this means that the 25th percentile is the 3rd score from the given list.
100 2
Therefore the value corresponding to the 25th percentile or P25 = 5

2. A health coordinator of a certain school recorded the height of 40 students in grade 10 class for computing BMI.
Based on his report Nadine’s height is in the 60th percentile. Assume that the height of the students is different
from each other.
a. How many students are shorter than Nadine?

( )
th
kn 1
Pk = +
100 2
60(40) 1
P60 = + = 24.5 or 25
100 2
Since Nadine’s height is in the 25Th position, then there are 24 students shorter than Nadine
b. How many students are taller than Nadine?

Since Nadine’s height is in the 25th position, then

40 -25 = 15, there are 15 students taller than Nadine.

SAMPLE PROBLEMS ON MEASURES OF POSITION FOR GROUPED DATA:

For Grouped Data
A. Measures of Position
1. MEDIAN: 2. PERCENTILE: 3. DECILE: 4. QUARTILE:

[ ] [ ] [ ] [ ]
n kn kn kn
−Cf B −Cf B −Cf B −Cf B
~ 2 100 10 4
x=B L + ( i) P K =B L + ( i) D K =B L + ( i) Q K =B L + ( i)
fc fc fc fc

where :
n=number of observations∨total frequency
i=class ¿ ¿ ( i=Upper limit −lower limit + 1 )
BL =lower boundary of the class that contains the median , Pk , D k , Qk
Cf B =the cummulative frequency of the lower class ¿
the median , P k , Dk , Qk
f c =the frequency of the class where the median , P k , Dk , Qk are located
Example 1. Consider our frequency distribution on the number of Facebook reactions of cover photos of different
students, calculate 𝑄1, D9, and P70.

CLASS INTERVAL FREQUENCY Lower boundary < cf

47-53 2 46.5 30
40-46 2 39.5 28
33-39 5 32.5 26
26-32 9 25.5 21
19-25 6 18.5 12
12-18 6 11.5 6
i =7 n = 30
Solution:

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A. To find Q1 , use the formula for quartile

[ ]
kn
−Cf B kn 1(30)
Q K =B L +
4
(i) from = = 7.5 locate this under <Cf, class interval is 19-25
4 4
fc
From the table Cfb = 6 and fc = 6, and i = 7
Substituting these values to the equation:

[ ]
kn
Q K =B L +
4
−Cf B
fc
(i)
¿ Q1=46.5+
7.5−6
6 [ ]
( 7 ) = 20. 25

B. To find D9, use the formula

[ ]
kn
−Cf B kn 9(30)
D K =B L +
10
( i)
take = = 27 , use the class interval 40 - 46
10 10
fc
So, BL = 39.5 k = 9 n = 30 CfB = 26 fc = 2 and i = 7

[ ]
kn
D K =B L +
10
−Cf B
fc
( i)
, D9=39.5+
27−26
2 [
(7) = 43
]
C. To find P70, use the formula

[ ]
kn
−Cf B kn 70(30)
P K =B L +
100
( i)
take = = 21 , use the class interval 26-32
100 100
fc
So, BL = 25.5 k = 70 n = 30 CfB = 12 fc = 9 and i = 7

[ ]
kn
P K =B L +
100
−Cf B
fc
( i)
, P70=25.5+
21−12
9
(7)
[ ]

11 | M A T H 1 0