- Conditions inside the body need to be kept steady, even when the Receptor detects a stimulus - - The nervous

- The nervous system - It is made up of different parts: - The connection between two neurones is a
external environment changes high/low level allows humans to react CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM - consis ts of MOTOR NEURONES - carry el e ctric al SYNAPSE
- This is important as cells need the right conditions to function properly ↓ to their surroundings brain and spinal cord and is connected to body im pulses from CNS to effectors - The nerve signal is transferred by chemicals
and for enzyme action The coordination centre and coordinate their by sensory neurones and motor neurones EFFECTORS - all muscles and glands which diffuse across the gap
- Homeostasis is the regulation of the conditions inside the body (and receives & processes this behaviour SENSORY NEURONES - carry information as which respond to nervous impulses - These chemicals then set off
cells) to maintain a stable internal environment in response to changes in information then organises a electrical impulses from receptors to CNS RECEPTORS - cells that detect stimuli a new electrical signal in the next neurone
internal and external conditions
- There are many automatic control systems in the body that regulate the
response THE NERVOUS SYSTEM Neurones go through spinal cord or through an
↓ unconscious part of brain
internal environment -> nervous and hormonal communication systems Effector produces a response homeostasis SYNAPSES 1. Stimulus detected by receptors
- All automatic control systems are made up of three main components - and restores the optimum level & the nervous 2. Impulses sent along sensory neurone to relay
> receptors, coordination centres & effectors & REFLEXES neurone in CNS
- These systems keep the internal environment stable using negative HOMEOSTASIS system 3. Impulses reach synapse between sensory & relay
feedback - Effectors always produce responses as long as - REFLEXES are rapid automatic responses to certain neurone and trigger release of chemicals which sends
- When level of something gets too high/low, negative feedback brings it they are stimulated by the coordination centre stimuli that don’t involve the conscious part of the brain - Reaction time is time it takes impulses along relay neurone
back to normal - This may cause the level to change too much -> - They reduce the chances of being injured to respond to a stimulus and 4. Impulses reach synapse between relay & motor
negative feedback starts again - The passage of information in a reflex (from receptor can be affected by factors such neurone and chemicals send impulses along motor
- This process is automatic to effector) is called a REFLEX ARC as age, gender or drugs neurone
- Caffeine is a drug that can 5. Impulses travel along motor neurone to effector
speed up reaction time 6. Effector responds to stimuli

HOMEOSTASIS
Cerebral Cortex 1. Person sits with arm resting on edge of table - Simple computer tests can also
Responsible for all 2. Hol d rule r verti c al ly between thei r thumb & forefi nger - make be used to measure reaction time
conscious thought,
sure zero end is in lin e with fin gers - More precise as there is no

& RESPONSE
eg intelligence,
memory, language 3. Let go of rul e r wi thout warni ng and possibility of human error
Cerebellum person has to catch it as quickly as they can - More accurate as it can be
Medulla Responsib le for 4. Reacti o n tim e is number on rul e r where it is caught measured in mil iseconds
Responsible for all muscle coordination -> higher number = slower reaction time - No chance of person predicting
unconscious activities, Studying patients with brain damage: - The brain is made up of bil ions of 5. Repeat mul t ip le ti m es & cal c ula te mean when to respond (they can read
eg. breathing, If part of brain is damaged its effect interconnected neurones 6. Person has caffei n ated drin k, after 10 mi n s repeat experim ent tester's body language)
Short-Sightedness (myopia):
heartbeat on the patient tells scientists what - It is in charge of all complex behaviours THE the brain VISION - The eye focuses light onto the reti n a by
ng the shape of lens -> accommodation - Cannot focus on distant objects
the part does - Different regions have different functions BRAIN
& the eye DEFECTS changi - If the lens cannot refract light properly, the - Occurs when lens refracts light too much or eyeball is too long
Electrically stimulating the brain: - Distant object images brought into focus in front of retina
- Tiny electrode pushed into tissue person wil be short or long sighted
- Scientists find out what different parts do
THE EYE Near objects: - Glasses with concave lenses correct it
The iris reflex: - Cilia ry muscl es contract, suspensory
when stimulated
MRI (Magnetic Resonance Imaging) scans: - In bright light = circular muscles ligaments relax
- Scanner produces very detailed picture of contract, radial muscles relax - Lens is more curved which increases
brain - In dim light = circular muscles refraction of light Long-Sightedness (hyperopia):
relax, radial muscles contract Distant objects:
- Used to find out what parts are active when - Ciliary muscles relax, suspensory ligaments -- Cannot Occurs
focus on near objects
when lens refract too little or eyeball is too short
patients do certain things contract
- Knowledge of how the brain works led to - Near obj ect im ages brought into focus behind retina
development of treatments for disorders of - Lens is less curved which decreases - Gl asses wi th convex lenses correct it
the nervous system refraction of light
- The brain is delicate, complex, and not well Treatments for vision defects:
understood - Contact lenses
- Therefore, treating brain damage/disease is - Laser eye surgery -> complications
difficult - Replacement lens surgery -> complications
 - The body has to balance the amount of energy gained Temp. receptors detect body temp is too high/low - Foods containing carbohydrates releases glucose into blood Type 1 Diabetes:
(eg via respiration) and lost to keep core body ↓ - Normal metabolism of cells removes glucose from blood - Pancreas produces little/no insulin
temperature constant TRC acts as coordination centre and triggers - Vigorous exercise removes glucose from blood via respiration - BG levels rise to lethal levels
- Thermoregulatory centre (TRC) in brain contains effectors immediately - Excess glucose is stored as glycogen in liver & muscles - Insulin injections at mealtimes
receptors that are sensitive to temp. of blood flowing ↓ - Glucose levels in blood must stay steady -> changes in BG - Controlling diet & regular exercise
through brain Effectors (eg sweat glands, muscles) produce a levels are monitored & controlled by pancreas Type 2 Diabetes:
- TRC also receives impulses from temp. receptors in skin response - Pancreas uses hormones (insulin & glucagon) in negative - Resi stant to insulin
- BG levels rise to lethal levels
Too hot: - Some effectors work antagonistically -> one feedback loop to control BG levels - Controlling diet & regular exercise
- Sweat produced by sweat glands evaporates from heats, the other cools BLOOD GLUCOSE - Obesity is a risk factor
skin which transfers thermal energy to environment - They work at the same time to achieve a very BODY KIDNEYS Water: Ions:
- Hair erector muscles relax so hair lies flat precise temp, which allows a more sensitive regulating - Kidneys make urine by - Body constantly balances water entering/leaving
- Blood vessels supplying the skin dilate so more blood response TEMPERATURE internal removing waste products - Water lost from skin in sweat & from lungs via exhalation -thiifs idion/water content of body is wrong
srupts balance between ions &
flows close to surface of skin and more energy is Too cold: conditions from blood via filtration - Amount of water cannot be controlled so kidneys remove water so too little/much water drawn
transferred to surroundings - Hair erector muscles contract so hairs stand up which traps insulating layer of air - Useful substances equal volume in urine as volume consumed into cells by osmosis -> damages cells
|-> this is VASODILATION - Blood vessels constrict so less blood is supplied to skin -> this is VASOCONSTRICTION (glucose, ions, water) Urea: - Some ions are lost in sweat but
- Muscles contract automatically (shivering) -> this requires energy which is absorbed back into blood - Proteins & amino acids cannot be stored by body amount is not regulated so kidneys
Auxin Uses: Gibberellin Uses: released via respiration which releases heat energy via selective reabsorption - Deamination in liver:
- Kil ing weeds but disrupting - Gibberellin stimulates seed germination, stem growth & excess amino acids -> fats + carbohydrates + ammonia maintain this
flowering - Ammonia is toxic so is converted to urea in liver then - Right amount of ions reabsorbed after

HOMEOSTASIS
growth patterns filtration then excess removed in urine
- Growing from cuttings with - Controlling dormancy (when seeds don't germinate until transported to kidneys
rooting powder which contains they have been through certain conditions) gibberellin - Concentration of urine controlled by ADH - If kidneys fail, waste substances build up in blood
auxins so farmers can produce lots makes seeds germi n ate when they normal ly otherwise - ADH released into blood by pituitary gland and you lose the ability to control ion & water levels

& RESPONSE
of clones quickly woul d not - Brain monitors water content of blood and -> eventually leads to death
- Growing cells in tissue culture - Inducin g flo werin g and growi ng big ger flo wers instructs pituitary gland to release ADH - People with kidney failure kept alive by having
Ethene Uses: - Growi ng la rger fruit - Water content regulation controlled by transplants or dialysis treatment
- Ethene is a gas produced by ageing parts of plants which influences growth of plant by negative feedback
controlling cell division & stimulates enzymes causing fruit to ripen - In IVF, eggs are taken & fertilised in
- Used to speed up ripening of fruit during transport so fruits are perfect when in shops lab or sperm injected directly into egg
Investigating Plant Growth - FSH & LH can be given to women in CONTROLLING human
- Fertilised eggs grown into embryos
Responses: COMMERCIAL in lab incubator
a fertility drug to stimulate ovulation FERTILITY hormones
1 Put 10 cress seeds into 3 Petri USES plant - One/two embryos transferred to
dishes lined with moist filter paper Gravitropism: PUBERTY
2 Shine light on dishes from hormones woman's - Multip le
uterus
births may occur which is ENDOCRINE SYSTEM -molHormones are chemical
- Gravity produces unequal ecules released into blood
above, left & right distribution of auxin on tip of shoot AUXIN risky for mother & babies - Ovaries produce - Pituitary gland produces many that are carried to rest of
3 Leave seeds for 1 week growing sideways (more auxin on - Auxin is plant hormone that Oestrogen: Day 1 - menstruati o n starts, uterus linin g breaks down oestrogen which is hormones that regulate body body which only affect certain
To see effect of gravity: lower side) - Produced in ovaries Day 4 - uterus l ini ng bui ld s up into thi ck spongy layer full of blood vessel s involved in conditions, known as 'master gla nd' cells in target organs and
controls growth in response to menstrual cycle - Adrenal gland produces adrenaline in control things that need
1 Place 4 seedlings on damp - Lower side grows faster & shoot light (phototropism) and gravity - Causes growth of uterus lining Day 14 - Egg develops & released from ovary (ovulation)
cotton wool in Petri dish with grows upwards (gravitropism) - Stimulates release of LH Day 28 - Wall maintained until day 28, no fertilised egg implanted = uterus - Testes produce response to scary/stressful situations constant adjustment
roots pointing in different - Root growing sideways has more - Produced in tips and moves - Inhibits Folrelelicase of FSH lining breaks down testosterone which - Increases oxygen & glucose supplies - Produced in & secreted by
directions le Stimulating Hormone (FSH): controls puberty & to cells in brain & muscles -> heart endocrine glands and tend to
auxin on lower side too backwards to stimulate cell elongation - Produced in pituitary gland
2 Store dishes vertically for few - Auxin inhibits growth, cells on top in the cells behind tips sperm production rate increases
days in dark - Causes egg to mature in ovaries in follicle - Thyroid produces thyroxin which regulates basal metabolic have long-lasting effects
elongate faster & root bends down - Promotes growth in shoot, - Stimulates oestrogen release in ovaries rate - speed of chemical reactions in body at rest
inhibits growth in root Progesterone: Luteinising Hormone (LH): - Thyroxine released in response to thyroid stimulating
Phototropism:
- More auxin accumulates on side in shade - Produced in ovarie s by follic le after ovul a tio n - Produced in pituitary gland hormone (TSH) which is released by pituitary gland
- Cells elongate faster on shaded side so shoot bends towards light - Mai ntains uterus lin in g, in hi b its LH & FSH release - Stimulates release of egg - Negative feedback keeps thyroxine levels stable

Homeostasis - Reducing Fertility
REDUCING FERTILITY Contraceptive patch
contains oestrogen &
Combined pil contains oestrogen & progesterone, lasts a week
progesterone, oestrogen inhibits Contraceptive implant under skin
FSH so no eggs mature
Progesterone-only pil stimulates of arm releases progesterone
constantly, lasts for 3 years
production of thick mucus which Contracepti
ve injection contains
prevents sperm getting to egg progesterone, lasts 2-3 months
Condoms prevent entry of Diaphragm is shallow plastic cup
sperm & protect against STDs that fits over cervix
Avoiding sexual intercourse when Sterilisation, cutting/ tying
woman is most fertile fallopian tubes/ sperm duct
Abstinence (never Intrauterine device is T-shaped, inserted in uterus,
have intercourse kil s sperm & prevents implantation of fertilised egg
Homeostasis - Reaction Time Practical
- Reaction time is time it takes to respond to a stimulus and can be
affected by factors such as age, gender or drugs
- Caffeine is a drug that can speed up reaction time
1. Person sits with arm resting on edge of table
2. Hold ruler vertically between their thumb & forefinger - make sure
zero end is in line with fingers
3. Let go of ruler without warning and person has to catch it as quickly
as they can
4. Reaction time is number on ruler where it is caught
-> higher number = slower reaction time
5. Repeat multiple times & calculate mean
6. Person has caffeinated drink, after 10 mins repeat experiment
- Simple computer tests can also be used to measure reaction time
- More precise as there is no possibility of human error
- More accurate as it can be measured in mil iseconds
- No chance of person predicting when to respond (they can read
tester's body language)
Homeostasis - Kidney Failure
Dialysis:
- Has to be done regularly - 3 3-4 hour sessions a week
- Blood flows between partial y permeable membranes
surrounded by dialysis fluid which has same concentration
of ions & glucose as healthy blood
- Useful dissolved ions & glucose are not lost but waste
substances, excess ions & water diffuse across barrier
- May cause blood clots or infections and is expensive
Kidney Transplants:
- Only cure for kidney failure
- Healthy kidneys taken from people who died recently
(have to be on organ donor register/carry donor card)
- Or taken from people with two kidneys
- Chance of rejection by patient's immune system - they
take immunosuppressants to prevent this
- Cheaper than dialysis but long waiting lists