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Lecture 3
Motion in 1D
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Motion along a straight line
q Motion
q Position and displacement
q Average velocity and average speed
q Instantaneous velocity and speed
q Acceleration
q Constant acceleration: A special
case
q Free fall acceleration
Jan. 28-Feb. 1, 2013
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Motion
q Everything moves!
Motion is one of the
main topics in
Physics I
LAX
q Simplification:
Consider a moving Newark
object as a particle,
i.e. it moves like a
particle—a “point
object”
Jan. 28-Feb. 1, 2013
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4 Basic Quantities in
Kinematics
q Displacement in space
n From A to B: Δr = rB – rA = 52 m – 30 m i = 22 m i
n From A to C: Δr = rc – rA = 38 m – 30 m = 8 m i
q Distance is the length of a path followed by a
particle
n from A to B: d = |rB – rA| = |52 m – 30 m| = 22 m
n from A to C: d = |rB – rA|+ |rC – rB| = 22 m + |38 m – 52 m| = 36 m
Jan. 28-Feb. 1, 2013
q Displacement is not Distance. www.aovgun.com
Jan. 28-Feb. 1, 2013
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Velocity
q Velocity is the rate of change of position.
q Velocity is a vector quantity.
q Velocity has both magnitude and direction. displacement
q Velocity has a unit of [length/time]: meter/second.
distance
q We will be concerned with three quantities, defined as:
n Average velocity Dx x f - xi
vavg = =
Dt Dt
total distance
n Average speed savg =
Dt
Dx dx
n Instantaneous v = lim =
Dt ® 0 D t dt
velocity displacement
Jan. 28-Feb. 1, 2013
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Average Velocity
q Average velocity
Dx x f - xi
vavg = =
Dt Dt
is the slope of the line segment
between end points on a graph.
q Dimensions: length/time (L/T)
[m/s].
q SI unit: m/s.
q It is a vector (i.e. is signed), and
displacement direction sets its
sign.
Dv dv d dx d 2 x
a = lim = =Jan. 28-Feb.=1, 20132
Dt ®0 Dt dt dt dt dt
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Average Acceleration
q Average acceleration Note: we are plotting
velocity vs. time
Dv v f - vi
aavg = =
Dt t f - ti
q Velocity as a function of time
v f (t ) = vi + aavg Dt
q It is tempting to call a negative acceleration a
“deceleration,” but note:
n When the sign of the velocity and the acceleration are the
same (either positive or negative), then the speed is
increasing
n When the sign of the velocity and the acceleration are in the
opposite directions, the speed is decreasing
q Average acceleration is the slope of the line connecting the initial
Jan. 28-Feb. 1, 2013
and final velocities on a velocity-time graph
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Instantaneous and Uniform
Acceleration
q The limit of the average acceleration as the time
interval goes to zero Dv dv d dx d 2 x
a = lim = = =
Dt ®0 Dt dt dt dt dt 2
! ! !
v = v0 + at
!2 ! 2 ! !
v = v0 + 2aDx Jan. 28-Feb. 1, 2013
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Problem-Solving Hints
q Read the problem
q Draw a diagram
n Choose a coordinate system, label initial and final points,
indicate a positive direction for velocities and accelerations
v = v0 + at Dx = v0t + at 1
2
2
v = v0 + 2aDx
2 2
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Jan. 28-Feb. 1, 2013
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Free Fall Acceleration
y
q Earth gravity provides a constant
acceleration. Most important case of
constant acceleration.
q Free-fall acceleration is independent
of mass.
q Magnitude: |a| = g = 9.8 m/s2
q Direction: always downward, so ag is
negative if we define “up” as positive,
a = -g = -9.8 m/s2
q Try to pick origin so that xi = 0
Example
Problem2
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Problem3
Problem4
Problem6
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Problem7
Problem8
Problem9
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Problem10
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September 8, 2008
24.5 m/s and 0.1 m/s
September 8, 2008
Jan. 28-Feb. 1, 2013