Heat Transfer CH 3 For 2024 GATE ESE PSUs by S K Mondal

Chalo Mondal ke sath and bano topper
Chalo Mondal ke sath and bano topper

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General Heat conduction equation in Cartesian,
For Updated Mondal’s Study Material
Cylindrical, and Spherical Co-ordinates system
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By S K Mondal (Ex.IES)
GATE Topper, IES Topper
Ex.NTPC, BARC Selected, IISc Selected URL:https://docs.google.com/spreadsheets/d/1vWRCBBPviQjUzaq
OsdzbDDhiAdLffifVEcXo8UFyvYE/edit#gid=0
1 2 3
Table Of Content
qGeneral heat conduction equation in Cartesian Coordinate System
You will get

‘‘maa’’ qThermal diffusivity
for Preparation
The physical significance of thermal diffusivity
20
4 5 6
qStandard forms of heat conduction equation in the Cartesian system • Steady state one-dimension conduction without heat generation and with • Steady state one-dimension conduction without heat generation and
variable thermal conductivity with a variable cross-section area

qSome special cases of general heat conduction system
a. Temperature distribution
• Steady state one-dimension conduction without heat generation and with
b. Temperature profile
constant thermal conductivity b. Temperature profile
7 8 9
F0r 2024 & 2025 (GATE, ESE & PSUs) Page 1 of 17 S K Mondal (Ex.IES)(GATE Topper, IES Topper)
§ General Heat Conduction Equation in
• Steady state one-dimension conduction with heat
• Cylinder with uniform heat generation Cartesian Co-ordinates
generation
• General heat conduction equation in spherical
coordinates
b. Temperature profile
• Sphere with uniform heat generation
• General heat conduction equation in cylindrical coordinates
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10 11 12
The derivation will be

§ Consider an infinitesimal rectangular parallelopiped of sides dx, dy, and § Let qg (W/m3) is the uniform heat generation rate throughout the
discussed in the class
dz parallel to three axes (x,y,z) in a medium where temperature varies
parallelopiped.
with location and time.
§ Qx, Qy, Qz Represents heat conducted into the element.
§ Heat can be generated inside the solid body either by supplying electric
power or by exothermal chemical reaction or by thermonuclear fission § Qx+dx, Qy+dy , Qz+dz Represents heat conducted out from the
etc.
element in respective directions.
13 14 15
Assumptions : § General heat conduction equation in cartesian coordinates Now the above equation can be written as
1. Homogeneous and isotropic material

¶2 T ¶2 T ¶ 2 T qg k æ¶T ö qg k dT
2. Constant thermal conductivity (k= constant) + + + = ç ÷ Ñ2 T + =
¶x 2
¶y 2
¶z 2
k rc è ¶t ø k rc d t
3. Uniform volumetric heat generation
¶2 T ¶2 T ¶ 2 T qg 1 æ¶T ö
qg 1 dT
4. Cross section area is not varying (As here the element is + + + = ç ÷ Ñ2 T + =
¶x 2
¶y 2
¶z 2
k a è ¶t ø k a dt
parallelopiped).
Cont… 16 Cont… 17 18
§ Physical Significance of thermal
§ Thermal diffusivity diffusivity § Larger value of α is either due to the larger value of thermal conductivity
or due to the lesser value of heat capacity.

Th e rm a l Con d u c t ivit y § It is physical property of the material which shows how fast the heat
Th e rm a l d iffu s ivit y =
Th e rm a l Ca p a c it y
diffuses from the body. § A low value of heat capacity means less amount of heat entering the
k
a = § The larger the value of α, the faster will the heat diffuses through the element, would be absorbed and used to raise its temperature and more
rc material and its temperature will change with time.
would be available for onward transmission.
2
Un it = m / s
19 20 21
ISRO 2008 Brainstorming Question-1

§ Metals and gases have a relatively high value of α and their response to
temperature changes rapidly. When k is the thermal conductivity, ρ is the density and cP is the specific Which one of the following expresses the thermal diffusivity of a
heat of a substance, then thermal diffusivity is given by
§ The non-metallic solids and liquids respond slowly to temperature substance in terms of thermal conductivity (k), mass density (ρ) and
changes because of their relatively small value of thermal diffusivity. k k × cP specific heat (c)?
(a) (b)
r × cP r
(a) k2ρc (b) 1/ρkc
r × cP r×k
Use code : KhushRaho for maximum discounts on any subscription on Unacademy | (c) (d) (c) k/ρc (d) ρc/k2
For any queries WhatsApp on 9582314327 k cP
22 23 24
Brainstorming Question-2 Concept Booster Question-1 Concept Booster Question-2

Thermal diffusivity of a substance is :
Thermal diffusivity is …………… .
(a) Inversely proportional to thermal conductivity Unit of thermal diffusivity is
(a) A dimensionless parameter
(b) Directly proportional to thermal conductivity
(b) Function of temperature (a) m2/sec (b) m2/hr°C
(c) Directly proportional to the square of thermal conductivity
(c) Use as mathematical model
(d) Inversely proportional to the square of thermal conductivity (c) kcal-m/hr (d) kcal/m-hr
(d) A physical property of the material
25 26 27
IES-2013 Brainstorming Question-3 IES-2014
Assertion (A): Thermal diffusivity is a dimensionless quantity. The conduction heat diffuses in a material when the material has :
The unit of the following property is not m2/s Reason (R): In M-L-T-q system the dimensions of thermal diffusivity are 1. High thermal conductivity
[L2T–1] 2. Low density
(a) Both A and R are individually true and R is the correct 3. High specific heat
(a) thermal diffusivity (b) kinematic viscosity
explanation of A
4. High Viscosity
(b) Both A and R are individually true but R is not the correct
(c) dynamic viscosity (d) mass diffusivity Which of the above are correct ?
explanation of A
(a) 1 and 2 (b) 2 and 3
(c) A is true but R is false
(c) 3 and 4 (d) 4 and 1
(d) A is false but R is true
28 29 30
• Diffusion Equation: (Transient Equation)

q Standard forms of heat conduction • Poisson’s Equation :
equation in Cartesian Coordinates Homogeneous and isotropic material with (k = constant). No heat
Homogeneous and isotropic material with (k = constant) and
• Fourier –Biot Equation: generation. (q g = 0)
steady state æ ¶ T = 0 ö
Homogeneous and isotropic material with constant thermal ç ÷
è ¶t ø
conductivity.
¶2 T ¶2 T ¶2 T 1 ¶T
2 2 2 + + 2 = ¶2 T ¶2 T ¶2 T q g
¶ T ¶ T ¶ T q! g 1 æ¶T ö 2 2
a ¶t + + 2 + = 0
+ + + = ç ÷ ¶x ¶y ¶z
¶x 2 ¶y 2 ¶z2 k a è ¶t ø ¶x 2 ¶y 2 ¶z k
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IES-2013 • Laplace Equation: Concept Booster Question-3

The Poisson’s equation of general conduction heat transfer applies to the Homogeneous and isotropic material with (k = constant). No heat The Laplace equation of general conduction heat transfer applies to the
case case
generation and steady state . (q g = 0) æ¶T ö
ç = 0÷
(a) steady state heat conduction with heat generation è ¶t ø (a) steady state heat conduction with heat generation
(b) steady state heat conduction without heat generation (b) steady state heat conduction without heat generation
2 2 2
(c) unsteady state heat conduction without heat generation ¶ T ¶ T ¶ T (c) unsteady state heat conduction without heat generation
+ + 2 = 0
(d) unsteady state heat conduction with heat generation ¶x 2 ¶y 2 ¶z (d) unsteady state heat conduction with heat generation
34 35 36
Example-1 Brainstorming Question-4
In a case of one dimensional heat conduction in a medium with constant
Consider a medium in which the heat conduction equation is given in its simplest form dT
1. Write one dimension steady state heat conduction equation. properties, T is the temperature at position x, at time t. Then is
as dt
2 2
¶ T ¶ T 1 ¶T proportional to :
2. Write one dimension without heat generation heat conduction + =
¶x 2 ¶y 2 a ¶t
equation
(a) Is heat transfer steady or transient? (a) T (b) ¶T
(b) Is heat transfer one, two or three-dimensional?
x ¶x
3. Write one dimension without heat generation steady state equation.
(c) Is there heat generation in the medium? 2 2
(c) ¶ T (d) ¶ T
(d) Is the thermal conductivity of the medium constant or variable? ¶x¶t ¶x 2
37 38 39
Brainstorming Question-5 ISRO-2017 § Some special cases of General Heat

A large concrete slab 1 m thick has one dimensional temperature conduction equation
The temperature distribution, at a certain instant of time in a concrete
distribution:
slab during curing is given by T = 3x2 + 3x + 16, where x is in cm and T is in
T = 4 –10x + 20x2 + 10x3 Case- 1: Steady state one dimensional without heat generation
K. The rate of change of temperature with time is given by (assume
Where T is temperature and x is distance from one face towards other face
diffusivity to be 0.0003 cm2/s). and constant thermal conductivity heat conduction equation.
of wall. If the slab material has thermal diffusivity of
(a) + 0.0009 K/s (b) + 0.0048 K/s 2 × 10–3 m2/hr, what is the rate of change of temperature at the other face
It will be discussed in class.
of the wall?
(c) – 0.0012 K/s (d) + 0.0018 K/s
(a) 0.1°C/hr (b) 0.2°C/hr
(c) 0.3°C/hr (d) 0.4°C/hr For any queries WhatsApp on 9582314327
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Same as derived earlier. Assumption:

Case- 2: Steady state with variable
1. Steady state heat transfer
k A (T1 - T2 ) thermal conductivity k = k o (1 + bT) 2. 1-D conduction

q =
L
Find heat transfer and temperature profile 3. No heat generation
4. Uniform properties except for thermal conductivity (‘k’ is variable)

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ISRO-2006
Here, we know that, Derivation will be discussed in the class.
An air-conditioned room has one of the walls, which is 5 m × 3 m of 3.75
cm thick brick. The conditioned space is maintained at 27°C when the
k = k o (1 + bT) (k o , b are constants) k m A (T1 - T2 )
Q= outside temperature is 47°C. Variation of thermal conductivity with
L temperature of the wall is given by k = 1 + 2 × 10–4 T, where T is in degree
b = + ve ® Non - m e t a ls
Kelvin and k is in W/mK. The heat gained by the conditioned space
é æ T + T2 ö ù
b = - ve ® Me t a ls Wh e re k m = k o ê 1 + b ç 1 ÷ú through this wall is
ëê è 2 ø úû
(a) 8496 W (b) 84.96 W
b = 0 ® k = k o = Co n s t a n t
(c) 800 W (d) 0
46 47 48
Brainstorming Question-6 From the above discussion, we can understand that with variable Temperature profile for the different
values of β
thermal conductivity temperature profile is not linear.
A 0.5 m thick plane wall has its two surfaces kept at 300°C and 200°C.
Thermal conductivity of the wall varies linearly with temperature and its It will depend upon the value of β.
It will be discussed in
values at 300°C and 200°C are 25 W/mK and class.
dT
Q = - kA
15 W/mK respectively. Then the steady heat flux through the wall is: dx
x T
(a) 8 kW/m2 (b) 5 kW/m2 Q
A ò dx = - ò k o (1 + b T)d T
0 T1
(c) 4 kW/m2 (d) 3 kW/m2
50 51
49
Concept Booster Question-4

Brainstorming Question-7
In the figure given below, curve A will be applicable when thermal
In a large plate, the steady temperature distribution is as shown in the conductivity of the material.
given figure. If no heat is generated in the plate, the thermal conductivity (a) Increases with increase in temperature
'k' will vary as (T is temperature and b is a constant)

(b) decreases with increase in temperature
(a) k0 (1 + bT)
(c) Is very large
(b) k0(1 – bT)
(c) 1 + bT (d) Is constant at all temperature

(d) 1 – bT For any queries WhatsApp on 9582314327
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ISRO-2008
IES-2011 ISRO-2008
The variation of temperature inside a wall is shown by three different If thermal conductivity of a material varies as k0(1 + bT), temperature at
If the thermal conductivity of a material of wall varies as k0(1 + bT) then
curves. In which case thermal conductivity least varies with temperature the center of a 10 cm thick wall of material will be
the temperature at the center of the wall as compared to that in case of
constant thermal conductivity will be (a) Average of the temperature at two ends of the wall
(a) A (b) More than the average of the temperature at two ends of the wall
(a) More (b) Less
(b) B (c) Less than the average of the temperature at two ends of the wall
(c) Same (d) Possible in all as above
(c) C (d) Depends on the range of temperature
(d) Cannot be ascertained on the basis of information provided For any queries WhatsApp on 9582314327
55 56 57
ISRO-2010 Concept Booster Question-5

If thermal conductivity of material of wall varies as k o (1 - aT)
The figure given below shows the variation of temperature across the (a) Increases with increase in temperature
the temperature at the center of the wall will be (α is + ve)
(a) Depends on other factors (b) decreases with increase in temperature

thickness of materials with different thermal conductivities under steady
(b) More than that in case of constant thermal conductivity (c) Is very large
(c) Less than that in case of constant thermal conductivity states. Curve C will be applicable when thermal conductivity of the
(d) Is constant at all temperature
(d) None of the above
material
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Consider one-dimensional steady-state heat conduction, without heat

As x increases, the temperature gradient (dT/dx) will:
generation, in a plane wall; with boundary conditions as shown in the

(a) remain constant (b) be zero
figure below. The conductivity of the wall is given by k = k0 + bT; where k0
and b are positive constants, and T is the temperature (c) increase (d) decrease
Cont… 61 62 63
Assumptions:
Case- 3: Steady state with variable 1. Steady state heat transfer
2. 1-D heat transfer

Cross-sectional Area
3. No heat generation
Find heat transfer and temperature profile

4. Uniform properties
64 65
Cont… 66
(T1 - T2 ) Temperature distribution for variable

Q=
§ From Fourier’s Law, é L ù
ê (kp R R ) ú
area
dT ë 1 2 û
Q = - kA
dx
§ Where ' p R 1 R 2 ' has the units of area (m2) and can be denoted by
§ Note: here ‘A’ is not constant and is dependent on ‘x.
symbol A0.
§ The further derivation will be discussed in class. DT
So,
Q = where
!
→ Thermal resistance
æ L ö "#!
ç kA ÷
è o ø
Cont…
67 68 69
Fourier's Law
GATE-2019
dT
Q = -kA
dx One-dimensional steady-state heat conduction takes place through a Case- 4: Steady state with
A = p(R 1 + ax) 2 solid whose cross-sectional area varies linearly in the direction of heat
R2 - R1 transfer. Assume there is no heat generation in the solid and the thermal
a =
L conductivity of the material is constant and independent of temperature. volumetric heat generation in a
x T
dx The temperature distribution in the solid is:
Qò = -kò dT
0
A T 1
Note: The temperature profile for variable area is not linear

(a) Linear (b) Quadratic
slab
(c) Logarithmic (d) Exponential Use code : KhushRaho for maximum discounts on any subscription on Unacademy |
it will depend upon how the area is varying. For any queries WhatsApp on 9582314327
70 71 72
Assumptions : Find heat transfer and temperature profile
1. Steady state
2. 1-D heat conduction The derivation will be discussed
3. Uniform volumetric heat generation in class.

q g x2
4. Constant thermal conductivity (k= constant)
To - T =
5. Homogeneous and isotropic material
2k
Cont… 73 74 75
IES-2013 IES-2015 Temperature Distribution within the

There is a uniform distributed source of heat present in a plane wall slab
Uniform heat generation takes place in a symmetric slab so that heat whose one sides (x = 0) is insulated and other side (x = L) is exposed to
ambient temperature (T¥), with heat transfer coefficient (h). Assuming
flows towards both sides in contact with fluid. The zero-gradient 2
constant thermal conductivity (k), steady state and one dimensional To - T æxö
boundary condition ¶T
= 0 occurs at = ç ÷
¶x conduction, the temperature of the wall is maximum at x equal to
To - Tw è L ø
(a) Left wall of slab (b) right wall of slab (a) 0 (b) L
(c) L/2 (d) L/4

(c) Centreline of slab (d) nowhere in slab Use code : KhushRaho for maximum discounts on any subscription on Unacademy |
76 77 78
IES-2013 IES-2015
Temperature profile
A plane slab of 100 mm thickness generates heat. It is observed that the In a wall of constant thermal conductivity, the temperature profile for
temperature drop between the center and its surface to be 50°C. If the It will be discussed in class.
heat conduction in the presence of a heat source inside the wall is
thickness is increased to 20 cm the temperature difference will be
(a) 100°C (b) 200°C (a) Linear (b) Logarithmic
(c) 400°C (d) 600°C (c) Parabolic (d) Hyperbolic
79 80 81
Case-b: When the surfaces of the wall have
different temperatures § Step 3- Perform integration Temperature profile
Algorithm: (Detail discussion will be done in class) § Step 4- Apply the boundary conditions and calculate the
Note- the location of the maximum
§ Step 1- Write the general conduction equation. value of C1 and C2.

temperature is nearer to the higher
§ Step 2- Take assumptions as per the given condition and find § Step 5- Find the location of the maximum temperature.
temperature.
the governing equation. § Step 6- Find the value of the maximum temperature.
Cont.. 82 83 84
Brainstorming Question-8 Linked Question-1 Linked Question-2

Consider steady one-dimensional heat flow in a plate of 20 mm thickness The location of maximum temperature within the plate from
The maximum temperature within the plate in °C is
with a uniform heat generation of 80 MW/m3. The left and right faces are its left face is
kept at constant temperature of 160°C and 120°C respectively. The plate has a (a) 160 (b) 165
(a) 15 mm (b) 10 mm
constant thermal conductivity of 200 W/mK.
(c) 5 mm (d) 0 mm (c) 200 (d) 250

Cont.. 85
Cont.. 86 87
ISRO-2011 GATE-2013
The temperature profile between two metal walls joined together is Consider one-dimensional steady state heat conduction along x-axis (0 £
shown in figure. From the figure it can be concluded that (a) Heat flows from A to B x £ L), through a plane wall with the boundary surfaces (x = 0 and x = L)
maintained at temperatures of 0°C and 100°C. Heat is generated
(b) Heat flows from B to A uniformly throughout the wall. Choose the correct statement :
(c) Heat is generated at the interface (a) The direction of heat transfer will be from the surface at 100°C
to the surface at 0°C.
(d) A is bad conductor of heat
88 89 90
Method to find Surface temperature
Point to Ponder Question
(b) The maximum temperature inside the wall must be greater than Use of Energy Balance,
Even though there is heat generation inside
100°C.
§ Energy generated in the system must be dissipated to the surroundings to
(c) The temperature distribution is linear within the wall. the slab, we are still taking steady-state
maintain a steady state.
(d) The temperature distribution is symmetric about the mid-plane of assumptions (i.e.- Q is not changing with
the wall. § Energy generated in the system = energy dissipated by the
respect to time). How is it possible?
conduction/convection/radiation/combination of any of them. It will be
chosen as per the given data.

91 92 93
ISRO-2017
An electric heater is sandwiched between two plates each 0.3 m long and
0.1 m wide with a thickness of 30 mm. At steady state condition, the A plane wall of thickness 2L has a uniform volumetric heat source q! g
heater is maintained at a temperature of 100°C, with a current of 0.25 A q! g L q! g L2
(W/m3). It is exposed to local ambient temperature T¥ at both the ends (x (a) Ts = T¥ + (b) Ts = T¥ +
and voltage of 200 V. Assume the plates are perfectly insulated at the h k
edges, and the heater is having perfect contact with the plates to give = ± L). The surface temperature Ts of the wall under steady-state
temperature of 50°C on the outside of the plate surface. What is the condition (where h and k have their usual meanings) is given by : q! g L2 q! g L3
(c) Ts = T¥ + (d) Ts = T¥ +
thermal conductivity of the plate material? 2k
h
(a) 1.0 W/m–K (b) 0.5 W/m–K
(c) 0.015 W/m–K (d) 0.3 W/m–K
94 Cont… 95 96
Brainstorming Question-10 GATE-2015(set-2)

For the three-dimensional object shown in the figure below, five faces are A cylindrical uranium fuel rod of radius 5 mm in a nuclear reactor is
insulated. The sixth face (PQRS), which is not insulated, interacts generating heat at the rate of 4 × 107 W/m3. The rod is cooled by a liquid
thermally with the ambient, with a convective heat transfer coefficient of (convective heat transfer coefficient 1000 W/m2-K) at 25 °C. At steady
10 W /m2.K. The ambient temperature is 30°C. Heat is uniformly state, the surface temperature (in K) of the rod is
generated inside the object at the rate of 100 W/m3. Assuming the face (a) 308 (b) 398
PQRS to be at uniform temperature, its steady state temperature is :
(c) 418 (d) 448
(a) 10°C (b) 20°C Use code : KhushRaho for maximum discounts on any subscription on Unacademy |
(c) 30°C (d) 40°C
97 98 99
GATE-2019(set-1) Cont…
An electric current is passed through a wire 1 mm in diameter and 10 cm
long. The wire is submerged in liquid water at atmospheric pressure and Three slabs are joined together as shown in the figure. There is no All slabs have thickness equal to 1 m and thermal conductivity of each
the current is increased until the water boils. For this situation, h is 5000
thermal contact resistance at the interfaces. The center slab experiences a
slab is equal to 5 Wm–1K–1. The two extreme faces are exposed to fluid with
W/m2 °C and the water temperature will be 100°C. How much electric
non-uniform internal heat generation with an average value equal to
power must be supplied to the wire to maintain the wire surface at 114°C ?
heat transfer coefficient 100 Wm–1 and bulk temperature 30°C as shown.
(a) 21.99 W (b) 32.39 W 10000 Wm–3, while the left and right slabs have no internal heat
(c) 42.39 W (d) 52.36 W generation.
100 101 102
Cont.. Cont..
The heat transfer in the slabs is assumed to be one dimensional and Case- 5: Steady state with volumetric
steady, and all properties are constant. If the left extreme face
temperature T1 is measured to be 100°C, the right extreme face heat generation in a slab with
temperature T2 is ................°C.
variable conductivity
103 104 105
Algorithm GATE-2022(set-2)
Step 1- Write a general heat conduction equation. Consider steady state, one-dimensional heat conduction in an infinite
slab of thickness 2L (L= 1 m) as shown in the figure. The conductivity (k)
Step 2- Take the necessary assumptions to find the governing of the material varies with temperature as k = CT, where T is the
temperature in K, and C is a constant equal to 2 W.m-1.K-2. There is a uniform
equation.
heat generation of 1280 kW/m3 in the slab. If both faces of the slab are
Step 3- Integrate the above equation maintained at 600 K, then the temperature at
x = 0 is _______K (in integer).
Step 4- Apply boundary condition to find the value of constant.
106 107 108
No derivation is required.
1 ¶ æ ¶Tö 1 ¶ æ ¶Tö ¶ æ ¶Tö ¶T

ç kr ÷+ k + çk ÷ + q! g = rc
r ¶r è ¶r ø r 2 ¶f èç ¶f ø÷ ¶z è ¶z ø ¶t
The trick to learning this formula will be discussed in

class.
109
110 111
IES-2022
Algorithm to use this formula Example -3
A 2-kW resistance heater wire with thermal conductivity 15 W/mºC,
Write one-dimensional constant thermal conductivity with no heat diameter 0.4 cm, and length 50 cm is used to boil the water by immersing
§ Step 1- Write a general conduction heat conduction equation.
source steady state heat conduction equation in cylindrical it in water. Assuming the variation of the thermal conductivity of the wire
with temperature to be negligible. What is the different equation what
§ Step 2- Take the assumption according to the given condition. coordinates.
describes the variation of the temperature in the wire during steady
operation?
112 113 114
Cont…. Algorithm to use this formula

§ Step 3- Integrate the above equation and if Q is asked and one
1 d æ dT ö g 1 dT æ dT ö g § Step 1- Write a general conduction heat conduction equation.

(a) çr ÷+ =0 (b) çr ÷+ =0
r dr è dr ø k 2r dr è dr ø k dimensional then apply Fourier’s law of heat conduction.
1 d ædT ö g § Step 2- Take the assumption according to the given condition.

(c) ç ÷+ =0 (d) 1 d æ dT ö
2r dr è dr ø k çr ÷=0
r dr è dr ø
115 116 117
The derivation will be discussed in class. Algorithm to use this formula
Case- 1: Steady state without
§ Step 1- Write a general conduction heat conduction equation.
(T1 - T2 )
Q =
volumetric heat generation through é æ r2 ö ù § Step 2- Take the assumption according to the given condition.
ê ln ç r ÷ ú
ê è 1 øú § Step 3- Integrate the above equation and find the values of
ë 2pkL û
the cylinder constants as per the given boundary condition.
118 119 120
§ Step 3- Integrate the above equation and find the values of § For maximum temperature
constants as per the given boundary condition. Case- 2: Steady state with volumetric
¶T
= 0
§ Boundary conditions : ¶r heat generation through the hollow
I. At r = R, T= Tw
§ From this above method we can find the location of the maximum
II. Use Energy balance

temperature. cylinder
121 122 123
The derivation will be discussed in class.

Temperature Distribution
2
1. Steady state
To - T ærö
= ç ÷
2. 1-D radial heat conduction To - Tw è R ø
4. Constant thermal conductivity

Cont… 124 125 126
GATE-2017(set-1) IES-2022 IES-2022
Heat is generated uniformly in a long solid cylindrical rod (diameter = 10 A 2-kW resistance heater wire whose thermal conductivity is The resistance wire of a 1200 W hair dryer is 80 cm long and has a
15 W/m °C has a diameter of 4 mm and a length of 0.5 m, is used to boil
mm) at the rate of 4 × 107 W/m3. The thermal conductivity of the rod diameter of 0.3 cm. What is the rate of heat generation in the wire per
the water. If the outer surface temperature of resistance wire is 105°C,
material is 25 W/m.K. Under steady state conditions, the temperature what is the temperature at the centre of the wire? unit volume ?
difference between the centre and the surface of the rod is ............°C. (a) 136°C (b) 126°C (a) 212 W/cm3 (b) 312 W/cm3
(c) 146°C (d) 156°C
(c) 512 W/cm3 (d) 412 W/cm3
127 128 129
Brainstorming Question-11 Brainstorming Question-12

In a long cylindrical rod of radius R and a surface heat flux of qo the Note: If ' q g ' values are very high and if ‘h’ values are low then the 'T0' Water jacketed copper rod “D” m in diameter is used to carry the current.
uniform internal heat generation rate is : The water, which flows continuously maintains the rod temperature at
values may increase enormously which may finally result in melting of the
Ti°C during normal operation at “I” amps. The electrical resistance of the
rod is known to be “R” W/m. If the coolant water ceased to be available
(a) 2q0 (b) 2q0 rod itself and melting begins at the axis of the rod
R and the heat removal diminished greatly, the rod would eventually melt.
(r = 0). What is the time required for melting to occur if the melting point of the
(c) q0 (d) q0
rod material is Tmp?
R R2
130 131 132
Cont..
Here, heat conduction will not take place in the radial direction.
[Cp = specific heat, ρ = density of the rod material and L is the length of
the rod] Case- 3: If heat conduction takes So Q is not a function of r. so in that case we will use a cartesian one
2 (Tmp - Ti ) dimensional heat conduction equation.

(a) r(pD /4)cP (Tmp - Ti ) (b)
2
I R rI 2 R place along the axis of the rod.
r(Tmp - Ti ) cP (Tmp - Ti ) ¶2 T q g
(c) (d) + =0
I2 I2 R ¶x 2 k
133 134 135
GATE-2022(set-1)
Consider a rod of uniform thermal conductivity whose one end The steady state temperature at the mid-location of the rod is given as TA.
(x = 0) is insulated and the other end (x = L) is exposed to flow of air at What will be the temperature at the same location, if the convective heat
temperature T¥ with convective heat transfer coefficient h. The cylindrical transfer coefficient increases to 2h ?
surface of the rod is insulated so that the heat transfer is strictly along the
axis of the rod. The rate of internal heat generation per unit volume inside (a) qL
! (b) 2TA
TA +
the rod is given as 2h
2px
q! = cos
L æ ! ö qL
qL !
(c) TA (d) TA ç 1 - ÷ + T¥
è 4 ph ø 4 ph
136 137 138
No derivation is required Example-4
Write one-dimensional constant thermal conductivity with no heat

1 ¶ æ 2 ¶Tö 1 æ ¶ æ ¶ T öö
ç kr ÷+ k
r 2 ¶r è ¶r ø r 2 sin 2 q èç ¶f èç ¶f ø÷ ø÷ source steady state heat conduction equation in spherical
1 ¶ æ ¶Tö ¶T coordinates.
+ ç k sin q ÷ + q g = rc
r 2 sin q ¶q è ¶q ø ¶t
The trick to learning this formula will be discussed in Use code : KhushRaho for maximum discounts on any subscription on Unacademy |
class.
139 140 141
Brainstorming Question-13
One dimensional unsteady state heat transfer equation for a sphere with
Case- 1: Steady state with volumetric
heat generation at the rate of 'q' can be written as
1. Steady state
(a) 1 ¶ æ r ¶T ö + g = 1 ¶T
q q
(b) 1 ¶ æ r 2 ¶T ö + g = 1 ¶T
heat generation through the 2. 1-D radial heat conduction
ç ÷ ç ÷
r ¶r è ¶r ø k a ¶t r ¶r è
2
¶r ø k a ¶t
2
(c) ¶ T + q g = 1 ¶T (d) ¶
2
( rT ) +
qg
=
1 ¶T Sphere.
¶r 2
k a ¶t ¶r 2 k a ¶t
4. Constant thermal conductivity
144
142 143 Cont…
Example-5
An approximately spherical-shaped orange (k=0.23W/m°C), 90 mm in
diameter, undergoes a riping process and generates 5100W/m3 of energy. If
the external surface of the orange is at 8°C, determine:

Thank You
(i) Temperature at the center of the orange, and
(ii) Heat flow from the outer surface of the orange. Khush Raho
145 146
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General heat conduction with internal heat generation-
dimension: Answer Key (Explanations will be discussed
in class)
ISRO-2008 Page No.3 Slide No. 23 Ans. (a)

Brainstorming Question – 1 Page No.3 Slide No. 24 Ans. (c)
Brainstorming Question – 2 Page No.3 Slide No.25 Ans. (b)
Concept Booster Question-1 Page No.3 Slide No.26 Ans. (d)
Concept Booster Question-1 Page No.3 Slide No.27 Ans. (a)
IES-2013 Page No.4 Slide No.28 Ans. (c)
Brainstorming Question – 3 Page No.4 Slide No.29 Ans. (d)
IES-2014 Page No.4 Slide No.30 Ans. (a)
Concept Booster Question-3 Page No.4 Slide No.36 Ans. (b)
ISRO-2017 Page No.5 Slide No.41 Ans. (b)
ISRO-2006 Page No.6 Slide No.48 Ans. (a)
Brainstorming Question-6 Page No.6 Slide No.49 Ans. (c)
Brainstorming Question –7 Page No.6 Slide No.52 Ans. (a)
Concept Booster Question-4 Page No.6 Slide No.53&54 Ans. (c)
ISRO-2008 Page No.7 Slide No.55 Ans. (d)
IES-2011 Page No.7 Slide No.56 Ans.(a)
ISRO-2010 Page No.7 Slide No.58 Ans. (c)
Concept Booster Question-5 Page No.7 Slide No.59&60 Ans. (c)
GATE-2013 Page No.7 Slide No.61,62&63 Ans. (d)
GATE-2019 Page No.8 Slide No.71 Ans. (c)
IES-2013 Page No.9 Slide No.79 Ans. (b)
Brainstorming Question –8
1|P a g e
Linked Question-1 Page No.10 Slide No.86 Ans. (c)
Linked Question-2 Page No.10 Slide No.87 Ans. (b)
ISRO-2011 Page No.10 Slide No.88&89 Ans. (c)
GATE-2013 Page No.10&11 Slide No.90&91 Ans. (b)
Brainstorming Question –9 Page No.11 Slide No.95&96 Ans. (a)
Brainstorming Question –10 Page No.11 Slide No.97&98 Ans. (d)
GATE-2015(set-2) Page No.11 Slide No.99 Ans. (b)
GATE-2019(set-1) Page No.12 Slide No.101,102,103&104 Ans. (60)
GATE-2022(set-2) Page No.12 Slide No.107&108 Ans. (1000_1000)
IES-2022 Page No.13 Slide No.114&115 Ans. (a)
GATE-2017 Page No.15 Slide No.127 Ans. (10)
IES-2022 Page No.15 Slide No.128 Ans. (b)
Brainstorming Question –11 Page No.15 Slide No.130 Ans. (a)
Brainstorming Question -12 Page No.15 Slide No.132&133 Ans. (a)
GATE-2022(set-1) Page No.16 Slide No.136&137 Ans. (c)
Brainstorming Question –13 Page No.16 Slide No.142 Ans. (c)
खुश रहो
KHUSH RAHO
2|P a g e

Heat Transfer CH 3 For 2024 GATE ESE PSUs by S K Mondal

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Chalo Mondal ke sath and bano topper

Chalo Mondal ke sath and bano topper

qGeneral heat conduction equation in Cartesian Coordinate System

You will get

variable thermal conductivity with a variable cross-section area

The derivation will be

1. Homogeneous and isotropic material

or due to the lesser value of heat capacity.

ISRO 2008 Brainstorming Question-1

Brainstorming Question-2 Concept Booster Question-1 Concept Booster Question-2

• Diffusion Equation: (Transient Equation)

IES-2013 • Laplace Equation: Concept Booster Question-3

Brainstorming Question-5 ISRO-2017 § Some special cases of General Heat

Same as derived earlier. Assumption:

k A (T1 - T2 ) thermal conductivity k = k o (1 + bT) 2. 1-D conduction

4. Uniform properties except for thermal conductivity (‘k’ is variable)

Concept Booster Question-4

'k' will vary as (T is temperature and b is a constant)

(c) 1 + bT (d) Is constant at all temperature

ISRO-2010 Concept Booster Question-5

(a) Depends on other factors (b) decreases with increase in temperature

Consider one-dimensional steady-state heat conduction, without heat

generation, in a plane wall; with boundary conditions as shown in the

Case- 3: Steady state with variable 1. Steady state heat transfer

2. 1-D heat transfer

Find heat transfer and temperature profile

(T1 - T2 ) Temperature distribution for variable

Note: The temperature profile for variable area is not linear

2. 1-D heat conduction The derivation will be discussed

3. Uniform volumetric heat generation in class.

IES-2013 IES-2015 Temperature Distribution within the

(c) L/2 (d) L/4

(a) 100°C (b) 200°C (a) Linear (b) Logarithmic

(c) 400°C (d) 600°C (c) Parabolic (d) Hyperbolic

§ Step 1- Write the general conduction equation. value of C1 and C2.

Brainstorming Question-8 Linked Question-1 Linked Question-2

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chosen as per the given data.

Brainstorming Question-10 GATE-2015(set-2)

(c) 42.39 W (d) 52.36 W generation.

100 101 102

1 ¶ æ ¶Tö 1 ¶ æ ¶Tö ¶ æ ¶Tö ¶T

The trick to learning this formula will be discussed in

Cont…. Algorithm to use this formula

1 d æ dT ö g 1 dT æ dT ö g § Step 1- Write a general conduction heat conduction equation.

1 d ædT ö g § Step 2- Take the assumption according to the given condition.

115 116 117

118 119 120

II. Use Energy balance

The derivation will be discussed in class.

4. Constant thermal conductivity

127 128 129

Brainstorming Question-11 Brainstorming Question-12

130 131 132

2 (Tmp - Ti ) dimensional heat conduction equation.

No derivation is required Example-4

Write one-dimensional constant thermal conductivity with no heat

An approximately spherical-shaped orange (k=0.23W/m°C), 90 mm in

diameter, undergoes a riping process and generates 5100W/m3 of energy. If

the external surface of the orange is at 8°C, determine:

Your generous donations will support the

I request your generous donations to ensure as many