*NOTE: Trong này đa phần là dịch từ sách của cô Hạnh, nên chắc chắn có sai chính tả,

ngữ pháp chút xíu. Mọi người chép thì nhớ để ý xíu rùi sửa lại nha.

- Có những phần dịch siêu dô tree, như là “Cá từ” thì sẽ là “stirring bar” chứ không phải
là “magnetic fish” đâu nhe

BÀI 1: HYDROLYSIS OF SUCROSE (NGHỊCH ĐẢO ĐƯỜNG)

Question 1:

a.

 Purpose:

- Understand that the hydrolysis of sucrose in water is a first-order reaction.

- Knowing that the polarization angle replaces the sugar concentration.

- Know that the hydrolysis reaction of sucrose is called the inverse sugar

reaction.

- Proficient in using a polarimeter.

 Procedure:

Weigh 20g of sugar on a technical scale (read 2 odd numbers) with a plastic fork and then
put it into a cup containing 80 ml of H2O. Filter out the solution on a regular filter funnel,
if necessary.

Determine (0):

Use a pipette to take 25ml of sugar solution into the cup + 25ml of distilled water, and
stir well. Be careful, put it in the cuvette containing the sample (do not create air bubbles
inside the cuvette), let it dry, and measure 0.

Determine (t):

- Take another 25ml of sugar solution and put it in the cup.

- Prepare 25ml of 1N HCl solution into another cup. Pour the HCl solution into the sugar
solution. Record time t = 0.

Stir the mixture well, put it into the cuvette containing the sample, dry it, and measure
(t). Record the temperature at times t = 5,10,15, 20, 30, 40, 50, 75, and 90 minutes from
time t = 0. The mixture remains in the cuvette throughout the reaction time.

Meanwhile, heat the remaining reaction mixture (after placing it in the cuvette) to
70°C and hold at this temperature for 30 minutes. Cool it down to room temperature then
measure ().

b. In the sugar inverse reaction rate constant formula, why can concentration be
replaced by the angular rotation coefficient ?

Glucose, fructose, and sucrose are optically active and rotate the plane of polarization.
The degree of rotation of the plane of polarization depends on the concentration of the
substance, so the concentration can be replaced by the degree of polarization rotation.

c. Predict the polar rotation angle change of the sucrose inversion reaction
mixture.

The rotation angle will gradually decrease to 0 and then become negative over the
reaction time
 BÀI 2: IONIC CONDUCTIVITY (ĐỘ DẪN DUNG DỊCH)

Question 1:

a. Purpose:

- Understand the principles of measuring conductivity of electrolytes.

- Distinguish between the concepts of specific conductivity and equivalent conductivity.
- Apply the Onsager - Kohlrauch relation for strong electrolytes (HCl, NaCl,
NaCH3COO).
- Recognize the relationship between the dissociation degree and the dissociation
constant K(a) of the weak acid CH3COOH.
- Proficient in using a conductivity meter.

Chemical &Equipment:

Procedure:

- Learn how to operate the conductivity meter.

- Mix in 6 cups of solution with the following ingredients (use a burette)

The finished solution is measured for specific conductivity X directly on the

machine. Repeat with HCl, NaCl, CH3COONa, and CH3COOH solution.

b. State the operating principles of the Wheatstone bridge.

 This article will not use a Wheatstone bridge to measure conductivity but will use a
conductivity-measuring device. Because the Wheatstone bridge is for reference only.

Resistance R3=R4

R2 is a variable resistor whose value can be read

R1 is the solution to be measured

Place 2 terminals A-B for alternating current

Adjust the rheostat R2 until the Voltmeter (V) has a value of 0 V, then the resistance of
the solution is equal to the rheostat resistance (R1=R2)

c. Why is the mobility of OH- and H+ ions greater than that of other ions?

H⁺ has greater ionic mobility which is explained by the Grothaus mechanism. According
to this process, excess proton transfers through the hydrogen bonding network of the
water molecules by breaking and forming covalent -OH bonds involving neighboring
molecules.
 BÀI 3: ION TRANSPORT NUMBER (SỐ VẬN TẢI ION)

Question 1:
a. Purpose:
- Master the definition of ion transport number.
- Principle of Hittorf method to determine the transport number of H+, SO4 2-
ions in H2SO4 solution.
- Structure of copper coulombometer.

Chemical - Equipment:

Procedure:
Installing the experiment as the diagram shows in the figure.
The electrolytic tank has two branches connected in
series with the copper coulombometer.
Proceed as follows:
- Use fine sandpaper to polish the two
copper plates of the coulombometer. Wash with
distilled water. The cathode is wiped dry with
absorbent paper and weighed to determine
the exact weight (4 odd numbers).
-Install the two plates into the coulombometer.
Fill in the CuSO4 solution.
- Use a measuring cylinder to pour determined volumes of H2SO4 into two branches of
the electrolysis tank (each branch is 65ml), pay attention to pouring the solution very
slowly to avoid air bubbles between the two branches) then plug in two platinum
electrodes.
- After the instructor checks the electrical circuit for safety, turn on the power for the
system to operate. The adjustable current intensity is about 150mA. Perform electrolysis
for 90 minutes. During that time, it is necessary to measure the temperature of the
electrolysis solution at the beginning and end of the experiment (why?).
- Determine the H2SO4 solution, provided (three times, 10ml each time) with NaOH
solution to determine the concentration before electrolysis, using two drops of
phenolphthalein indicator.
- When stopping electrolysis, (lift the copper cathode out of the CuSO4 solution before
turning off the power) wash the cathode with distilled water, dry gently with absorbent
paper (avoid the copper plating layer peeling off), and weigh again to determine the
weight of mCu during electrolysis.
- Pour the H2SO4 solution at the cathode and anode into two separate beakers and titrate
with NaOH (3 times, 10ml H2SO4 solution each time) to determine the concentration
after electrolysis.

b. Present the movement and equivalent change of ions in the area anode in the
Hittorf tank?
2 H2O → 4 H+ + O2 + 4e
Positively charged ions ( H+) move from the anode to cathode, negatively charged ions (
SO4 ) move from the cathode to anode.
2-

In the area of anode, the equivalent of H+ decreases while the equivalent of SO42-
increase

c. Reasons for changing the concentration of ions in the anode and cathode
areas of the Hittorf tank:
Because the SO42- ion moves from the cathode to the anode, the amount of H+ produced
at the anode is more than the amount of H+ transferred, the amount of H+ lost at the
cathode is more than the amount of H+ transferred.
 BÀI 4: VAPOR-LIQUID EQUILIBRIUM (CÂN BẰNG LỎNG-HƠI)

a. Purpose:
- Master the Raoult and Konovalop I laws of vapor-liquid equilibrium.
- What are positive bias and negative bias systems?
- Investigating the balance between vapor-liquid of two infinitely miscible liquid systems
using the distillation method.
- Set up the "temperature - composition" (T-x) phase diagram and determine the
coordinates of the isotropy point on the diagram (if any).
- Proficient in using ABBE refractometer.

Chemical - Equipment:

Procedure:
In this experimental article, we examine the vapor-liquid equilibrium of the benzene-
acetone system.
Before conducting the experiment, students will be instructed on how to use the
distillation unit. Do experiments for each solution (numbered from 1 to 6) as follows:
 Measure the refractive index of the solution with a refractometer, and record the
results in the table.
 Put all the solution in the vial into the distillation flask (when the flask is cool), the
amount of liquid in the flask accounts for about 2/3 of the flask volume. Put a few
pumice stones in the flask.
 Install the flask into the water bath distillation set, taking care to keep the mercury
bulb (or alcohol bulb) of the thermometer half submerged in solution. Put water
through the condenser tube.
 Start heating and observe the solution. When the liquid begins to boil (small air
bubbles appear steadily from the inside of the liquid), record the temperature T1.
Quickly turn the condenser tube to the lower position (be careful of the fragile
connecting pipe, pay attention to keep the heating system intact. Do not let the
steam escape from the neck of the distillation flask) and take 3-5 drops of
condensed steam into the glass bottle, then close the stopper. Measure the
refractive index of this vapor condensate.
Return the condenser to its original position and read the Capacitor boiling temperature
again T2 (if T1 and T2 differ by more than 1°, you must redo the experiment from the
beginning).
The boiling temperature of the system is calculated as the average value of T1 and T2:
T(s)= (T1+T₂)/2
Stop heating, lift the kettle out of the water bath, and cool the kettle with an absorbent
cloth wrapped around it or a cup of cold water. Once the jar has cooled, return the
solution to the original container.
Continue to proceed with other solutions.

b. What is the ideal solution?

A substance made up of substances with nearly the same properties, a substance in which
the activity coefficient of the components is equal to 1. In which the interaction between
elements of the same type and different types is the same, for example: benzene - toluene,
ethanol-methanol, diethyl ether-dimethyl ether
c. From extracting measured solution samples, how to determine solution
concentration
Method to create standard curve:
First, mix the solutions with the correct composition, measure the refractive index of the
solution to create a curve n=f(x), then use this standard curve to determine the
composition of the solutions when knowing its refractive index. (Data to create a standard
curve has been provided by the laboratory, students only need to draw the standard curve)
 BÀI 5: ENTHALPY (NHIỆT PHẢN ỨNG)

a. Purpose:
- Understand the principles of the calorimetry method
- How to use the Beckmann thermometer.
- Know how to determine the deltaT temperature difference from the temperature-time
graph
- Determine the heat of neutralization of strong acids and strong bases
- Determine the heat of dissociation of weak acids

Chemical - Equipment:

Procedure:
1. Determine the total heat capacity W:
 Use a ceramic mortar and grinder to finely grind dried KC1 (can be replaced with
KNO3), then accurately weigh about 5g of KC1 into a plastic weighing pan.
 Use a 500ml volumetric flask and a 10ml pipette to measure 510ml of distilled
water and put it into the reaction vessel (Dewar flask) of the calorimeter.
- Install the tool as shown in the figure.
  Let the stirrer run for 5 minutes to stabilize the temperature.
 Press the stopwatch and start timing to record the temperature:
 Record temperature every 30 seconds
 After 8 temperature recordings, open the calorimeter lid and put all KC1 in water
(quick operation).
 Continue monitoring and recording temperature after 15 seconds.
 During this stage, the temperature will change very quickly, so record the value
every 15 seconds, until two consecutive values do not change anymore, then
record 5 more points (30 seconds apart) and finish.
 Remove the tool, discard the solution (be careful to keep the stir bar), and rinse
with water.
 Draw a graph of temperature-time (T-t), and determine deltaT according to the
instructions in the appendix at the end of the article.
2. Determine the heat of dilution
Do the same as experiment 1 (KCl dissolution part), the only difference is:
 Replace KC1 with 10ml NaOH 6M solution, contained in a 50ml plastic beaker.
 Replace 510ml of distilled water with 500ml of distilled water.
 From this experiment, deltaT2 can be determined
3. Determine the heat of neutralization
 Do the same as experiment 2, except replace 500ml of distilled water with 500ml
of 0.1M HCl.
 From this experiment, deltaT3 can be determined
4. Determine the heat of dissociation
 Do the same as experiment 3, except replace 500ml HCl with 500ml CH3COOH
0.1M.
 From this experiment, deltaT can be determined.

b. How does a calorimeter work?

A calorimeter is a structured device to conduct thermodynamic processes and measure
the thermal effects of these processes by measuring the temperature difference delta T
before and after the reaction. The calorimeter is very insulated good.

c. Set up the formula to calculate the heat of neutralization from deltaT1,

deltaT2, and deltaT3.

Nhiệt hòa tan: the heat of dissolution

hòa tan: dissolve
pha loãng: dilute; trung hòa: neutralization
 BÀI 6: VISCOSITY (ĐỘ NHỚT…)

a. Purpose:
- Understand the concepts of absolute viscosity, relative viscosity, specific viscosity,
reduced viscosity, and characteristic viscosity.
- Pay attention to the change in viscosity with temperature.
- Master the Mark-Houwink formula.
- Proficient in measuring the solution viscosity using a capillary viscometer to determine
the average molecular weight of polymers.
- Grasp the influence of environmental pH on colloidal viscosity.

Chemical - Equipment:

Procedure:
1. Determination of polymer molecular
 To determine the flow time of the solvent and the solution to be studied, we use an
Ostwald viscometer.
 Use a pipette to mix polyvinyl alcohol solution in water (or rubber solution in
toluene depending on the Laboratory's request) with a concentration of 0.1 - 0.2 -
0.3 - 0.4 - 0.5 - 0.6g/ 100ml goes from 1g/100ml solution in test tubes. The total
required space volume is 16m1.
 Measure the flow time of the liquid as follows:
 Rinse the viscometer with liquid several times.
 Use a pipette to suck up 6ml of liquid and put it into the right arm of the
viscometer. Use the bulb to suck up the liquid a little past line A (avoiding any air
bubbles in the liquid column), then remove the bulb to let the liquid flow
naturally.
 Use a stopwatch to measure the time it takes the liquid to flow from line A to line
B. Measure at least three times and take the average value.
 Measure the flow time of the solvent and the diluted solutions from thin to thick.
Each time a new solution is measured, the viscometer must be rinsed with the
same solution 3 times. Record the temperature after each measurement.
 After completing the experiment, you must clean the viscometer with solvent
several times and fill it with solvent to soak.
2. Survey the effect of pH on colloidal viscosity (only done at the request of the
laboratory)
  Dissolve 3 grams of clean gelatin in 100ml of distilled water at 50°C, and shake
until completely dissolved.
 Prepare 8 clean dry test tubes on the rack. Add 10 ml of gelatin solution to each
test tube. Then add in order each tube exactly 20ml of the following:

 Shake the solutions well

 Measure the pH of the solutions in test tubes using a pH meter. Conduct viscosity
measurement at 25°C. Measure the flow time of distilled water first, then dilute
the solution, and finally concentrate the solution. Change from solution acid to
alkaline and carefully rinse the viscometer.

b. Definition of relative viscosity, specific viscosity, reduced viscosity, and

characteristic viscosity.
Absolute viscosity:
Characterizes the friction between fluid particles in motion.
The higher the viscosity, the greater the friction, so the longer the fluid flows.
That's why we came up with measuring viscosity by measuring the flow time in a
capillary tube
The proportional relationship between viscosity and flow time in a capillary viscometer is
as follows:
=
Relative viscosity:

Specific viscosity:

To see the effect of concentration, the reduced viscosity must be calculated:

It is seen that the higher the concentration, the higher the shortening viscosity.

When the concentration approaches 0, the solution approaches pure solvent, so where
will it go?
The answer is that it approaches a value different from the pure solvent viscosity and
depends on the nature of the solute.

Therefore, a characteristic viscosity is introduced:

The specific viscosity cannot be measured directly but must be by measuring the
viscosity of different dilutes and then deducing the specific viscosity by graph or least
squares method.

c. What is an electrolytic polymeric solution? Is the rubber/toluene

solution an electrolyte or non-electrolyte? Why?
These are macromolecular compounds that can dissociate when swollen and
dissolved. Not an electrolyte polymer solution, because rubber cannot dissociate in
a toluene solution.
 BÀI 7: SURFACE TENSION ( SỨC CĂNG BỀ MẶT CHẤT LỎNG )

a. Purpose:
 Proficient in the method of measuring the surface tension of solution using
capillary phenomenon.
 Define adsorption.
 Master the Gibbs equation.
 Determine the dependence of the adsorption on the concentration C of the
solution.
 The surface activity of a substance can be evaluated from surface tension
measurements.

Chemical - Equipment:

Procedure:
Stage 1: wash the capillaries
Mix a little detergent into water, and stir vigorously until it dissolves completely.
Put it in the surface tension measuring vessel, and gently press bulb A (or rubber tube) to
clean the capillary tube thoroughly (many times). Pour out the cleaning liquid. Add clean
water and rinse the capillary several times as above. If the liquid column is broken into
many pieces, it means the capillary is not clean, it must be rinsed with detergent and then
rinsed thoroughly with water.
Finally, put distilled water into the capillary and rinse it several times.
Use filter paper to clean and dry the top of the capillary.
Stage 2: measure liquid height
With water solvent: put a specified volume of distilled water into the flask (according to
the regulations of the laboratory, for example, 50ml) so that the liquid level is submerged
under the capillary without being too smeared. Gently press bulb A to expel all the liquid,
then release it gently so that the liquid column rises slowly and stops. Note this lowered
height. Now, squeeze bulb A firmly to expel all the liquid, then release so that the liquid
column rises and slowly lowers to level h'2.
If the capillary column is clean, h2 = h’2. If not, the capillary must be rinsed again.
Perform the above action three times, read the height of the lowered liquid column
in the capillary tube and the height of the liquid level, h, outside the tube (see the drawing
on how to read the lowering and lowering values).
where h is the rising height of the liquid column to be determined.
With n-butanol solutions of different concentrations:
 Pour out the distilled water. Rinse the flask with 20ml of n-butanol 0.6M solution.
 Put a specified volume of 0.6 M n-butanol (similar to water, as specified by the
laboratory, for example 50ml) into the flask and measure as above.
After measuring with the initial solution, dilute the solution by withdrawing 1/2 volume
(25ml) of solution, add an equivalent amount (25ml) of distilled water, and stir well.
Measure the rise height of the liquid column similarly as above after rinsing the capillary
many times with the same solution just mixed.
- Continue diluting (withdraw 25ml of solution and add 25ml of distilled water) and
measure the column height.
Repeat the above process 10 times, and record the results in the table. Note the
temperature each time you measure.
Attention:
- When measuring, keep the capillary upright
- After each addition of distilled water, the h value must be read again
- Read the temperature each time.

b. Define surfactants and non-surfactants.

 Surfactant is a wetting agent that reduces surface tension between two liquids or
between a liquid and a solid. A substance whose molecules are polar: one head is
hydrophilic and one tail is hydrophobic.
 Nonionic surfactants contain no charge. They are commonly found in laundry and
dishwasher detergents. They are the second most widely used surfactants after
anionic. These molecules have no charge and so they are less likely to form a 'soap
scum' in hard water.
c. Can we judge the surface activity of n-butanol based on the capillary column
height during dilution?

(hong béc làm:)) )

 BÀI 8: ORDER OF REACTION (BẬC PHẢN ỨNG)

a. Purpose:
- Understand the principles of the isolation method in investigating reaction kinetics.
- Distinguish between reaction order and molecular number.
- Distinguish between concentration level and time level.
- Know how to apply the differential method to process the results of investigating the
order of the redox reaction between potassium persulfate (K2S2O8) and potassium iodide
(KI),

Chemical - Equipment:

Procedure:
The erlenes (conical flasks) are dried and allowed to cool. Perform experiments from 1 to
6 according to the table below:
Use burette to get K2S2O8 N/10, KI N/10, and water. Use a pipette to take Na2S2O8
N/100.

Shake the Erlenes flasks well. Pour jar (II) into jar (I). Press chronograph. Shaken.
Observe until the solution has a light purple color, then press stop. Record reaction time.
Track progress and record the reaction temperature in each experiment.

b. What are concentration orders and time orders?

 The concentration order is the reaction order determined by determining the
rate at t=0 with a series of reactions with different initial concentrations C.
(excluding by-products and intermediates above the reaction rate )
 Time order is the reaction order determined by determining the
reaction rate determined from different times of a reaction.
c. Define reaction order. State the ways to determine the order of a reaction.
 The reaction order is a quantity that characterizes the degree of dependence of the
reaction rate depends on the concentration of the reactants
 Determination methods:
 Integral method (substitution method)
 Differential method
 Conversion time method of 1/q of the reactant portion.
BÀI 9: HYDROLYSIS OF ETHYL ACETATE (THỦY PHÂN ETHYL ACETATE)

Question :
Purpose:
- Determine that the ester hydrolysis reaction in an alkaline medium is a second-order
reaction.
- Grasp the meaning of activation energy and the influence of temperature on the
rate constant of a reaction through the Arrhenius relation.
- Use back titration method to determine NaOH concentration.
- Understand the reason for recirculating the reaction mixture.

Chemicals:

Procedure:
Perform ester hydrolysis at two temperatures:
a) Room temperature T1
- Use a measuring cylinder to take 150ml of NaOH M/100 solution and 150ml of ester
M/200 into two different 500ml conical flasks. Seal tightly.
- Prepare 6 erlenmeyer flasks, each containing 12.5ml HC1 M/100 solution.
- Quickly pour NaOH into the ester (record time t = 0), close the lid, and shake
vigorously.
- Read the temperature T. of the reaction solution (dip a clean thermometer into the
solution).
After 5, 10, 20, 30, 40, and 50 minutes, use a pipette to suck up 25ml of the reaction
mixture into a bottle containing 12.5 ml of acid.
Titrate excess HCl with DD NaOH M/100, using phenolphthalein indicator (2 drops). (Be
careful to avoid over-titration, at the equivalence point, a pale pink color is achieved that
lasts for about 30 seconds)
After 50 minutes, reheat the remaining reaction mixture in a water bath to 70°C and keep
it at that temperature for 30 minutes. Cool to room temperature, then sample and titrate as
above.
At 70°, the reaction occurs very quickly, so after 30 minutes the reaction can be
considered complete and the data obtained when titrating NaOH this time corresponds to
time t = .
b) Thermostat temperature T2:
The amount of solution experiments is the same as above. Soak the 2 flasks containing
ester and NaOH in the thermostatic flask for at least 20 minutes (do this early, right from
the measurement stage at room temperature),
to reach a temperature of about 38°C - 45°C (record the temperature Accurate T2,
according to thermostatic flask) then start the reaction.

b) Develop a formula to calculate the reaction rate constant between

CH3COOC2H5 and NaOH:

(chỗ k:t là k.t)

Let n0, nt, n∞ be the volume of NaOH remaining in the reaction mixture at times t = 0, t,
∞ (complete reaction at t∞ )
The NaOH concentration at each time point will be proportional to those volumes. The
ester concentration at the beginning and time t will be proportional to (n0 - n∞) and (nt -
n∞), respectively.
Therefore: C0 NaOH = b = A. no
C0 ester = a = A. (no - n∞)
Ct NaOH = b - x = A. nt
Ct estter = a - x = A (nt - n∞)
with: A is a proportionality constant.
Replace the values above to the formula:
Calculation
Ethyl acetate hydrolysis reaction:

Initial conductivity:

(1)

Final conductivity:

(2)

Conductivity at the time

 BÀI 10: ADSORPTION (HẤP PHỤ …..)

a. Purpose:
- Master the definition of adsorption rate and adsorption isotherm.
- Investigate the adsorption of acetic acid in water solution on activated carbon
and establish the corresponding adsorption isotherms.

Chemical - Equipment:

Procedure:
- Use 0.2M acetic acid CH3COOH and distilled water in a burette, and mix the following
solutions in 6 conical flasks with ground stoppers:

- Shake the bottles well.

- Use an analytical balance to weigh 6 activated carbon samples in plastic dishes, each
sample is 1g.
- Add a sample of charcoal to each container containing CH3COOH solution, close the
lid, and shake vigorously for a few minutes. Leave for 10 minutes then shake vigorously
for a few minutes. Leave for 30 minutes. Then filter it. Record the experiment
temperature. Water was filtered and analyzed with NaOH 0.05N solution with
phenolphthalein indicator.
With flasks 1, 2, 3 → analyze 3 times, each time using 5ml of filtered water.
Flasks 4, 5 → 3 times, use 10ml each time
 6 → 2 times, each time use 20ml
b. Scope of application of Freundlich, Langmuir a nd BET isotherm equations.
Freundlich: suitable for medium concentration (or pressure) ranges, because at low
concentrations is usually proportional to C and at high concentrations I often reaches a
limiting value and is therefore independent of C .
Langmuir: applies to the case of adsorption in gas or liquid phase. However, some special
adsorption heat curves or adsorption in the medium concentration range are not
explained. Langmuir explains the boundary cases: C (or P) is very large, C (or P) is very
small.
BET: an extension and generalization of Langmuir's theory of monolayer adsorption

c. Types of solid adsorbents and their typical properties.

Molecular adsorption: the adsorption of non-electrolyte or weakly electrolytic substances
on the solid-liquid boundary is molecular in nature and obeys Gibbs's law.

Traube's rule: in a homologous series of organic substances, the adsorption rate

decreases with increasing carbon chain length because the larger the molecule, the more
difficult it is to reach the small pores.

Rebinder's rule: a substance only adsorbs to the phase boundary when its presence in the
surface layer balances the polar concentrations of the two phases.
Ion adsorption: occurs in electrolyte solutions.

Selective adsorption: has appropriate charge and radius. The larger the radius, the greater
the ability to be adsorbed to the surface. Adsorption depends largely on the nature of the
ion.

Exchange adsorption: some adsorbents have a tight network structure, when balanced in
solution, the surface ions have high mobility. Capable of adsorbing an amount of ions
from solution, pushing an equivalent amount of other ions with the same sign into the
solution, so they are ion exchangers.