INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR

SOIL MECHANICS AND

GEOTECHNICAL ENGINEERING

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 TH E ST REN GT H C H A R A C T ER I ST I C S O F RESI D U A L M I C A C EO U S
SO I LS A N D T H EI R A P P LI C A T I O N TO ST A BI LI T Y P R O BLEM S
C A RA C T ERI ST / Q U ES M ECA N I Q U ES D ES SO LS RESI D U ELS M I C A CES
A P P LI C A T I O N A L' ETU D E DE LA ST ABI LI T E D ES TA LU S

Dr . J. W . S d e C R A FT JO H N SO N , A g D irect o r

H .S. BH ATI A, P r i n c i p a l Re se a r ch O f f i c e r
DM C ID I G A SU, Re se a r ch O f f i c e r

Bu i l d i n g an d Ro a d Re se a r ch I n st i t u t e
U n i v e r si t y Bo x 40, Ku m a si ( Gh a n a )
SYNOPSIS A substantial area of Ghana, in West Africa, is under micaceous soils, which are
the in-situ weathering products of muscovite - biotite granite rock. A number of failures
in deep cats and high embankments in such soils have taken place after years of their stable
perforaance. This has necessitated a detailed study of such soils in the laboratory for a
better understanding of their behaviour in the field. Due to the presence of a large propor­
tion of fine aica in the soil, the consolidation and shear strength characteristics are
rather peculiar and therefore the application of shear strength parameters to stability
problems warrant careful attention. The study discusses a new approach for the application
of shear parameters to stability problems in such soils.

INTRODUCTION

Micaceous soils are common in many tropical
countries. They are also found in some
countries with moderate climate. In the
tropics such soils are known to cover sizea­
ble areas. The micaceous soils are general­
ly not considered suitable as material of
construction and all efforts are therefore
aade to avoid their use in earth structures.
This is due to the fact that such soils are
highly expansive and unstable when saturated
In Ghana micaceous soils are met over fairly
wide areas in the Central, Ashanti and North
Rest of Upper Regions. In the Central
Region the soils cover a thin belt along the
coast, whereas in Ashanti they cover a part
of the forest zone around Kumasi. In the
Upper Region they cover a wide area in the
North West of Ghana, known as Interior
Savanna.
The stability of earth structures in mica­
ceous soils had been causing some concern
to the engineers in Ghana, as a number of
failures in subgrades, high embankments, and
cuttings, made in such soils were reported,
even when the structures were adequately
designed using conventional design methods.
Only a limited amount of work has been done
on such materials in the past and therefore
their physical characteristics and engineer­
ing properties are still not clearly under­
stood .
The main objective of this paper is to
present the general physical properties of
micaceous soils of Ghana, and the results of
a detailed study on one typical soil from
the Central Region, with special emphasis
on the consolidation, deformation and shear
characteristics. It is hoped that the study
will assist in a better understanding of the
behaviour of such soils in earth structures.
GEOLOGY
The micaceous soils of Ghana are the in-situ
weathered product of coarse grained musco­
vite granite or biotite granite which contain
large quartz veins. Their nature is largely
influenced by the amount of leaching, which
in turn is dependent upon the topography and
the rainfall of an area. The proportion and
size of mica on a given site depends on the
proportion and degree of weathering of peg­
matite and muscovite minerals in the parent
rock.
PHYSICAL AND MINERALOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS
The micaceous soils of Ghana have several
colours, pale yellow, pinkish red, and
greyish green. Generally all the profiles
examined contain white mottles which are
formed by the unweathered felspar crystals
from the rock. The physical characteris­
tics of the profiles from different parts
of the country are more or less similar
except, that the soils on upper slopes are
less plastic than the ones on the bottom
slopes. This is due to the contamination
of profiles at lower slopes with plastic
colluvials. The particle size distribution
and the plasticity characteristics of the
soils with depth from three different regions
of Ghana are shown in Figures (1) and (2).

165
 GR A F T - JO H N SO N , BHA TIA an d G I D I G A SU

MOISTURE CONTENT-*/.

Fig.1 Particle size distribution of

typical micaceous soils from
different parts of Ghana.
Fig.2 Typical micaceous soil profiles
showing plasticity characteristics
wxth depth.
The mineral and the chemical composition of micaceous soils as shown by the X-ray and chemical analysis are
shown in Table 1
Table 1 Chemical and Mineralogioal Analysis of Micaceous Soils of Ghana

Chemical Mica Content X-Ray Analysis

% (No.7 B.S. Sieve)
No. Location Region Colour SÌO2 A l ^ l Fe2°3 1 H20 ] Other! V/hole Sand & Quartz Musco­ Clay
Soil Silt vite Kaolin

1 Saltpond Bypass Central Reddish 52.98 22.85 11.72 9.45 3 .OC 84 68 20 18 62

Brovm

2 tt n Central Green 46 . 10 35.6 0 3.6 0 9.43 6.27 - - - - -

3 Accra-Cape Ooast Dull 6 3.21

Central 16,06 10.37 5.08 5.28 77 68 22 16 64
Brown
! ? t f ( a s

4 Accra-Cape Coast Central Dull 1*8.92 34-57 2.8 2 10.20 3.49 80 56 18 16 66

Road, Mile 70 Yellow

5 Kumasi Airport Ashanti V f.53 * 23.20 9.46 7 . 7O 5.11 - - 24 20 56

Road Srown

6 Fumasua Kunasi Alianti Pink V I. 72 17.50 7.80 8.43 24.55 - - 6 16

Yellow 78

7 Barekeae Dam Ashanti Reddish 59.85 18 .8 0 11.90 4-63 4.82 - - 27 12 61

Site Brown

8 Bolgatanga
Navrongo Road Upper Yellow­ 67.36 15.84 0.18 a. 30 16.32 - - 31 8 61
Mile 20 ish Red

Test3 at R.R.L. U.K.

166
 RESIDUAL M I C A C E O U S SOILS
ENGINEERING CHARACTERISTICS

A l a r g e n u m b e r of m i c a c e o u s soils ar e u aed
a a subgrade a a t e r i a l f o r road p a v e a e n t s and
i n t h e c o n s t r u c t i o n o f e a b a n k a e n t s in G h a n a >
a a t h e r e l a h a r d l y a n y c h o i c e of o t h e r a o i l a
in a a n y p a r t s of the c o u n t r y . Thia paper
w h i c h is a p a r t of a c o m p r e h e n s i v e study on
a i c a c e o u a s o i l s c o n d u c t e d at the B R R I d e a l s
only w i t h the e n g i n e e r i n g characteristics
of c o a p a c t e d a a t e r i a l s . The w o r k conducted
o n u n d i a t u r b e d a a t e r i a l w i l l be p u b l i a h e d in
due courae elaewhere. A t y p i c a l a a a p l e of
a i c a c e o u a s o i l , N o . (3) i n T a b l e I, w i t h a i c a
c o n t e n t o f 77 % f r o a S a l t p o n d B y p a s s o n t h e
Accra-Cape Coast Road w a s selected for
deta i l e d study.

Moisture-Density Relation

Th e a o l a t u r e - d e n a i t y r e l a t i o n e of the t y p i c a l
a i c a c e o u a soil u s i n g t h r e e a o d e s of c o a p a c -
tion a nd t h e i r C B R v a l u e s w e r e o b t a i n e d , as
s h o w n i n F i g u r e 3. It w a s o b s e r v e d t h a t a n
incre a s e of c o a p a c t i v e e n e r g y d o e s not
n e c e s s a r i l y i n c r e a s e the C B R v a l u e a on the
w e t side of o p t iaua. The reduction of CBR
v a l u e s f o r s a a p l e s c o a p a c t e d at h i g h e r c o m -
pactive efforts above optiaua aoisture
c o n t e n t s , in s p i t e o f h i g h e r d e n s i t i e s is
i n d i c a t i v e o f t h e s t r u c t u r e s e n s i t i v i t y of
the a i c a c e o u a soils.

Consolidation Tests

Th e c o n s o l i d a t i o n t e s t s on saaples, 3 inch
d i a m e t e r and % inch, h e ight, w e r e c o n d u c t e d
u p t o a m a x i m u m l o a d of 8 t o n s / s q . f t . It w a s
o b s e r v e d t h a t m i c a c e o u s s o i l s c o n t i n u e to
get consolidated for very long periods under
a s i n g l e load, t h o u g h th e c o n s o l i d a t i o n is M OISTURE -* /.
c o m p a r a t i v e l y l o w u p t o l o a d s of 2 t o n s / s q . f t . ,
b e y o n d w h i c h it s t a r t s i n c r e a s i n g . The
Fig*3 Moisture-Density curves using
laboratory samples showed progressive conso­
three m o d e s of c o m p a c t i o n and
l i d a t i o n u p t o 96 h o u r s u n d e r a s i n g l e l o a d ,
their C.B.R. values.
b e y o n d w h i c h it w a s n e g l i g i b l e .

T h e s a t u r a t e d s a a p l e a c o m p a c t e d at t h e s a m e
de n a i t y , bu t at d i f f e r e n t a o i s t u r e c ontents,
b e l o w and ab o v e o p t i m u m a o i s t u r e c o n t e n t s
showed a o r e or less siailar consolidation
characteristics. The typical curves showing
Shear Strength at Various Moisture-Density
t h e s e c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s a r e s h o w n in F i g u r e 4.
Conditions
It w i l l b e o b s e r v e d in t h e f i g u r e , t h a t t h e s e
soils have a tendency to rebound and attain A n u m b e r of s a m p l e s c o m p a c t e d at d i f f e r e n t
m o r e or lesa t h e i r o r i g i n a l volume, e ven w h e n d e n s i t i e s b e l o w the o p t i m u a m o i s t u r e c o n ­
t h e l o a d s a r e r e m o v e d a f t e r l o n g p e r i o d s of t e n t s , b u t s a t u r a t e d in t h e t r i a x i a l c e l l
loading. A f e w of t h e s a a p l e s w e r e k e p t by a p p l y i n g b a c k p r e s s u r e s w e r e s u b j e c t e d
l o aded for ten days, but the u n l o a d i n g once to shear in the t r i a x i a l a p p a r a t u s . The
a g a i n p r o d u c e d r e b o u n d of t h e t y p e s h o w n in l o c a t i o n s of s u c h s a a p l e s o n t h e m o l s t u r e -
Figure 4. Th e c o n s o l i d a t i o n of m i c a c e o u s d e n s i t y c u r v e s a r e s h o w n in F i g u r e 3. The
soils ov e r long p e r i o d s u n d e r low stresses str e s s d e f o r m a t i o n c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s of some
a n d t h e i r r e b o u n d a f t e r r e l e a s e o f l o a d la t y p i c a l s a a p l e s a r e s h o w n in F i g u r e 5.
c o n s i d e r e d t o be t h e r e s u l t of t h e b r i d g i n g
of a i c a p a r t i c l e s a c r o s s spaces w i t h i n the The stress-strain relationships for saaples
soil m atrix. Under loading, these particles
of d i f f e r e n t d e n s i t i e s b u t u n d e r t h e s a a e
a r e s u b j e c t e d to b e n d i n g , a n d e l a s t i c d e f o r -
c o n f i n i n g p r e s s u r e ( F i g . 5) s h o w v a r y i n g
aations, rather than bodily d i s p l a c e a e n t s .
peak stress for the saaples of different
O n r e l e a s i n g the load the a i c a p a r t i c l e s
tend to r e turn to th e i r original shape thus d e n s i t i e s , b u t t h e c u r v e s t e n d to c o n v e r g e
b r i n g i n g t h e r e b o u n d a s s h o w n in F i g u r e 4. into a single l ine at h i g h e r strains. The

167
 G R A F T - J O H N S O N , BHATIA o n d G I D I G A S U
■train at which the curves generally con­
verge la about 25£. The strength defined
aa the baaia of the 25% strain ahould not
be confuaed with Skeapton's (1964) residual
strength of clays. The residual strength
of a clay according to Skeapton ia its
ultiaate stress which reaains unaffected by
further increases in strains. The stress-
strain curves for the aicaceous soils have
a tendency to decrease in strength with
Increasing strains. At strains greater
than 25% the curves for the saaples of di­
fferent densities but under the saae
confining pressure, converge into a single
curve.
Another interesting feature of the stress
strain curves of a large nuaber of aica-
ceous soils is a hump in such curves noticed
before reaching the maxiaua deviator stress.
This huap is generally produced at strains
between 3 to 1% in the stress-strain curves,
and a steep fall in the pore water pressures.
The tendency of the stress strain curves for
saaples aoulded at different densities to
converge to a single line and also the
noticeable huap at low strains, indicate
soae sort of disturbance or rearrangeaent
of particles within the coapacted structure
in aicaceous soils. Such a behaviour of
aicaceous soils during shear can be explain-
ed by the following hypothesis:
When the shear stress is applied to the soil
the stress is partly carried by the clay
aatrix and partly by the atoa particles,
which have randoa arrangements within the
coapacted soil. At low stress levels, aost
of the stress is carried by the mica parti­
cles which tend to be bent and elastically
deforaed. The response of the soil under
such low stress conditions is essentially
elastic and thus when the load is reaoved
the aica particles tend to return to their
original shape.
With increasing strains bodily aoveaent as
well as orientation of the aica particles
take place in the coapacted soil. In the
process soae particles lose their elastically
coapreaaed state. More stress is transfer­
red to the clay aatrix whose structure tends
to becoae aore dispersed. With increasing
strains, there is further plastic yield of
the clay aatrix and the mica particles
along the shear zone are orientated parallel
to the shear plane. At this stage the
resistance to shear is given by the sum of
resistance in the dispersed clay aatrix and
the resistance given by aica particles,
either sliding over aica particles, or over
the dispersed clay aatrix. This is the
condition at the high strain of about 25$,
which yield the saae shear strength values
for saaples of different initial densities,
but under the saae confining pressure.
168
P R E S S U R E T o n s /s q ftX Io g )
f Starting point all samples.
z
o
z
a
<
UJ
cc
_I
<
o
10.0 10QO IPOO.O “ laoooo
T IM E IN M IN U T E S
Fig. 4- Typical consolidation curves of
micaceous soil and their rebound
on release of load.
Effects of Moulding Moisture Contents
In order to study the effect of initial
aoulding moisture contents on the shear
parameters of the soil, a few set of saaples
were prepared at the saae dry densities but
different aoulding aoisture contents. The
two sets of saaples prepared below and above
optiaua aoisture contents but having the
saae dry densities were subjected to sa­
turation in a triaxial cell, using back
pressures. The saturation of saaples tend
to bring thea to more or less siailar end
conditions of moisture content and density,
except that the initial aoulding aoisture
contents are different in the two cases.
The location of various sets of samples on
the aoisture density curves are shown in
Figure 3. The typical stress deforaation
and pore water pressure curves are shown in
Figure 6. It was observed froa the test
results that the samples aoulded below
optiaua aoisture content generally showed
higher peak deviator stress than tbe ones
prepared above optiaum aoisture content.
The pore water pressures for saaples aoulded
above optiaua aoisture contents were genera­
lly about 20 to 22% higher at peak deviator
stress than the saaples aoulded below O.M.C.
Another notable feature of aicaceous soil
was that for two saaples coapacted above the
optiaua aoisture contents to the saae
 RESI D U A L M I C A CEO U S SOI LS
Fig. 5 Typical stress-deformation and
pore water pressure curves for
a micaceous soil compacted to
various densities.
density, the one compacted with higher com-
pactive effort gave lower peak strength
values.
This has been explained in good deal or
detail by Lambe (1958, 1980) Seed (1959) and
confirmed by De Graft-Johnson et al, (1968)
on compacted clays. It has been established
by these authors that for the same moisture
contents above O.M.C., the degree of disper­
sion increases with increase of compactive
energy. It was further established that any
increase in the degree of dispersion tends to
decrease the strength; particularly above
optimum moisture content. This explains
the reason for lower strengths with higher
compactive effort at moisture contents above
the optimum in micaceous soils.
1 69
Fig.8 The effect of initial moulding
moistures and compactive energy
on the stress-deformations and
pore water pressures.
SHEAR PARAMETERS IN MICACEOUS SOILS
A number of samples compacted to different
densities and subjected to shear in a tria-
xlal cell at various cell pressures gave
the Mohr's circles of the type shown in
Figure 7. It would be seen from this
figure that strength in micaceous soils
increases rapidly with the increase in
confining pressures. The test results for
the same sample therefore produce two
limiting lines of shear, one for the low
and the other for the high cell pressures.
It would farther be observed that the angle
of internal friction of the samples tested
at low and high cell pressures is Just the
same, though there are two distinct values
of cohesion. Similar results were obtained
by Casagrande et el (1900) on the clay
samples from the site of Canyon Dam. These
authors treated such clays as non-cohesive
materials, and drew a single line of limi­
ting shear, passing through the origin and
 G R A F T - J O H N S O N , BHATIA and G I D I G A S U

a tangent on circle*, representing high

^At TOR or "5 'A r f T V
confining pressures in the test. Using the USING SHEAR PAR* METERS-JABUE II
s u e principle a Halting line of shear FAILURES (•> 12) 13) (+J
Low cell pre High cell pr* -asagrandco
strength was also obtained in aicaceous Strain> 247.
soils. These three distinct sets of shear SALT-POND
paraaeters, both apparent and effective are BY PASS 2 40 5-45 0.52 0-943
Case T
shown in a typical Mohr's diagraa in Figure
ACCRA-
7. In addition Figure 8 is obtained using
CAPE COAST 212 5 57 0-2 56
a single shear value at a strain of about RD MILE 70
09 23
25% for saaples coapacted to various ..COS« JL
densities, but tested at different cell
pressures. The test results therefore
give four sets of shear parameters for a
single soil and these are shown in Table II.
The application of such different sets of
shear paraaeters to design and stability
probleas can produce widely different
results.

Sample 1of f¡0 ( 3 )

Averag ï = II I5 2lb*/cult
” wi = Í* ’!' High cell pre ssure
•’ wf = 2 Nat

Casagrdto
construct!
Case U ACC RA - CAPE COAST RD MILE 70

Parameter ►

High cell pressure £=:13#-0'

Low c< II pressure Caj hgranddfc

U
J 30 \ ( onstruction

30 60 90

NORMAL STRESS
Casa I 5ALTP0ND BY-PASS FAILURE

Fig.9 Factors of safety for two embankment

Fig. 7 Typical Mohr's diagram of a mica­ failures built in micaceous soils,
using different shear parameters for
ceous soil showing three different the same set of samples.
sets of shear parameters for the
same set of samples.
APPLICATION OF STRENGTH PARAMETERS TO
STABILITY PROBLEMS

The different sets of shear parameters were

applied to the stability analysis of some
C = 555 Psi <t> = 11°- 30'
actual embankment failures that have taken
C' r 15 .. <J> r 17 - 45'
place in Ghana. The application of the

r
£ n lis ‘ different sets of shear parameters and
.—
their resultant factors of safety as
obtained for the two embankment failures
are shown in Figure 9. It would be
seen in the figure that the use of shear

0 30 50 90
ۥ - Psi
120
V 150
parameter C' and 0' obtained from the
deviator stress at a strain of about
25# gave factor of safety at the tiae of
failure very close to one. The other values
either gave very much higher or lower fac­
Fig.8 Typical Mohr's diagram of a mica­ tors of safety. It can therefore be reaark-
ceous soil at strains of 25% ed that the use of deviator stress at a
giving a single set of shear
parameters. Independent of densi­
ties and initial moulding moisture
contents.

17 0
 RESIDUAL M I C A C E O U S SOILS

TABLE II Showing different shear parameters for the same set of samples of a typical
micaceous soil of Ghana.

3aaple Dry Moul­ Cell Peak Deviator SHSAE P£RAMKTKR3(PEAK CBTIATOS 3TBB3$
Ho. Denai-^r ding Pressure Deflator Stress -
Looation Lba / o t t Mois­ Pai. Stress
in tures Strain (1) (2) (3) (4)
W-g. 3 li-# Pai. Psi. ■Ave­ Low cell
SST <e,-6ÿ
rage
Pressures
High cell Ca»agrande's Strain -
SS! C 0 C' 0" Pressures fams-trufitrinn
C 0 C fC C 0 C' 0'
2. Ï *
0

(1) 105.5 6*4 10 19.7 5.5 20.4 2.5

105.8 6.0 20 19.5 11.7 2 2 .0 3.7
J J
104.4 6.7 30 49.8 2 0 .8 23-5 5.2 00 19°45 0 -02Ì-30
1
106.0 6.2 60 63.0 30 .0 43.2 21.5 135 16-5

105-3 5.8 75 72.0 25.0 52.5 27.0 J J

(2) 100.8 9.7 10 14.3 4.0 2 0.4 2.5 1,

7#
-30
101.7 10.1 20 19.7 7-5 2 2 .0 3.7 j
100.3 10.3 30 43.3 9.5 23.5 5.2 00 17=15 00 22' 5-25 ino
1 1
99.6 9.5 60 52.4 22.5 43.2 21.5 130 16 5 8°-30

101.2 10.4 75 59.5 28.0 52.5 27.0 J

J

(3) 96.2 9.7 10 14.5 4.5 20.4 2.5 1 1

7-30 7-3Ó

95.3 9.0 20 21.2 7.2 2 2 .0 3-7 J J

95.5 8.7 30 4 0 .4 8.0 23.5 5.2 00 150-15 00 1930

95.0 9.3 6o 48.8 18.5 43-2 21.5 13 5 165 7-3Ò

95.7 10.2 75 53.8 2 2 .0 52.5 27.0

Notes C and C’ values are in Psi.

strain of about 25# provides the only CONCLUSIONS

satisfactory answer in analysing the sta­
bility problems in micaceous soils. The
use of shear parameters obtained from
deviator stress at this strain has another
advantage that the parameters remain
unaffected by the change of densities
within the usual working range obtained
in the laboratory and the field.
(1) The elastic nature of mica particles
tend to initiate a slow but long chain
reaction during consolidation and shear
tests in micaceous soils. In the consoli­
dation test the mica particles take a
considerable time to reach the maximum
deformation under a given load. As soon
as this load is removed the soil tends to
recover a large portion of its deformation
instantaneously. This is considered due

171
 G R A F T - J O H N S O N , B H A TI A a n d G I D I G A S U

to the resilient nature of mica particles. (3) Casagrande, A. and Hirschfeld R.C.,
(2) During shear, the stress-deformation (1960) "Stress deformation and
curves of micaceous soils at different den­ strength characteristics of a
sities, register higher peak devlator clay compacted to a constant dry
stress with higher densities. The curves unit weight." Res.Conf.shear
however tend to converge to a single line strength of cohesive soils;
at a strain of about 25$. The deviator Am.S.C.E.
stress at this strain gives the ultimate
strength expected of a micaceous soil. The (4) deGraft-Johnson, J.W.S., et al; (1968)
deviator stress at this strain for different "The engineering characteristics
confining pressures, gives a set of shear of lateritic residual clay of
parameters, which remain unaffected by the Ghana for earth dam construction".
density of micaceous soils. Sym. Earth and Rock Fill Dams,
Ind.Nat.Soc.SMFE, New Delhi.
(3) The strength of a micaceous soil
increases rapidly with increase in confi­ (5) Kerlayson, J.D. and Schandrof, J.R.H.,
ning pressures, and this in turn produces (1966) "Chemical analysis of Ghana
two distinct sets of shear parameters when rocks, ores and minerals, 1948 -
the maximum deviator stress is made a 1963" Ghana, Geo.Sur.Bull.No.42.
criteria for the failure.
(4) In design problems unless an earth (6) Lambe, T.lf. (1958) "The Engineering
structure has high confining pressures, behaviour of compacted clay".
(more then about 2.5 tons/sft), the use
of shear parameters at a strain of about Jour•SMFED, ASCE. Vol.84,
25% produce most satisfactory results in Paper 1655.
the design and stability analysis. The
use of any other parameters can produce (7) Seed, H.B. and Chan (1959) "Structure
very misleading results in micaceous soils.
and Strength characteristics of
compacted clays". Jour.SMFED,
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ASCE. Vol.85, NO.SM5 Paper 2216

The authors acknowledge with thanks the (8) Skempton, A.W., (1964) "Long term
assistance by Mr. S.H.K. Bani, Senior
Technical Officer, and Messrs. S.K. Afunya, stability of clay slopes".
E.A. Quarcoo and J.M. Armah (Senior Labora­ Geotechnique Vol.XIV, No.2.
tory Technicians) in carrying out the labo­
ratory work. In addition Mr. A.K. Castel
(Engineer Trainee) assisted in the prepara­ (9) Trollope, D.H. and Chan C.K. (1960)
tion of the paper. "Soil structure and the step
strain phenomenon".
Jour. SMFED, ASCE. Paper 2431
REFERENCES

(1) Anon, (1949) "Micaceous Soil - chief
problem at Atlanta airport". Rds.
and Str., 92:7:43.
(2) Arulanandan, K. and Bhatia, H.S.(1960)
"The formation and engineering
properties of some Ghanaian Soil".
Ghana Rd.Res.Note 5, P.W.D. Accra.
(10) Tubey L.W., and Bullman J.N., (1964)
"Micaceous soils: Method of
determining mica content and
the use of routine tests in
the evaluation of such soils"
Proc.second.Conf.Aust.Rd.Res.
Board, Vol.II. p.p.880 - 901.

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