10

ron
and Steel and otton Textile Industry

IRON AND STEEL

indust lssstry is the INDUSTRY
iron
and
steel

fundamental or basic
modern industrial
of
The
I n es t u r d y s t r u c t u r e

lustries, such as
world is mademanufacturing
of steel. industry.
susidiary
automobiles, locomotive,
engineering, etc. are directly linked with
hine-tools, engi
ship-building,
Most of the
and quantity iron and steel iron and
steel industry.
The
quality

he
ature and type of the industry of
country, greatly influ-
industrial development. Iron a

ences

rms the
basis only of the
not
industrial structure but of and steel industry
world. The economic growth Oboth the v way oflife
of both develonedy
developed and developing
i nt n e m o

steel.
is largely dependent on its steel-making capacity.
on
The usefulness of
because
cOuntry

metal of it's
is
certain iron
ndsteel as a (i)
qualities
great elasticity, (1i) relatively high
such as: ()
great strength
nd toug ductility, (iv) low cost and
ofproduction,
case o alloyability,(v) al etc. Iron can
be alloyed with
many other
metals to duce special steels for diverse and specific needs. Small amounts of
in steel improves dening
qualities. When alloyed with nickel it
eased toughness and uctility, andbbecomes highly resistant to corrosion, sohasit
chromiur

armour planting. The addition of 12

is sed for per cent manganese to steel
imparts great toughness and resistance to abrasion. Similarly addition of cobalt,
moiybdenum, tungsten, vanadium, etc. produce special type of steel useful for
various purposes.

Localisation of Iron and Steel Industry

The establishment, development and concentration of iron and steel industry
and resources to
requires manythings. It must collect raw material power
and labour to keep it running. It
produce things. It requires finances, machinery facilities. At
market to sell its produce and above all it requires transport
ne earlya period of growth, location of iron and steel industry was entirely
Tequires
the ratio of raw material assembling cost and distribution cost of
d by While considering
localisation of iron and steel
product to the
consumer. aval-
The primary factor is, course,
of
wO sets of factors are important.
AL category
and labour. While secondlike
ility material, market, energy supply establishment costs
taxes,
of (i)
actors are the factors of survival, such as
wage, transport
charges,
labour,
duties,rent, etc. and
$ales
(i) production Cost, e.g.

tax, income tax, etc.

 ndusty
Textie
won and Sted
lron
and
Steel
and
Conon

and Caton Tete nty

216 1s resource-bas
industty a d ind important
Basically,
iron and
steel
raw materials as well
well
as
by ndustryy, they market
ir
a re
e also tactors
in localisation
ndustries,
establishment ol irOn and sleel industry
tn establishm
oy
availabilit
and

steel industry.
is d e t c r m i n c dmarket a
and
nd tranoport a
transport are the other f a r
C a p n and tof capital is
of capital lulico huge
ctors influe cilher big
Capilal
market
location by
corporates
requirement
capitial,
The
steel
industry. dineircd.
The
other financial agencies
agchcies. Similarly, the or
othcr manctal
resources.

tron and key c

localisation
of
and pouer resources
Rawmaterialc o n c e n t r a t o n
are

and steel
nponentsry.s ofofM the est
inc inal is rnt
pentmeark
and
kets.
ets.
This natket may be of region
egenerally
nationa
in the count
found in
Tound
ilcrnational
or
iron
Aany of
5
d location geheraly thc where counirics
goess to Japan is deticicnt 1n both iron ore and coal and
incenti
and
have had their r based

development durino
Of today
o r e and/
rare.
coal and
Ma arkits arere to be importea iro ovctscas countries, Japanese steel
centres
steel where iron
famous places
20th
centuries
at the

of
steel now has changed availa o r
ost
eall
matc
a w
market basca. he grentTokyo-Yokohamna
technology of
production
of raw m mos iron steel regions are market based.
vital role.
stil plays a ore are localised
raw
materials. In is another contrOng tactor of the location
Both coal
d in
cessary for smelting
was necessary tor
n

smelting one ton ofof iron ore carlier Transportation

plants
Osaka-
ion is
te
location, in some
cases, 8es disinct advantages in
rwo tons of coal twO ne ton of
ot iiron ore
t o n s or
yieldin
Coal a n d o n e u materials, marKet and transportation. The raw
raw materials
witn
raw

centmetal.
Thus, produced 1stries are now lacing disadvantages because of depleting
accessiply

finished steel.
location school
cost location school headed
halfa jinduf the
fermsof ased
inutal So, considering long-term survival ol the
val of the industry, it is
indcting

As suggested
by
Teast-cost
Wehe by material
materia

elect a location
which
location whCh
resources
u s e d to manufacture raw
ol the tO
industries
Seiect
can provIde sustained growth
energy dSteel from this, the drastic reduction of coal use and development
materials and
m a t e r i a l . So, the Weberian
ian are o reserves

for

and impure
or weight-losing
l o c a t i o n , as
lar a s transport ccOsts
ost
a
concept teveals attracted industries to the
areas where is transport cheaper
colncerne tha
suitabie also
most of bulk location, where due to
route or break
area is the c i c a r tendency towards economy
water
loading
had
a which. drcas, ha Cfiuel ple, c ap ties, raw materials are available at a much cheaper rate.
iron and steel plantstechnoiogies w e r e introduced
hich But, wth
were, on the for examf

passage of time, new

otner hand, the
requirement ofir
iron o nloadin these locations, another type ot lucrative locati
and o n the
a n du

Apart one factor is present, 1c. mC Comolnaton ol the three, iron ore,
fuel saving, OXygen processesneed very little
a
down. The LD converters and In fuel. iaa, more t h a r the presence ot any two among them. The most lucrative
of electric furnaces do
continuous casting and
introduction

be hydel or nu
not t
require coa where coal, iron ore and market
is present. Thi
This region offers
v i e u e s e n t ,

energy, may couon evolve e from locational P O n t of

point of view. Ihe iron-steel industries of
fuel, rather it uses electric
casting method
direct c o n v e r s i o n of
is the
steel from iron ore
has lost much of its pre-em
contimu
ucesf
location

all the
advantages

ges.
this way coal area alter the development of steel industries in coal mine regions,
have

drastically. In n the ke Alabama

cases,
isation of iron and
steel industry. In someloped. The
The Ruhr
Ruhr valley in Germany and Donetz basin in Russia
sites are common developed.

Both iron ore-based and

coal-Dased and sted market also ot locational
advantages.
based locatiOn 1s not a very rare phenomer ceived this type have also developed near the ore-producing centres or at
industry. Iron ore
apatnam India,ocoCoh
centres

USA, Bhadravati, Vishakhapatnamey

steel

Lorraine in France, Duluth in in Some

ate
centres between coal
and
iron ore. Ihis 1s because the railway or
intermediateiron ore to the coal areas have to return empty. To avoid this los
in U. was the most
Coal-based plant, in fact, at one time sought aafter lo
bOuiers charge lower Ireignt rates their 10r
with return journey coal. The
of weignt loss during processing, early steel the ca railway or boats theretore, on their return journey carry c0al to the
Due to high amount
coal-based. The classical examples ot coal-based locations ara. D. Iron and
steel
centres
at ive, Nancy, Longway in Lorraine (France)
mostly
UK Pittsburgh region in USA, Bokaro
Bokaro, Durgqe e centres. iron ore to the Ruhr basin steel towns (Germany)
New Castle in
feld where trains carrying
,

in Germany,
India. with coal.
and Jamshedpur in back filled-up
The other raw materials required for iron
and steel
industry are mane come
localisation
Nowadays,
steel plants,
of each ot the three factors, i.e. coal,iron
limestone and dolomite, etc. Metallurgical manganese in the form of alloys with
and the market,
has equalimportance. Ihe geographic cOincidence of any two
ore
The availability of power has also
the manutacture o1 steel. It has a twin action: it acts as determines
tne steel plant site.
iron and silicon is used in factors, however,
In the presence of oxygen it produces establishment oI
steel
plants. Several steel plants now have
deoxidiser and also as desulphuriser. sted attracted the station. In tact, localisation of iron and steel
almost free from iron oxides and the ingoIS thus produced are free from blov
developed near hydrO-electric
combination ot above mentioned factors along with the
of
holes. It combines with sulphur and thereby prevents tormation iron sulphite industry is a result of
and brittleness of the metnls cost
theory of 'minimum transportation
steel causes weakness
Iron sulphide's presence in as redshotness. The
the hot stage and this is popularly
known manganee
Production and Distribution
requirement for steel making is about 20 per cent. This, even if it is not availte
The limestone and dolomie and development of iron and steel industry is a reflection of
global
locally, the same can be obtained from other areas. The growth and
iron and steel industry depicts changing nature in its growth
a
are used for purification purposes. limestone and dolomite. steel-producing
In most of the iron and
economy. The
of mid-1970s, the relatively developed countries of North
centres, there is no dearth of supply production pattern. In the
 Coto
and
5tee
kron and
18
ounted
accour

America,
Western
But
Europe and
gradualy
Japan
the spatial na

Towa
of

has
nearly twO-third of
nearl

ron and Stee

eel
production. regions.
the enhged nd Coton
to
thedevelopinE
tries like C
like end of Tetts vty
now shiltfed
in c O u n t r i e s China, South kk Figure 10.1
tea,last ca
producthon
of steel of
steel productith
growth pattern
cntire
Ch on in Distribution o ron ano
Sleel-producing areas
changed
in t h e world are tn he
of iron and steet
apan, 1 word
producers France I
India, ce, USA ROrie
South Korea,
Brazil, UKralne,
Africa, And G Russi a.c
countries are South B
stecl-producing

Czech Republic, Komana,

>pain, Belgium, Sw
steel in n or countries ol the
rali ,t
etc.Belgium, Sweden, Austri1
Table
Britain,
production
of
crude
world. 10.1
Table 10.1
Production of crude
steel in major countrie of
tres the
Wornd
LouninéS
Production (in million m2015
c tona)
China 803.83
Japan 105.15
Inda
89.50
USA 78.92
71.11
Russia
South Korea 69.73 Major Areas
42.68 Other sleel-producing reas
Germany 35.25
Brazil
Turkey 31.52 eore is obtained from
Ukrane
22.95 Taylh, 1.e. 130 km
the north ot YangtZe Tiver,
tinghan Ine away, and coal
lear from the table that China ansion. Other less extensive wuhan steel
new steel plants are plant is also in
becomes clear
It
steel in the world, frocQunts
which accounts tor 50.3 per c ading produce of
crude s
from

of
otan h
epn, Tientsin, 1angsharn,
China having tOllowingNanking. Shanghai, being Created in
etc.
The
1s

other major crude steel producers

and Ukraine.
producer of
production. Japan the second largest of the
world Droducerld crude
are
steel
tollowed bywww.t
Russia,
SIangtan

At presc

Souther
is

and Mukden.
mportant areas of
huria is the largest steel plant ol iron-steel indus
China at Anshan iustry:
and another
Germany, Brazi1l, Turkey
o iron
and
and steel indu
South K Dlan
at ensihu

The spatial distribution pattern industry in major Shansi is also an old region of iron and
is as tollows
10.1).
(Figure c steel
Taiyuan has been developed as a major steel production. In this
centre. region
ofthe world counte On
he
wor Yangtze Valley: In this
region Hankow, Shanghai, Hanyang
China Chungking are the main centres of iron and ste industry. and
China is having system or tabricators of iron, as iis evident r
the oldest
centres are located at Paotow, Chinling
historical records. But
until the adoption of her five-year Chen, Canton,
plan in tom Singtao and
only insignificant iron and steel manulacturing
of
modern type G h 1953,China u
The
th of iron and steel industry in China has been
has developed the iron and
steel
industry and now it is the higheedualy, s increased its spectacular. Since
and steel in the world. Since 19/5, growth
of steel production of steel by 220 per cent,
production in 500 per cent. although her
of steel has also increased more than
spectacular and within a span or 1 years China was able Chita consumption

productionof crude steel to 217 per cent. In that period consumptiom

300 per cent. This growth rate clearly reveals the rapid pace of industr Japan
of the shortage
that has been taken in China. dustrialisation cnite

the eading steel producers

ot raw
material (iron
and
coal), Japan has become one of
of the worid. After
The iron and steel industry 1s
concentrated Anshan, Wuhan and adtos in China,
producer of pig iron and crude steel in the world.
Japan is the second largest
The iron
triangle. biggest and steel lactory was established in theChinese Yawata, the first steel plant was built in 1901 by
government. Yawata is a
mainland at Anshan in Manchuria by Japanese, but was greatly expanded
maior centre of heavy industry with about one fifth of Japan's
Chinese with Russian help. Other iron and
steel production centres in Man steel capacity.
Kamaishi in Honshu and Muroran in HoKkaido are small tidewater plants. The
are Fushun, Penki, Shenyang, Harphin and Kirin. number of large-scale plants directly connected with regional
those plants are only 1in Kamaishi, Kosaka, Osarizawa, Hassei
mineral resources and
(Akita), Hosokura
 220 iron and Steel and Cotton Textile Industry

Figure 10.2
Centres of iron and steel industry in Japan
won and
Seni and
aatt Yawa
Cotitn Tetts
cstablished Yawata in iedutry
plant was C e n t r e o f this
and stecl
Oka-Yamnaha
oion:
Kegion:
regio
It isa
is a new
1901.Kita-Ryushu is another notable iron 73

Osaka-Kobe and Hiroshima ndustrial region

Hokkaido Region: The
The main sitvated in
O. Hok
centre
steel industry o this region between
sized
has is
developed here der Murroran. A
and
iron ore,
fairly big
pending upon local
most striking feature in the locational ccoa
The
they are
uated either on the Bay-Coast orpattern of lapan's
Situ

c t that most on some

Ome c steel
eel plants is
cCau Another Tcarure 1s that they are locate
Anotn de ready depend upon outside hisraw
is
mate

market tor tinishcd stcet. cart ol

distric ndustry in Japan market-oriented. 1S In lact, greal industrial
localisation of iron
TOKyo Hitachi States of America

Chiba United
Robe he highest producer ol iron and steel but now
SYokohar world, n lapan. In the US tirst its rank is
Massachusetts. During iron and
steel plant third in
lished in 1629
last 580 was
Osaka gh several changes. Ihis years or so the US steel estab-
has undergone
roduction pattern but also in change has not industry
only occurred in
growth

ons in the USA are as follows:

localisation pattern. major iron
The
Fukuoka steel Te and
i a n or Pittsburgh
(0 APP Region: The most important of all the regions
northe
hee Appalachian region western o
is
(Miyagi) This district contains about 42.5 cent ot Pennsylvania and eastern Ohio.
and Fujine (lwate). Over half of the Japan's steel capaci and its centre,
per the blast
furnace capacity of the
near the major port cities o FHimej, Co Pittsburg, 15 the second greatest centre of steel
South Central Honshu. Almost all theKobe-Osaka
and Tokvo.YoOncent inthe world. The mills this
iron and steel he in
region are located
plants of lan are narrow valleys ol the
neadwater almost exclusively
streams ot the Ohio
near tidewater. These steel
plants, or near tidewater, are thus able
at the upper reaches of the Ohio itself. river, inciuding
materials from many parts of the world and similarly to ship finisho dra The region, often
In Japan, large-scale concentration of iron and steel known as the Pittsburg-1oungstown region,
the following regions industry hae several districts. The Pittsburgh district includes
consists of industries located
valleys of the Ohio, Monongahela, in the
1. The and Allegheny, within 60 km of Pitts-
Tokyo-Yokohama Region: It is having all
facilities required r burgh. The Youngstown the valley districts
or
consist of industries in the
growth of iron-steel industry. The reclamation of
Tokyo Bay provided b valleys of the Shenango and the Mahoning rivers.
Wheeling, Johnstown,
extensive plane land for steel manutacturing units. The Stenhenville and Beaver Falls are other important steel-producing
centres.
isthe main area in which steel industrial units have been Tokyo-China tee The chief disadvantage ot the region is its remoteness
from the sources of
and North Tokyo. developed at Hia iron ore supplies, which come irom the Lake
Superior region partly by ra
and partly by water.
2 Nagoya Region: It contributes about 20 per cent of the
Japanese sel (ii) Lake Region: The lake region falls into:
production. This region had witnessed a massive growth of industries withs (a) the Lake Erie ports; Detroit, Cleveland and
the period 1950-60. Buffalo, etc.
b) the centres near the head of Lake Michigan,
Osaka-Kobe Region:
At the head of the Osaka Bay, a highly Calument district; and
Chicago-Gary or
area know as the Kinki has
industralisl
developed. The port of Osaka is the main cete (o) the Lake Superior region, Duluth. These
districts represent a
Other centres of this region are Amagaski, Kobe, Hemegi, Sakai am somewhat different adjustment to the three factors in the localisation
Wakayama. of the industry, coal, iron and market. The Lake Erie portsare nearer
to the Appalachian coal, but farther from the
Fukuoka-Yamaguchi Region: It is located in the extreme south ofle iron orethan the Duluth
within region. The Michigan region is midway between the two. One
Kyushu and westernmost end of Honshu. The first governmentse
 exfie indusuy
ron and Steel and Coton Tenie
Coton nousy 223
o n andSiee
and
2221 Figure 10.3
: This region extends from Colorado in the interior to the
sern K e the west. Among e tEgion in the USA, this is
tres of iron and steelindustry in USA a new
Wornia o s t Steel mill, althougn nad Deen setup in 1882 at Pueblo I
Califo

dcveloped at Fontanai n Ca and Provo at

industries wereiron ore 15 Obtaincd irom
-

7 rego
on
these pnt
For
Colorado.
Utah
Wyoming and coal from

ic elord
Gary 9stow in 1991, USSR was the
leading steel-producing country of
Kansas incinnati AUSdisintcssia ranks 5th in the production ol crude steel.
Soviet steel ind
San Francisco
Louis Period
he
Puebio
orl ost-revolution
world post-r Dring the Second word War, however, the Soviet iron
Fontna Inle expans
nts affected badly. Most of the large production centres were
ng minghan
reae indus damaged. However, soon the country recovered and by 1975
and jestroyeu producer of iron and steel in the worid. The four important
producer

largest

either reE1ons are:

n Shpbdn disticts me the
steel-producmg

beand both sides ot the Urals. The major steel centres of this
Region: t ics on
ed ores
MEXOO
r Uiral e
tiral Magnitogorsk, Cnelyain, NZnnitag1l, Sverdlovsk, Serov,
that all these districts enjoy ove 1
etc. MagntogOS
13 n e largest
steel-producin
important advantage
location o n the Pittiba reg Orsk,
region is that, owing to tneir shores, one et
Perin.

handling of
ore iron
On the othe
1s eminated. hand, t Russta Kuzbas Region: It
is
locatedinthe north of the Alai mountains
the market.
away Irom lorest,
Duluth, for Kuzneis Tomsk. This steel region is coal-based. The supply of iron ore is
located a little
hinterland the
farm, and the example, has and Ural region. NovOKUZnetsk i5 tne leading steel centre of this region.
immediate
iron and steel goods.
ranching country,
tor
wi ot r o n and steel in this region are Tula,
littledoe m a n d
ntre in
centre in the Us
Region: Important centres
steel consuming Gork
Detroit is the largest USA Mosce and

particue
Cherepovetsk

automobile industry. Lipetsk,

because of its
On the Atlantic Seaboard, it is o Other regions are
isolated andvalley
developed in various parts. Theseare
coastal region.
Seaboard Kegion: (v) Others: St. PetersDurg, LOwer Aner and Pacific
(ii) Atlantic Fhiladelphia and Baltimore
ore, etc.)
Mida
tne that OBaikal,
Atlantic region (New York, this
that thi
The chiet advantage region enjoys I5 in
respect
pect ofof
important.
relation to the tidewater, and the provi Ukraine and has 10th position in world's
location, both
in
a Ukraine is
an
independent country
the East. ts Tocatton nearthe centre
the
industrial centres of
dction of crude steel.
In tnis
region all the raw materials,
i.e. iron ore, coal
of the Alantic Seaboard, region of the steel production. A dense network of
manufacturing region intense industrial development i e mestone, manganese
are
availabie Tor
most
tacintate the grOwth and development of iron
and of the nNNorh
population,
remarkable. railwavs and cheap water transport of iron and steel plants are Krivoirog, Kerch,
America, is the most The main centres

is the only major region in which the prodhwese and steel industry. Dniepropetrovsk, etc.
The Middle Atlantic region than the iron on
In Zhdanow, Tagarero8, LaporoZnye, Pittsburgh, of independent countries are Tbilisi,
iron and steel is notably greate, propOrtion,
of pig amounts of scrap available in th Other notable steel-producing centres
consumed, because of the relatively larger in Uzbekistan and lamir Tan in Kazakhstan.
mills in this
region whi Tashkent and Bogovat
highly industrialised region. There are many steel on and pig iton
blast furnaces, depending both scrap
operate without Germany
imported from other areas, particularly
the
Northern Appalachian region. the second largest iron and steel producer in
Before World War 1, Germany was
(iv) South Appalachian: In the Southern Appalach1ans, in Alabama, howeve the world. It was the largest exporter
of steel goods in the world. In crude steel
of these raw materials are found in closer proximity tha in 2015 was 42.68
large depOsits 7th in the world and its production
While the ore is of lo production Germany ranks
anywhere else in North America if not the world. German iron and steel industry was handicapped since after
of the rock is lime and the ore i million metric tons.
grade and requires shaft mining, much however, of ore, coal and productive capacity. Germany,
therefore, self-fluxing. The region lacks, large industrial centres the war of 1914 by the loss
and in spite of her
a considerable amount of surplus pE remarkable recovery within a few years,
the neighbourhood and has, therefore, however, made a
iron which goes to the North. depleted resources she produced in
1939 more than the 1913 production of steel.
224 ion and Steel and Coton Textin
houstry
In 1937 she had established the
great Hermann
to utilise the grade ores in its ann
and steel production. But after
Harz Mts.
Thedivision ot Gernmany was the
main
cause
Goering Steel W
the country 15 now one of the re-unification of
ranks 5th in the worid with anleading steel-Dro
annual prod
c
lOwer
roducing cow SLatus Aw etw otsba
215 tieserminan
and 41.7 crore tons ol crude
steel rance
the 6th
The most
important centre ol iron and
was

and notlagest
France

Rhenish-Westphalia, crOre l
1975,
much 1 wer producet
ities. Other
we85 Contributing
regionspempo
ol
more than
steel
Germany, and 85 per cent ol pIg iron. It 80 Deustry n Getons
manufact of the
e
isition
regonsa r en o t a b l e

-Meuse,
iet
for iron
etz,
chdcd
and slcel in
Briey, Nancy production
and
of stel
top
tl n
ten
Lone
the
TThe comeswod tl
In 1 nuw
importance while Cictmount
and Central Germany, Saxony,
Sou
and South
are the Siegerl steel pro
awide xmans Smorc
Loa Le C
rae Harre and Marscilles are imLe Cre rettand,
E t
e
Rotabne,
in the Ruhr valley where Germamy. essene ortant ecenttes Stble
has rlant
te
DMedd d
the world
ks industryv has
also, stcel
famous of nne le
cnnes
in

works oof eat

I n S a u rt
developed
South Korea
South Korea is the 6th leading
Krupp aretestCentteN from Lorrine

GrestBritain (UK)
on loal
Sanrdepose-Messeand Valregonen
coal

is the fourth Asian country country

atter
of the
world in
iron
sihuated 3ritain was not only the
pioneer but a
inon os
high-grade of steel. China, Japan and and steel G d for a long c Dut leading
its
decline
he w NOW eat Britain sarted n thesteel producing
Inda
whiprchodiuts iron- Ad has been able ltt country
century
and s
Brazil
the p vantage o
steel-pr00ucing
son and steelcountrnies
to establcuartero
and ish (tsf
Brazil is the 8th induste ranks 12th as onee
ranks 12h
Themain

ranking country in iron in relation to their coal and ore so

their coal
hat
eof
production was 55.25 million metric tons ofand steel pro material and expofring oretinished most of
suppincs and also world
The development crude nortant have guod
of the
Since 1973, production ot steel production of steel steel in
in
inn tthe v
2015.
The most i m p o r t a n

stecl-producing centresgoods
of
UK
facilities
has witnessed Brazil has o North East Coast (Middlesbo are as folo
consumption of steel within tne country 15 more than 300 3 per been most modern near New Nows
equipment inCastie,
nas the
een spectacs centre, and s
export bulk of her steel production. Most of very low. Therefnt ince4 Britain's the largest
industry)producing
Leicester, etc.
Derby,
2
Sao-Paulo and Curumba. Brazil
the steel
industri
possesses vast amount of ir Braz ree he South Wales (Cardif).

thesedeposit is located near lOcated Lincolnshire.

Santa Catarina. Most of the

Minas-uerraes. Another
mills obtain
ore. ed atoun
largessteel pl Ihe ar West Coast.

energy from hydel.ne get Scotland (Glasgow)

India hydel-power plants.
la d
Birmingham (the odest, but not
India has a long history ot the use ol iron Statfordshire. the most outstanding
and steel.
first decade of the 20th century that manulacture However, itsit was o
of iron and taly
industry made a beginning in this styafter leading iron- and
and steel plant the Tata Iron andcountry.
It was in has emerged as a
1911 that Italy, now
-

Steel
Company Ltd. (TISCO to
Indi hut of the world. It ranks 1 Tth in the steel-producing
country not only ol
Jamshedpur in Bihar in private collaboration Europe al world'scproductir
o nofirona
with
half decades later another plant was launched at a US firm. Nearo Jtaly a s production 1s 10.9 Crore
hos.re ot pio
tons of
pig iron and
on and steel.
steel. Although Italy is
is Italy having shortage ol 26.6 tons of
both coal and iron crore
ude Although
the Indian Iron and Steel Burnpur in neighbouti veloped this industry througn well-planned ore but it has
At the commencement of
Company Ltd. (1ScO)-
with British nat g o f ltaly are located at Naples, management The major steel
Five-Year Plans (1951) plants Genoa, Aosta and Trieste.
plants located at Jamshedpur, Asansol and Bhadravati. there were th Not
plants was increased but six integrated plants only capacity of
in
Poland

lished at Durgapur, Rourkela, Bhilai, Bokaro, public

have been es sector oland is an important producer ol iron and stecl in Europe. The main steel
Vishakhapatnam of Poland are located at Glewitz and Gracow plants
from these more than 140 mini steel plants have also and Salem. Apar
been
growing internal demand. India is having the largest iron ore set up to meettet the Czech Republic
and also having coal, therefore, having very good prospects ofdeposits in the worid
the further Iron and steel is
industry moderately
developed in the country. The largest steel
of iron and steel
industry. growh plant in the country is Skoda steel plant.
 textie industry
and Cotton
26
Iron and Steel
won and Steet and
Cotion Textie ndustiry 22
Sweden ich in her iron ore reserves. Energy is
Vcdic, Roman e tc. In fact, th
Sweden 15 very
15 very high qualit
s
obtaine valley EgYptan,
valley, with growth o civilisation. Earlier, handtory of textile
the growth
w i t h the

hydel-power. Swedish
steel
o C
bestd
us

s related
ractices 1Or making the cotton textile R
1s not self-sufficient uke g and
generally exported,
1nis colunty
ordinary steelalityprodusted d o m s w e o n textile started in the 18th century after

hant Ol he ficld of ginning. subsequent

pinning and of British
e real devel

Holland uct mns on gin. nventions led to a rapid inventions of steam

This country is deticientis
in ore and coal, As
botn iron The ot the steelp growth
llowed by USA and Japan in 19th cent of cotton textile
very high. country has
to country Great B
China the 19th century. le
new, productivity
rate
impo rt large amount
ngine

ustras also
also
d e v e t o p e d tormer USSR,
hina, EgYpt, The
Mexico, India, Brazil,
domestic
consmption. ndustns on textile industy s
steel tor
stry The comoination ot
dveing-bleachingtiber ginning. carding
rkeyweavin
ete.

ana
acthvties. Nowadays cotton accounts for
Australla inning of world's industrial
world's
consumption.
Australia is very rich in coal deposits. Most of the steel plan
cent

Per
50
about
So, the productivity
15 Very inign. 1ne nmportant steel
lants ew
plants in A. Factorsof Localisation

Port Keembla.
are New Aust
Casteralaa otion of
Cfoctors
xtile
are:
industry depends
() climate, (1)
upon many
source
geo-economic
ot power, (tih) raw
Canada actors (V) transportation tacilities, and (vi) market.
(iv) labour,
The Canadian steel industry
1S not very old. Most of the iron material,

and s
developed around Lake Ontario, >ydney, Scotia. Canado centreNova
xercises the most powertul influence on Cotton industry. Cotton yarn
of iron ore and coal. Most of the coal reser Self-suft Cma

theproduction cien successfully under ay COnaions. The humidity of the

Nova Scotia and iron ores are located around Sydney. Apars Ocated ot be
considerable, otherwISe the yarn breaks constantly during the
he
coal from adjacent USA has enabled o m that
supplyof iron ore and steady atmospheninning. The loCallsatonO e cOton spinning industry in UK has
the Some of major steel plants
large steel industry. re
are
Hamilton, Sault Se becn determined
by climatic factors.
Ontario, Sydney, etc. early been
early noted that so far as
this climatic tactor (humid atmosphere) is
It musas been overcome by the installation ot "humidifiers' in
the cotton
Mexico conedry areas. Thus, places lar n tne nterior with dry climate, like Kanpur in
Mexican steel industry is as old as American steel industry. The largest mmer months are able to carry on spinning independent of climate.
i slocated at Mouterrey. The others are Monclova, Coahuila, Piebras, N steelpan
p rocess of humidification raises slightly the cost of production.
Only tne
limatic factor in the localisation ot cotton industry 1s an abundant
Colima. The coal is obtained from Salivas area and iron ores from Dura d
ango. v of water. Water 1s needed in so many operations connected with the
sstry, Water is necessary tor use in the condensers of the steam engines, and in
South America
In South America, apart from Brazil, steel plants have been established
hed in
thenumerous washing operations of the industry. Theintluence ofthisfactor can
heseen in the location of cotton mills in Lancashire along streams or canals
Argentina, Chile, Uruguay and Venezuela.
Africa Power
Like any other industry cotton textile industry also requires constant and cheap
The largest steel producer of Africa is the South Africa. In South Africa stel sources of power. Most of the industries are located near sources ot power.
plants are located at Transvaal and New Castle. In other African countries, iron Earlier cotton textile industry was based on power obtained from coal, this can be
seen in UK where all the cotton textile industry were established near coal mines.
and steel industry has not yet been developed properly. But afterwards hydropower has also been used and now all sources of power are
Asia being utilised in this industry.

In Asia, apart fromto China, Japan, South Korea and India, steel industry has al
limited extent in North Iran, Taiwan
Raw Material
been developed a
Malaysia and Vietnam.
Turkey, Korea, A historical analysis of the locational pattern reveals that, at its earlier period ot
raw material sources, because at that
growth, textile mills were developed near
COTTON TEXTILE INDUSTRY ume transportation system was ill developed. Away trom the cotton-growing
of raw cotton was also very low. Naturally, due to higher
Cotton textile industry is the oldest among all manufacturing activities. 1ne s giOn, availability
nd,Price of raw cotton was high at the distant places. But in its second phase
ofexistence of cotton textile industry was well-established in all early civlisatins
 Textile Industry
and Cofton
228
on and Steel
transportation ron
progtCSs Or and 53hsl
of development, rapia At t
and Coton
cprice of ra c Tetie ndutty
bility within the
reg0n, the m a r k e t . Naturall
oh
bec te rends in the 22
source and ar
arker he localisationindicate that
ma same, by
h e recent

the raw material

site for plant
location.
the tmportance
ofraw
raw material gradu
became
ally lost it
artic

inlopment.
elop
ar product
m
and the
general quality of th
ceCues textile industro Droduct he al
impotrtance
ion
cashire Tego TCgton in England ves for eve Ped a lot to
t of Lancasrc
pre en
ta nt
Labour
clopne
devele
avily
on forcign markcts Similarly,
on t
oyo-Tokohama in lapan
most of the t i
industry was a labour-intensi
cOncentrating
texile ncndcu now
of quality -prod
oducing
Basically, cotton that development dustry untries, a arc
he mport of
countg snows he production frather t
of localisation in any need of clothing and requires Cotton quality goods now ucts from
ducts han
pre-requisite. The Ow leva ind
car coursee sf o r tthe produchon
ot

of
rate of the
now has
Decome a
to up the industry. Mini
Set
e o lech
a n d high wage labour forced fcature. common
enabled the entrepreneursto be acquainted with the
produd
aufon
couomation

manu activity, rather than the the countries to adopt

enough for the labourers low. The wageon syst
nal factors cotton textile tormer a
wage rate of the labours was also very
the location. A slight hikerate of the
Cm, An
Athat ital- brief,
the
tO scertain the
of
the reasons liable f industry
ustry
labour-intensive
a
consideration for activity
In
ifficult ascertan Tabie tor are so complex
important
place and
difference berween onetowards another. For examnlage ratOr i t is
very
region. The original 1actors are n0 more concentration
of industries
Piedmont because of th New a d that
existing
sO ever changing. he lactors responsible tor but
ut ofthe
location thecoton
new
in USA shifted
prevailingEngl
wa and
centres thne
ctors r y in USA may not be applicable t o Indi The o

Transport
wage ra ettile
dustryustries througnou the world is, pernaps, responsible
present market
for the
of
or Coton
Easy means ot transportatton are needed for all ndustries,
tonor diffused
coflon
dispersed O
nature
textile industr
1s and tor which thend
cotton, the product ot whiCh cneap
It is an interesting fact
that all the is y
particula World Distribution
situated thousands of miles away.
and

Steendustry-cater distan
mill centres-unlike iron andIndia;
to leadeti Production

textile industry 15 qune widespread in the

world and
and the East Japan arkets Co cotton yarn
as
many as 90
manufactures primarily for
Urescar Cotton e producing and/or
cloth invarying quantity, But the
China and other Asiatic markKets; and tne
United States s
for In
countries
f textile industry is imited to tew countries.
manutac
markets. Even in 1res mai
main concentration

related with cotton textile, one is the There are two

the West Indies and the South American mat produc
Mumbai and Ahmedabad produce primarily
for inland india, theainy for
marke The milk
es of the production of cotton cloth. production
Although
of cotton
yPand ano ems. The following many countries
cheap transport can easiuySeen
De
in opening of the Manche effect o
uce both
the
items. The tollowing table indicates the
important producers of
Easy means of communicaton,
n
mporting machinery and Co hip C and
their production:
raw cotton by rail, and dispoSing of the finished product inland
by sea.
a cofton
yarn
ting Table 10.2
markets, have also been the dominang tactors In
localising the coto oreig
Maharashtra and Gujarat. industry in Leading producers of cotton yarn in the world

Production (in lakh metric tons)

Percentage of world production
Markets Counico

284.0
Markets area very potent factor in the location of the cotton industry. Ithac China
20.4
226.7 21.0
oneof the important factors in the
growthof the British cotton industry India
158.8
political influence over its colonies, particularly India, and the economic inlue 14.7
USA
115.0 10.7
throughinvestments, obtained for its large markets, the inereasing demand fro Pakistan

which naturally gave the British cotton industry an impetus which was denied t 75.4 7.0
Indonesia
others. The weakening of this nfluence in later years nas been the cause of the 40.5 5.8
Brazil
declining position of the British cotton industry. The cotton textile industry tha 40.0 3.
Turkey
developed in Japan and China as well as in other countries have both inland and South Korea 23.7
world-wide markets. 21.2 2.0
taly
The general trend of the location of textile industry reveals that three types of 16.4 1.5
Egypt
locations are preferred. These are: 15.8
Japan
(i) the textile industry is located within the market; Apart from the above countries Germany, Portugal, Greece, Uzbekistan,
(Gi) the industry is located within raw material sources; and Syria, France, Bangladesh, Turkmenistan and Iran are also notable producers of
(1) the textile centres have been developed between the above mentioned two cotton yarn.

regions.
 industry
7extile

coton
won and Stee
and
and Cotnn
iron
and
Steel
tton cloth in the world are C Tertis thdusy 2
230
Egypt, Franehina ntrated in
in Shang
shanghas
Germany, Hong Kog. and h d
follow ndia, w been
concentatcd
entres have been opened up in Tientsin.
and
Production has
The leadil t a l y , follows
Romana. T
cOun
nttr
riie
ess is as
these
sly d new the
clotn
tn
and Shensi, a C u cotton-growine be
USA
apa
of
cotton

Table 10.3 pd i Shansi n aSne tactories serving local

production

cloth in the r Hop umchi, Kasngaat, nengtu, Taiy needs at

proouct
Or cotton
world onow. , Tientsin, ctc. l O n 15 now
made at Tai ongchow,
Important
C Ka yuan and
looms ar
d at
Percentage oj worid kistruc
onsina ha .Hankow
ed
has emerged as nthe largest
Eet cotton
a
coton textile-prod
2256 produ industrial tettilc-producing coontry in
25.7 o ow The ngchow has emerged ascOnurbatiOn including centres like
Counines

1250 a leading textile

was the mostcentre. Of cours
4.2 woTsingta
China
865 oroducing centres, Shanghai impe
8 Paotna
all
the
te produced norCmore than
than 70
70
per cent At
cent eof theOrtant. tone
g regiol ence of Chinese textile
Russia
USA
17/
.0 g on. 1n
difterenttexnie
centres lowered the relative tmpor-
but it still maintains dominating role in
Japn 0 dushang cgion now prOduces ge
plants Contilbute amount
ot
Germany .9 Pce Hankow textile textile products. The
iacenintegra signiicant amount of
Hong KonE

81
J.
Vushan

he
Canton o n ttextile units
were
up set cotton
very recently. As the plants
Egp .9 cts.
oducts.
1
O u p u t
of ttextile
o e x t i l e goods Pet woTCE 1s
very high in this region are
France modern,
Romana
cloth in the world a

cotton 2 , Spai
The other producers of
bekist
Turkey, Uzbekis tan,
Boiivia, Ietmam.,
Korea

Syria.
Republic.C
ech Republic, Portu Pakistan jnd the seco
Largest cotton
ected in
textile producer in the worid. The first cotton
Calcutta in
1818, while tirst mill in Bombay
world, however,ortther
ug
th
Poland, South Africa
Africa and was

which was (now

fairly widespread in the ll in India in 1854, destined
Belgium, textile industry 1s fairly wu
description fof
s

nbai) was
started
to become the home of
the
The cotton the
the i

are a r e a s
of concentration.
A briet
tne general
important
pattern of areas of cotton
f stribution.
Mu mill ina s t r y.
ncentration of the
of the cotton textile
industry
concentration

1s
textile industry given
here to explaln cotton
The early in
uch by natural and pemanent tactors as by otherMumbai was
Overned n o t s

ance of capital and credit tacilitices, the presence ofadvantages,

China industry in China. Sin ch as a of transport and the cheap and
Cotton textile is one of the oldest
types of
of village weavers very oldH temporary growtn ol the demand for yarn from
normal practice and mosto eh Mumbai was exCepuonaly in an
tavourable situation to meet. The
weaving and spinning was Several characteristics
the China7 marks the turning pont n
by cotton industry. of he development of the
output was contributed
this locational diversity and concentration. In the fir
ndustry year 18. fits distribution. It saw the beginning of rapidindustry from the a
help to explain its product. With
its vast population, ChinC, there
ntry centres like Nagpur, Ahmedabad,
construction of
is a ready market for Sholapur, Kolhapur, etc.
domestic market for cheap cotton goods, and its low labour costs I mills aht in the heart of the
cotton-producing tracts. This later distribution
enable to sell textile abroad.
The first modern don itt s influenced to a very much larger extent by natural tac
largelabour supplies, Soon in had become a y Wasa
Shanghai S centres,
of sources of raw material, Plentiful labour and large marketing as theand
vicinity
was
textile mill in Shanghai built 1888. the
advantages of local supnlie
centre along with South Manchuria. Besides nade possible by the developnment ot a railway communication.
raw materials, cheap labour, and
regional consumer markets the cotton-growine The cotton industry reeceived a considerable stimulus from the conditions
tracts of Manchuria had an additional advantage ot having the remarkable coe
created by war. The large patronage extended to the mill by the Government in
mines within the state. The first mainland cotton mill was locatedoutside the respect of their military requirements in cotton goods in the Eastern theatres of
coastal China - on the cotton-growing region of Manchuria at Tsing Kiang
Owing to its favourable geographical situation large quantities of cotton aret
the war, together with the shrinkage in the Lancashire imports into India due to
grown in Liao river valley.
the preoccupation and
ot the Lancashire mills with war work thesharprise in the
prices of imported cloth due to shortage ofshipping, led to a considerableincrease
Thecotton industry retains its pre-eminence here: in 1949 there were 247
factories and by 1957 about fifty more had been opened, engaged in spining
in home consumption, though the difficulty of importing machinery prevented
speedy development which would otherwise have taken place. Recently, there has
weaving, dyeing and Calico printing. By 1965 the number of spindles had been a tendency on the part of the Indian mills to increase the manufactureof finer
doubled. Multiplecentres of textile production are also being set up at various De goods, and a certain amount of long-staple cotton is imported from the USA and
interior of People's Republic of China. The textile industry ha
sitesin the esewhere tor this purpose. An improvement in the
quality of the home-grown
 Toxtie
industy
Coon
and
Steel
iron and ron and Set
232 and Coton
situation.
is S g C a n t
ation. IIt 15 to note
Tetis indistry 2
will help
the
industry
indust 15
predominantly
anu
lo n
cotton
regions,
the
Ah this region tempeature fcss s
variable and
Mumbai,
alised wwthin
or
arcas
centres Ike ad, sei suitablc climatec.
than in the neignb0uring regions atmosphere
Bhagalpt withi
holapur
particular Coimbatore
industrial humid
I n d o r e , owallor, alo
important Delhi, SodeD characterised by lne goods, and finishing is
es e

pu
Kanpur, Serampur,
Aonnagar,

1,220 cotto
aniha
norqufacand industry.A atge quaay of cloth
a feature
Calcutta,
Howrah,
are
more
tihan w EnE tc. from
romn the
the South and other comes for finishing.
there
the he
c
At present,
mills and the
remaming
are
are

yarn
the
and
Spinning
52.3 mills Dhes
ills, Ong.
printing
he USA cotton-manufacturing
composite 10.4 per Cent ons o Middle Atlantic States cotton factories
Mahur followed
ops
Dy states
followed by
with
of Tamil

Pradesh,
Na
Wesp
YarOth Suction
nd 8.8s
(i) d s l a n t i c : The
ege

nnsyivania,
The
New York and Maryland. But Philadelphia is theare located
only point at
in

thecountry,
Pradesh,
Madnya
Benga a) nsylvis concentration. ne stence ol
concentration.
T
these mills in Ph
Y point at
Uttar

asthan,
s

Gujarat, vhich
there
racter ol ther
ouput 1s chielly due to labour dciphia,
Karnataka, etc.
by machine supply.States
and market facilities, The Mid-Atlantic Suppleare
and t n e
e-eminent in the oroduction of knitted goods. In both, New York and
fed

Russia cloth production i ia, there 1s localisation of the knitting industry, around Cohoesin
in
cotton w o r l a i d and :

third of the
P h i l a d e l s t r y

Russia
ranks

total coton
cloth
thouoPtod. and Philadelphia.
at
. Philadelphia has been the principal
ten per
cent of the

not recetved pri1ority

in its develoDm
Mdns, Be Ru uces penohawk
n e hosiery
industry in t the Unitcd States cver
industry in since the Germans
localised in
industry has textile industry
was Revc seat
of the G e r m a n
TTown.
(1917) the cotton also. The imnW and in

butnow it has
developed
in otncrrcgions

15 the oldest and the

important regions:
Ivanovo settled States: The growth of cotton industry in the southern states has

outhernthin recent years. 1ne ostextensive construction of mills in the

Kegion
of cotton spinninoftant
tote t) Soased wiu in three
Moscow-vanovO

) stile teg states-North Carolina, South

three state
having a large number Carolina, and
increase Deen in

Ivanovo is The other centdWeav

has
of
Kussia. South
U r o - K h a v o . 2 . O f this
as "Manchester
also known Kovrov, G e o r t h e r n States have a v a n g s Such as proximity o f raw coton,
KostromOv, Shuya,
Yoroslav, NOginsk, Pavlovsky, Y , etc The Sou heap lab
labour. The other
advantage ot the South in comparison
goryevsk SerMoscowpukho
which cheap
another centre, around and
states is 1ts lower operating cost.
etc. have developed.
water-power

gland
is also knowm for with t
or St. Petersburg Kegion
(i) Leningrad Narva and Tailin are important centres ofxtile ind.
St. Petersburg, India, Japan is the third eading As1an in cotton textile country
Kalinin, V1shniye, egion
Japan
extends west of Moscow. er China cotton mill in Japan was established in 1862 at Kagoshima,
(ii) Kalinin Region
important textile centres.
Volocha a nroductiohout 15 years later that cotton mills began to be started in quick
has been developed
on availability of chean
hy but
was
on. especially in and around the city Osaka. of
(iv) Siberia Region and laboureveral centres like Omsilecthic ession,
main geographical
factors helping in the establishr ent of a successful
transport facility Kansk, Leninsk-Kuznetskive VOsibi 1nstry in Japan are: () a suitable ciimate, (n) cheap water-power, (ii)
Kamarovo,
Barnaul, Briansk,
cotton textile industry.
Kustney he ansport
ilities, (iv) supply of cheap and skilled labour, and (v) the proximity
facilities

textile units. The markets of China and India.

Volga basin and Ural region also have cotton oto the large
the apanese industry is said to enjoy the following advantages over her
in Russia is due to huge
domestic market, hydrpe
of textile industry
developed transport
system
labour.
and skilled -electhcty competitorS:

etficient labour
and
Cheaper
() to the large consuming markets
USA Greater proximity
(i)
textile producer in the world. It ranks third in e
USA is the leading cotton
(ii) Better o r g a n i s a t i o n

fourth in cotton cloth production The two in the world from plant
yarn production and its capital, and (b) th (a) (iv) Better service

almost all ot the raw materials needed for textile

factors responsible for growth
and
development are: Japan has to import
localmarket. In USA cotton textile industry
1s localised in the
tollowing regions industry. The pioneerof attempts to Set up industries were made around
tracts Nob1 and Kanto regions. Now the major textile centres
used be the largest centre until a few yeas cotton-growing
(i) New England: New England
to
Hanshin, Toyama, Kyushu and
Keihin and also at Osaka
New England, the at Chukyo,
ago but the South has surpassed it now. Within mils are are located

scattered, though a large number of spindles are concentrated within thiry and Nagoya.
cotton mills are located within the northern half of
in southern New England. Fall river is the largest centre Spatially, majority of the in following regions: (0) the Kwanto
miles of Providence Japan. The bulk of the
textile goods are produced
with New Bedford, only 30 km away, as the second largest centre. Ths Plain, and (iv) along the Northerm Coast.
availability of hydro-power and Plain, (i) Nagowa, ( ) the Kinki
region has developed earlier because of
 e i e
ndustry
Loon

and
Slee ton and hee and
o n and Cotton Tecis inditr
234

Decae
nore
and more
A
export-coriented, texxa
industry coasts,
eRin, ithoct describing the
contributionto of United Kingdom The
As the
fowards

gradualy
shifted

closcd
down their ne
ductic ning of
. The
apletoo e 18th century Bve the nmpenis the development of cotton
M
lutioeat Britain.
lishment mills

existence. Most ot the Jar

existence.

Pane e
obsolete

into
1990s,
old came

priority Was
was
al e in The humid climatc ana ca 5lico labour hdpcd ning machines
updated
machinercs

technolcOgies,
1 ne
given to re texile du grow oment. TThe cotton texthe a lot during
exporter of
latest

now using
the
became
Decanme
the
the
exporter
o t hot
only xtile oxtile
dustry in the United Kingdom
Soon. 1apan healthy com p r p e r i o h fame that at end century the country became the
à
ompetition is d
discet
c h high
production. isdue
hc cotto textile
present,
machines. At estates of t e v e s industry ne eay centr were developed around
on

1reland and Lancashire.

industry nible b
industrial
extile big e
sectors
and the
he
ineder of tingham, Gradually, Lancashi
c h lowiana
textile centre
the world.
in becarne
eveloped

helped in carly development of ext

ustry in UkK
Germany
s one of the leadimgE Prouuccs or
old.
cotton textile
Initiall iste The hehe Lancashire
region
were suitable humid
availability of L
C l i m a t e , killed
local
UK
in Germany
15 qute
the indusOry waterresurces,
of the inds abunort facility, ctc Apart 1rom Lancashire. Manchester has
O tand
also
textile industry

depending upon
imported cotton
But Kuhr industrial
region
and most

soon
industries were develope
stry peC
abours
hundant
tile centre. he Coton
manulacturing towms of Bottom,
nany are ading text
valey.
Rhine river of Germ nd ldham and Stockpo
a
cotton
manulacturing
Centres
grouped as e are located in a semi-circle
The
following three groups:
CET nerchdale r The relative poson o h
textile industry has been
of Rhine region town Rury Mancerably due to overal aerae o conSumption ol cotton goods,
orth-Western: Consisting like round consi rket and emergence hew textile-producing countries
ot
1. like Pheine and like
eBar
tOWns
Ems-Vechta
Elberfield, and
towns along the three
a China, 1ndl8, Japan,

of
2. Central: ConsIsting
Germany, Reichenbach tain
mnitz, nges wh
Bohemia Irom
separate 0 t h e rC o u n t r i e s

Dresden.
Consisting of towms like Augsh
Cipzig othe textile-producing countres are France, Italy, Switzerland,
other
tton
enublic, Belgium, Poland and Spain. France's cotton
South-Western:
3. [n Eu
Czecn1ong history. The textile industry ot France was developed textile
Mulhouse
The north-western region had the advantage of localmarke
in
the in
on has hauarticularly from
sty
ted c o t t o n , par USA. The industry 1s concentrated in on the
which also provided it with cheap labour. The importern industrial region: 1ne major centres of textile-producing
populations the cheap Centres Nausi.
water and and

advantage of
water power, pure labour ot the
re Belford,
Kolman
populations. moun are also emerged as an important cotton textile producerin Europe.
textile industry are located the Po basin and in the
in

V
Alpine
Hong Kong TheMilan, Korno, Bergamo, urin, Genoa, breccia,
Breccia, Verona and Como are,

of cotton cloth in the worlA valleys Centres o cotton textile industr

Hong Kong ranks 7th production
in
The indu main
the ma rland is having cotton textile
the
Hong Kong was set up Dy tne rerugees ron communist China in to Switzer industry in the
northern part of the
or 1949. Ho T'he most mportant the Saint Galen.
centre is
the principal entrepot po
Kong is a free trade area and one textile country.
coRomania is also signiticant in cotton textile production. Its important centres
Manufactured goods, particularly
provide three-fourths fe o
Hong Kong Sglant textile industry-th
of ted at Pitesi, Birlad, Oradea, Guirgui, Bukharest, Brasov, Sibiu, Baia,
earnings. Three major parts
weaving and finishing business are in a decline from which thev spinning Marea n d T i m i s o a r a .

recover. Employment in the industry has plummeted in the past vear In Latin America, Mexico, Braznl, Argentina and Peru are important in
Mills
shutting down or leaving machines idle. Local garment makers are imne cotton tevtile production. Mexico is the major cotton manufacturing country, not
more and more yarn and fabrics tor their needs. The textile industry together only in Latin America but also in the worid. The textile industry was first

the garment-making industry still is thes largest manulacturing industry in ters dveloped in the Orizaba region and later in the
Mexico city. The major centres of
of sales and employment.The industry
is problem basically one of costs. Highe cotton textile in Mexico are ierolco, Nogales, Ciudad Juarez, Piedras Negras,
labour, land and energy costs have yarns and made Hong San Louis Potos, Cudad de Mexico, Toluca de Lerdo and Cuernavaca.
Kong fabrics mor
expensive than those trom Taiwan, South Korea and China. Brazil is another cotton textile-producing country of Latin America and is
also important in the world. Ihe important cotton textile centres of Brazil are: Rio
The United Kingdom
Grande do Sul, Minasgerais and Rio de Janeiro.
UK was the leading manufacturing country in the
cotton In Argentina textile industry has developed at Buenos
dominates the world in cotton textile production. The history
world, but it no long Aires, La Plata and
of cotton textile indust zul, while in Peru it has developed at Trujillo, Lima, Calao,Icaand Cuzco.
 In Africa, Egypt and South Africa are the main cotton
although Nigeria, Ethiopia and Tanzania also produce Some i l e pro
some
fabric.
Egypt is famous for its
quantity of co
good quality of cotton and has also da Stton
industry Iskandaria, Tanta and Dumyat. Egypt ranks 10th
at
oped
production and 8th in cotton cloth production in the world. in cottonte yarn textile
South Africa also has developed cotton textile
Bloemfontein, Durban, East London and Worcester. industry at loi.
In Asia, apart from China, India and Japan,
Pakistan, Soue burg,
Indonesia and Turkey are the leading producers of cotton textile
Pakistan is a major cotton-producing country in Asia and has Koresca,
cotton textile industry. Cotton mills in Pakistan are also.
located at Lahore loped
Multan, Karachi, Sahadra, Montgomery and Peshawar. ahore, Lyallpur,
South Korea has made good progress in cotton textile
years. The major cotton textile centres are industry
Inchou, Taegu, Masan Dt
Kwangju and Seol.
Indonesia is also a
usan,
textile exporting country of Asia. Similar is the
the Philippines. case wd
with
Turkey is another Asian country having cotton textile
nence. Turkey is a producer of good quality of cotton. Izmir, industry in promi
Bursa, Izmit, Sivas, Kyseri
Erzurum, Usak, etc. are the main centres of cotton textile
Turkey. industry in