Lec 1 - Module 2

LIGHTNING SYSTEM DESIGN
Subject In-charge
Kalyani Soni
Assistant Professor
Contact no-9021084811
email: kalyani.soni@sfit.ac.in
St. Francis Institute of Technology LSD

Department of Information Technology Kalyani Soni 1
The material in this presentation belongs to St. Francis Institute of Technology and is solely for educational purposes. Distribution and modifications of the content is prohibited.
Module-2 Lamps and Luminaries
TYPES OF LAMPS
1. Arc lamps
2. Filament lamps or incandescent lamps
3. Gaseous discharge lamps
4. Induction Lamp
5. LED Lamp

ARC LAMPS
1. Carbon arc lamp
2. Flame arc lamp
3. Magnetic arc lamp
St. Francis Institute of Technology Electric Traction

Arc lamp
⚫ The electric lamp is made to flow through
two electrodes in contact.
⚫ The flow creates an arc.
⚫ The arc maintains the current which is very
efficient source of light.

1.Carbon arc lamp

⚫ It is the earliest model and still used in
cinema projectors.
⚫ When two carbons are connected end to
end the dc terminals (45V), the current
flows through them.
⚫ Due to high resistance an arc is formed
between two rods and light is produced.
⚫ The arc is maintained by transfer of
carbon particles from one rod to another
one that is particle carbon rod to
negative one.

The arc effect


⚫The arc is maintained by transfer of carbon

particles from one rod to another one that is
particle carbon rod to negative one.
⚫ Craters in the arc of same size if AC supply is
given while in DC supply positive crater is
bigger and gives 85% light at the temp of 3500
degrees C.
⚫ A resistance is used to stabilised the arc.

⚫ A resistance is used to stabilised the arc.

⚫ The voltage drop across the arc is about 60 V.,
and supply voltage is upto 100V.

Flame arc lamp
⚫ The electrode of such lamp has 5 to 15%
Fluoride(flame material) and 85 to 95%
carbon.
⚫ The fluoride radiates light energy
efficiently from a very high heated arc
steam.
⚫ Fluoride turns into vapour along with
carbon and these fluoride vapours cause
very high luminous intensities.

⚫ The arc can be drawn with the help of

magnets.
⚫ The luminous efficiency is 8 lumens per
watt.

Magnetic arc lamp

⚫ Positive electrode- copper
⚫ Negative electrode- magnetic oxide of
iron.
⚫ Similar like carbon arc lamp.

FILAMENT LAMP OR
INCANDESCENT LAMP
PRINCIPLE:
⚫ An electric current is passed through a fine
metallic wire, heat is produced and the
temperature of the wire increases.
⚫ As the temperature increases due to heating it
radiates heat as well as light energy.
⚫ The higher the temperature of the wire, the
higher is the amount of light energy radiated.

⚫ Incandescent lamps
produce light by means
of filament heated to
incandescence by the
flow of electric current
through it.
⚫ Tungsten is heated until

it gives of visible light.

Variation in power consumption,lumens

output,Efficiency,Life of Lamp



1. GLASS BULB
2. VACUUM OR GAS
FILLED
3. WIRE/FILAMENT
4. 5. LEAD-IN WIRES
6. SUPPORT WIRES
7. NECK
8,11. ELECTRIC FUSE
9. BASE

⚫ Inert gas -argon (85%) with
nitrogen(15%).
⚫ At the center of the lamp is a
tungsten filament.
⚫ Electricity heats this filament up
to about 2,500 degrees Celsius.
⚫ Light output is 8-15 lumens/watt
⚫ Operating life 1000 hour.
⚫ Efficiency increased by using
◦ Coiled filament
◦ Coiled coil filament

PROS AND CONS
ADVANTAGES: DISADVANTAGES:
1. LESS EXPENSIVE
2. EASIER TO DIM WITH 1. ENERGY
RHEOSTATS INEFFICIENT
3. WARMER COLOR THAN 2. SHORT LAMP
FLUORESCENT AND
THUNGSTEN-HALOGE LIFE TIME
N LAMPS
4. LIGHT OUTPUT IS
3. WARM SOURCE
RELATIVELY HIGH
5. CAN BE DIMMED
St. Francis Institute of Technology lsd

Halogen Lamp

lsd
St. Francis Institute of Technology
Kalyani Soni 24
Department of Information Technology

HALOGEN LAMP
⚫ The halogen light bulb or lamp is a type of
incandescent lamp which uses a halogen
gas in order to increase both light output
and rated life.
⚫ They are known for moderately high

efficiency, quality of light, and high rated
life compared to regular incandescent
lamps.

⚫ The early history of the halogen lamp
parallels that of the incandescent. The
usage of chlorine to prevent blackening of
the lamp was patented in 1882.
⚫ In 1959, General Electric patented a

commercially viable halogen lamp using
iodine as the halogen gas.
St. Francis Institute of Technology Lsd

⚫ In a typical
incandescent lamp,
tungsten slowly
evaporates from the
burning filament. This
causes blackening of
the lamp, which
decreases light
output and reduces
life.

⚫ Halogen lamps are largely able to
eliminate this problem because the
halogen gas reacts chemically with the
evaporated tungsten to prevent it from
affixing to the glass. Some tungsten is
returned to the filament, which also
serves to increase the rated life of the
lamp.
⚫ Because the temperature required for this
reaction is higher than a typical
incandescent bulb, halogen lamps must
generally be manufactured using quartz.

Operating Principle
● In addition to the conventional gas mixture, halogen lamp
contains small quantity of halogen, usually bromine or iodine.
This halogen combines with evaporated tungsten atom in
bulb.
●

● Zone 2 near the filament where the temp is high, zone 1 where
the combination dissociates again, the tungsten atom are
deposited on filament and halogen atoms are free to move
away and capture more evaporated tungsten in zone 2 & 3.
● So regenerative cycle mostly satisfactory, the bulb tepm must
be high 250 degree C.
● As tungsten re-deposition is not exact at that place where
evaporation happened, result in thickening of latter as the hot
spot.
● Lamp life eventually decreases but as compared with tungsten
lamp it is far better, depreciation is also less and no bulb
blackening.

Construction
● These lamps are manufactured with pure fused silica(Quartz).
● Seal is thin molybdenum foil, sometimes protected by
sheathing with thin layer of platinum.
● Supports of normally of tungsten. Lamp can be double ended
(mainly for flood lighting,photography) and and single
ended for (for projection or spot light use).
●

● Argon/Nitrogen gas mixture with Iodine bromine is filled
with filling pressure of 1.5 to 10 ATM
● Quartz halogen must not be touched with single fingre.
● Halogen Lamps Type
○ Motor car lamps
○ Projection Lamps
○ General photographic lamp
○ Cine lighting lighting lamp
○ Studio lamps
○ Copying lamps
○ Airfield lamps
○ Floodlighting lamps
○ Low voltage lamps

Operational Characteristics
● Effect of voltage variation
○ Its effect is very much similar to that of the
Incandescent lamp.
● Summary of Operating Characteristics
Operating Position Horizontal for double ended,
Any for single ended
Control gear Transformer for ELV lamp

Starting prompt
Restarting prompt
Dimmable Yes
Colour Temp 3000 K
Colour Rendering Group 1A
Average life 2000 hrs for linear lamp
St. Francis Institute of Technology 4000 hrs for ELV lamps LSD
COLD LAMP
⚫ Filament lamp has high content of infrared

radiations which create heat problems.
⚫ Applying cold mirror technique, it is
possible to separate heat and light.
⚫ The heat is so separated is passed
through the near wall of lamp and the
beam of light is given by the lamp contains
80% less heat.

Electric Discharge lamp

DISCHARGE LAMPS
⚫ Sodium vapour discharge lamp
⚫ High pressure mercury vapour discharge
lamp
⚫ Neon lamp
⚫ Fluorescent tube

⚫ Light is produced by passage of an electric
current through a vapor or gas under the
controlled pressure and temp, rather than
through a tungsten wire as in
incandescent lamp.
⚫ This passage of current results in emission

of electromagnetic radiation partly visible
and invisible spectrum.

⚫ Two types of discharge lamps
1. Which gives the same colour as produced by
the discharge through the gas or vapour. Eg:
sodium vapour, mercury vapour and neon
gas.
2. Which use the phenomenon of fluorescence.
Eg: fluorescent lamps.

● Low pressure discharge lamps are
Fluorescent lamps and low pressure sodium
vapour lamp.
● High pressure discharge lamps are high
pressure mercury vapour lamps, high pressure
sodium vapour lamp, metal halide lamps and
blended lamps.
●

SODIUM VAPOUR DISCHARGE
LAMP
⚫ Sodium vapour discharge lamp consists of
small amount of metallic sodium, neon gas
and two sets of electrodes.
⚫ Neon gas- develop enough heat to
vaporize the sodium.
⚫ Suitable for AC
⚫ Efficiency is 75 lumens/watt
⚫ Average life 60000 hours

Mechanism of Gas Discharge lamp
• The heart of HID lamp
is arc tube which is
light emitting
element.
• It contains metallic
and gaseous vapours
and the electrodes at
the arc tube where
arc originates and
terminates.
•

Operation
● Voltage applied at the electrodes affects the
free electrons which then starts acceleration
towards the positive pole.
● In doing so they collide with atoms or ions
present in the tube.
● Ions with positive charge tend to move
towards the negatively charged cathod.

⚫ Discharge will not start at low voltage

⚫ Leak transformer produce starting
voltage of about 400V
⚫ First neon gas will discharge then
sodium vaporizes and discharge
continues.
⚫ Pf is too low(0.3) to correct ,capacitor
is used.

Operational Characteristics
● Effect of voltage variation
○ Its effect is very much similar to that of the
Incandescent lamp.
● Summary of Operating Characteristics
Operating Position Differs as per the aplication
Control gear yes
Starting Two phase: Initial ignition and run up phase
Restarting Very low
Dimmable No
Colour Temp 2500K approx
Colour Rendering Group 1A
Average life less

HIGH PRESSURE MERCURY
VAPOUR DISCHARGE LAMP

⚫ Inner gas used is Argon and mercury

⚫ Efficiency 40 lumen/watt
⚫ Inner tube have two main electrodes and an
auxiliary electrode.
⚫ When the switch is closed an initial discharge
between the auxiliary and main electrode.
⚫ Heat produced by the argon gas is helpful to
vaporize the mercury then increase the
pressure thus emits greenish blue light.

FLUORESCENT TUBES
• The tubes are filled with argon gas at low
pressure and one or two
drops of mercury.
• The inner surface of the tube has a thin coating
of fluorescent material.
• Different colours can be obtained depending
upon the type of
coating material used.
• It is provided with two electrodes coated with
electron emissive material.
• The mercury vapour emits UV radiation when
electric charge is passed through it.
St. Francis Institute of Technology
Department of Information Technology
Electric Traction
Kalyani Soni 50

• Neon lamps are made up of a glass tube of upto 7-8 m
length.
• It has electrodes at the two ends.
• These tubes are operated at a temperature of about 200 °C.
• Hence they are also known as cold cathode discharge lamps.
• They are widely used for decoration and advertisement
purposes
• Neon tubes can be bent into any desired shape
• Tubes can be made to emit different colours like orange,
yellow, green, blue, red, etc .by mixing suitable chemicals
with neon gas.

Type Application Advantage Disadvantage
Standard Incandescent bulbs – Domestic use – Direct connection without – Low luminous efficiency and
– Localized decorative intermediate switchgear high electricity consumption
lighting – Reasonable purchase price – Significant heat dissipation
– Compact size – Short service life
– Instantaneous lighting
– Good color rendering
Halogen Incandescent bulbs – Spot lighting – Direct connection -Average luminous efficiency
– Intense lighting – Instantaneous efficiency
– Excellent color rendering
Fluorescent tube – Shops, offices, – High luminous efficiency – Low light intensity of single
workshops – Average color rendering unit
– Outdoors – Sensitive to extreme
temperatures
HP mercury vapor – Workshops, halls, – Good luminous efficiency – Lighting and relighting time
hangars- Factory floors – Acceptable color rendering of a few minutes
– Compact size
– Long service life

High-pressure -Outdoors – Very good luminous – Lighting and
sodium – Large halls efficiency relighting time
of a few minutes
Low-pressure – Outdoors – Good visibility in – Long lighting time (5
sodium – Emergency foggy weather min.)
lighting – Economical to use – Mediocre color
rendering
Metal halide – Large areas – Good luminous – Lighting and
– Halls with high efficiency relighting time
ceilings – Good color of a few minutes
rendering
– Long service life
LED – Signaling – Insensitive to the – Limited number of

(3-color traffic number of switching colors
lights, “exit” signs operations – Low brightness of
and emergency – Low energy single
lighting) consumption unit
– Low temperature

GUESS LAMP ?????

THE ANSWER IS:
HIGH PRESSURE MERCURY
VAPOUR DISCHARGE LAMP

GUESS ME!!!

Fluorescent Tube




SODIUM VAPOUR LAMP





● A gas-discharge lamp that uses

sodium (Na) in an exciting condition
to generate light at a 589 nm of
characteristic wavelength is known
as a sodium vapor lamp.

Induction lamp


● Compared to the classic fluorescent
lamp, the induction lamp has many
advantages, such as having no direct
electrical connection to an external
circuit.
● electrodeless induction lamp is a
gas-discharge lamp in which an electric
or magnetic field transfers the power
required to generate light from outside
the lamp envelope to the gas inside
● Unlike an incandescent lamp or

conventional fluorescent lamps, there is
no electrical connection going inside the
glass bulb; the energy is transferred
through the glass envelope solely by
electromagnetic induction.
● There are two main types of magnetic
induction lamps: external core lamps and
internal core lamps.
● External core lamps are basically
fluorescent lamps with magnetic cores
wrapped around a part of the discharge
tube. The core is usually made of ferrite,
a ceramic material containing iron oxide
and other metals.
● In external core lamps, high-frequency
energy from a special power supply
passes through wires that are wrapped in
a coil around a toroidal ferrite core
placed around the outside of a portion
of the glass tube.
● This creates a high-frequency magnetic

field within the ferrite core. Since the
magnetic permeability of the ferrite is
hundreds or thousands of times higher
than that of the surrounding air or glass,
and the ferrite core provides a closed
path for the magnetic field, the ferrite
core contains virtually all of the magnetic
field.
● The time varying magnetic field in the
core generates a time varying electric
voltage in any closed path that encloses
the time varying magnetic field.
● The discharge tube contains a low
pressure of a rare gas such as argon and
mercury vapor.
●


● As in a conventional fluorescent tube,
the UV photon diffuses through the gas
to the inside of the outer bulb, and is
absorbed by the phosphor coating that
surface, transferring its energy to the
phosphor. When the phosphor then
relaxes to its original, lower energy state,
it emits visible light. In this way the UV
photon is down-converted to visible
light by the phosphor coating on the
inside of the tube. The glass walls of the
lamp prevent the emission of the UV
LED lamp

● An LED lamp or LED light bulb is an
electric light that produces light using
light-emitting diodes (LEDs).
● LED lamps are significantly more
energy-efficient than equivalent
incandescent lamps and can be
significantly more than most fluorescent
lamps
● Low-current LED, standard LED, and
ultra-high-output LED are the main types of LEDs
based on current outputs.
● The most efficient commercially
available LED lamps have
efficiencies of 200 lumen per watt
(Lm/W)
● LED lamps require an electronic LED
circuit to operate from mains power
lines, and losses from this circuit
means that the efficiency of the lamp
is lower than the efficiency of the
LED chips it uses.
● Generally the current waveform contains
some amount of distortion, depending
on the luminaires’ technology.
● LED lamps are often made with arrays of
surface mount LED modules that replace
incandescent or compact fluorescent
lamps, mostly replacing incandescent
lamps rated from 0.5 to 200 watts.
● A significant difference from other light
sources is that the light is more
directional, i.e., emitted as a narrower
87
Department of Information Technology Kalyani Soni
A diode is a simple type of two-lead semiconductor device
that acts as a one-way gate for electric current flow. A LED,
or light-emitting diode, is a special type of p-n junction
diode that is able to emit visible light by a phenomenon
known as electroluminescence
A p-n junction diode is made up of two separate

semiconductors—an n-type crystal on one side and p-type
crystal on the other. The boundary between the two
semiconductors is called the pn junction. When the correct
voltage is applied, it causes electrons to be passed from
one semiconductor layer to the other and when this
happens, photons are emitted and we see light.

● The color of the LED depends upon the
semiconductor materials and the processes
used to make it.
● LED emits monochromatic light, colour of
the light depends upon material used during
production.
● Amount of light generated depends on
current flowing through the diode.
Working of LED

● There are 2 types of LED
○ Indicator type or LOW power LED
○ Illuminator type or high power LED.
Low power LED operates on 20 mA to 100 mA.
High power LED operates on 350 mA.

LED Drivers

St. Francis Institute of Technology Electric Traction 10
St. Francis Institute of Technology LSD 10

Lec 1 - Module 2

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Description:

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Lec 1 - Module 2

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

LIGHTNING SYSTEM DESIGN

St. Francis Institute of Technology LSD

Module-2 Lamps and Luminaries

St. Francis Institute of Technology LSD

St. Francis Institute of Technology Electric Traction

St. Francis Institute of Technology Electric Traction

1.Carbon arc lamp

St. Francis Institute of Technology Electric Traction

The arc effect

St. Francis Institute of Technology Electric Traction

St. Francis Institute of Technology Electric Traction

⚫The arc is maintained by transfer of carbon

St. Francis Institute of Technology Electric Traction

⚫ A resistance is used to stabilised the arc.

St. Francis Institute of Technology Electric Traction

St. Francis Institute of Technology Electric Traction

⚫ The arc can be drawn with the help of

St. Francis Institute of Technology Electric Traction

Magnetic arc lamp

St. Francis Institute of Technology Electric Traction

St. Francis Institute of Technology Electric Traction

⚫ Tungsten is heated until

St. Francis Institute of Technology Electric Traction

Variation in power consumption,lumens

St. Francis Institute of Technology Electric Traction

St. Francis Institute of Technology Electric Traction

St. Francis Institute of Technology Electric Traction

St. Francis Institute of Technology Electric Traction

St. Francis Institute of Technology Electric Traction

St. Francis Institute of Technology lsd

St. Francis Institute of Technology LSD

St. Francis Institute of Technology lsd

⚫ They are known for moderately high

St. Francis Institute of Technology lsd

⚫ In 1959, General Electric patented a

St. Francis Institute of Technology Lsd

St. Francis Institute of Technology Lsd

St. Francis Institute of Technology lsd

St. Francis Institute of Technology LSD

St. Francis Institute of Technology LSD

St. Francis Institute of Technology LSD

St. Francis Institute of Technology LSD

Control gear Transformer for ELV lamp

⚫ Filament lamp has high content of infrared

St. Francis Institute of Technology lsd

St. Francis Institute of Technology LSD

St. Francis Institute of Technology LSD

⚫ This passage of current results in emission

St. Francis Institute of Technology LSD

St. Francis Institute of Technology LSD

St. Francis Institute of Technology LSD

St. Francis Institute of Technology Electric Traction

St. Francis Institute of Technology LSD

St. Francis Institute of Technology LSD

⚫ Discharge will not start at low voltage

St. Francis Institute of Technology LSD

Control gear yes

Starting Two phase: Initial ignition and run up phase

Restarting Very low

Colour Temp 2500K approx

Colour Rendering Group 1A

Average life less