1: HAZARDS, VULNERABILITY, & EXPOSURE EXPOSURE – condition of the different elements

situated in a hazard-prone area.

WHAT IS HAZARD? ▪ EXPOSURE OF PHYSICAL ELEMENTS
HAZARD – process, phenomena or human activity - Hairline cracks on walls, toppled electrical
that may cause potentially: (UNDRR) posts, damage bridge.
• Loss of life ▪ EXPOSURE OF SOCIAL ELEMENTS
• Injury - Isolated areas, elderly people, patients
• Property damage confined in hospitals.
• Loss of livelihood & services ▪ EXPOSURE OF ECONOMIC ELEMENTS
• Social & economic disruption ▪ EXPOSURE OF ENVIRONMENTAL
• Environmental damage ELEMENTS
▪ Hazards are possibilities. THEY CAN - Air pollution, deforested mangroves,
STRIKE ANYWHERE, ANYTIME. polluted river.
▪ Can cause disasters. - 50 years from now manila will be
▪ Hazard first before disaster. (trigger) submerge fully.
- GLOBAL WARMING
WHAT ARE THE DIFFERENT TYPES OF HAZARDS?
1) Natural Hazards IS THE PHILIPPINES VULNERABLE & EXPOSED?
2) Geophysical hazards YES.
3) Hydrological hazards ▪ PACIFIC RING OF FIRE
4) Meteorological hazards  Circum-pacific belt
5) Climate Hazards  Approx. 40,000 km
i) Climate (long term)
 Traces boundaries between several
ii) Weather (short term)
tectonic plates
iii) CLIMATECHANGE
 95% of earthquakes
6) Alien Planet Hazard
i) Heavenly bodies  75% volcano eruptions
7) Environmental Hazard ▪ PHILIPPINE FAULT ZONE (PFZ) 1,200km
8) Biological Hazard ▪ WESTERN PACIFIC BASIN (25 tropical
9) Anthropogenic Hazards (man-made) cyclones)
i) Technical Hazards
ii) Chemical Radiation Hazards MARGINALIZED & MINORITY – most vulnerable and
iii) Major Traffic Hazards exposed.
▪ Women
SINGLE-HAZARD RISK ANALYSIS: ▪ Children and youth
1. HAZARD ▪ Old people
2. EXPOSURE ▪ PWD
3. VULNERABILITY ▪ Migrants
4. CAPACITY ▪ Ethnic minorities and indigenous people

Hazard analysis: (Rimando, 2016)

1. Community-based Disaster History Table
(due to what disaster, areas affected,
damages/losses)
2. Hazard and Vulnerability Map
(high, moderate, or low susceptibility)
3. Factor-based Analysis
(basis for community-based DRRM plans, type of
hazard, frequency, duration, speed of onset,
intensity, probability, forewarning, manageability)
WHAT IS VULNERABILITY?
VULNERABILITY – conditions determined by physical,
social, economic, and environmental factors or
processes which increase the susceptibility of an
individual to be harmed.
▪ PHYSICAL VULNERABILITY
Tangible factors; people, assets, structures;
Proximity to hazards, access to basic resources,
and building materials.
▪ SOCIAL VULNERABILITY
People with disability, social status, age and
gender.
▪ ECONOMIC
Poor members of the society, closure of
businesses, farming damage & loss.
▪ ENVIRONMENTAL
Denuded forests, polluted oceans, smoke
belching.
WHAT IS EXPOSURE?
▪ Medication-dependent individuals
▪ Informal settlers
▪ Homeless
▪ Incarcerated individuals (condition in prison)
HOW CAN WE PREVENT HAZARDS BECOME A
DISASTER?
1. Single-Hazard Risk Analysis – methodology
for reducing risks (UNDRR, 2017).
b) Hazard analysis – hazard & vulnerability map
c) Exposure analysis
d) Vulnerability analysis
e) Capacity analysis
f) Factor based analysis – to gain more knowledge
about the hazard.
2. Community-Based Disaster History Table –
tally of historical information.
2: BASIC CONCEPTS OF DISASTER & DISASTER
RISKS
WHAT IS A DISASTER?
Ancient Greek prefix δυσ-, (dus-), which means "bad,"
and ἀστήρ (aster), which means "star." = BAD STAR
was linked to people’s beliefs and fate (ancient times)
DISASTER – are natural phenomena or human activity-
driven events that: creates injury and death among
people damage properties and infrastructures disrupts
socio-economic, cultural, and political processes
degradation of the environment.

(International Federation of Red Cross)
a sudden, catastrophic event that seriously disrupts the
functioning of a community or a society.
WHEN DOES A HAZARD BECOME A DISASTER?
- When the hazard hits a vulnerable populated area.
- losses exceed the community's or society's ability to
cope
WHAT IS DISASTER RISK?
DISASTER RISK – the potential loss of life, injury, or
damaged assets that could occur to a system, society, or
community at a specific time results from the interaction
between exposure, vulnerability, and hazard results from
the interaction between exposure, vulnerability, and
hazard.
2 types of disaster risk:
1. Acceptable or Tolerable Risk
if potential losses are acceptable or tolerable risk
is adequately controlled.
2. Residual Risk
if the risk is not managed even if effective
disaster risk reduction measures exist.
NATIONAL DISASTER RISK:
- Intensive and extensive disaster risk that can create
a potential nationwide impact either in one event
or more.
- Needs the intervention of the NDRRMC
1. INTENSIVE RISK
The risk of low-severity, high-frequency hazardous
events and disasters, mainly but not exclusively
associated with highly localized hazards. mainly a
characteristic of large cities or densely populated
areas that are not only exposed to intense hazards
such as strong earthquakes, active volcanoes, heavy
floods, tsunamis or major storms but also have high
levels of vulnerability to these hazards.
2. EXTENSIVE RISK
The risk of high-severity, mid-to-low frequency
disasters, mainly associated with major hazards.
Usually high where communities are exposed to, and
vulnerable to, recurring localized floods, landslides,
storms or drought. Extensive disaster risk is often
exacerbated by poverty, urbanization and
environmental degradation.
CHARACTERISITC OF DISASTER RISK
 Forward-looking – the possibility that it can
cause loss of life, damage to properties, and
destruction to the environment anytime in the
future.
 Dynamic – it can increase or decrease
depending on the ability of the people to reduce
their vulnerability.
 Invisible – it includes the threats of high impact
disasters as well as the low-impact disasters that
are often unseen by many.
 Unevenly distributed around the Earth –
hazards are present in different countries, but
the disaster risk is different from one country to
another. It is due to the unique ability of each
country to reduce its exposure and vulnerability
to hazards.
 Emergent and complex – disasters do not only
affect the social and physical aspect of the
society but also includes environmental and
economic aspects as well
DISASTER RISK EQUATION
hazards x exposure x vulnerability
Disaster Risk =
capacity
WHAT IS CAPACITY?
CAPACITY – the ability of the community to manage the
adverse conditions of disasters by using all their
available strengths, attributes, and resources.
Ex. earthquake drill, cleaning shoreline, planting trees.
TO DECREASE < DISASTER RISK, INCREASE >
CAPACITY.