Cycle of motion: Grasp -> Move (M-C) -> Position -> Release -> Reach

Grasp: Relinquish control of an object by hand

Move: Transport object from one place to another

Position: Seat an object to another one to a predetermined destination

Reach: Move fingers or hand to a specific or general location

Reach R

Affected factors: Motion Length, Motion Case, Type of Motion

Definition: Basic Motion to move the fingers or the hand to a specific or general location

Rule R-1

Movement lengths> 80 cm are entered in the coding and the time values are determined by
extrapolation in increments of 5 cm.

E.g: If the person has to reach 84cm away, we need to break it into M80 and M4

Note

Movement lengths > 80 cm represent risk factor and should be avoided wherever possible.

Rule R-2

With the movement length of the fingers or hands by using other body parts (so-called. Body Help )
shortened, this reduction is subtracted from the total length of travel.

Note

Body aid should be avoided as far as possible through appropriate work design.

Note

A long case M-A with a change of direction of movement within a radius of 15 cm by at least 90 °
is analyzed as long case M-B.

Rule R-3

For grip distance > 7.5cm, M-B will be analysed, otherwise is M-A

Rule R-4

Movement case A is only analyzed when approaching an object that is always exactly in a precisely
located location if it is really achieved without visual control using the kinesthetic sense.

Note

The kinesthetic sense is the ability to subconsciously control and control movements of the body
parts.

Rule 5
If the reach is followed by grasping a handful of stacked or jumbled objects => Case ‘B’

Rule R-6

A reach is also analyzed if an object is held that is not an obstacle to movement and is gripped with
the fingers after reaching.

Note

If it is a small and / or light object, carrying the object hardly affects the time it takes to move
around. However, if the object is misshapen or heavier than 1 kg, then the movement cannot be
analyzed with long runs. Such an object prevents movement and is only put down before reaching
another object.

Rule R-7

If there are characteristics typical of both movement case C and movement case D , movement
case C is analyzed.

Rule R-8

If there is a change of direction in the course of the approach, which almost or entirely leads to a
movement stop, two successive movements taking place in succession must be analyzed.

Factor per 5 cm for actual Case of Reach

R-A R-B R-C R-D

R80A – R75A R80B – R75B R80C – R75C R80D – R75D

0.9 1.4 1.3 1.3

Grasp G

Definition: Basic Motion performed with the fingers or hand to obtain control with an object or
several objects in order to perform the next Motion.

Affected factors: Type of Grasp, Case, Size of Object

Objects with a diameter> 25 mm can usually be brought under control with a G1A handle.

Rule G -1

If the movement is hindered by wearing gloves, the disability must be taken into account.

Note

Is an object with tools , e.g. B. tweezers or tongs to control, this is not gripping , but analyzed as
bringing (see Rule M-2).

Rule G-2

Regrasp (G2): Used to improve the grip or preparation, composes of max 3 consecutives Reach and
Move. Regrasp do not preceded by a REACH motion, but during the MOVE motion.
Rule G-3

If an object is held with one hand, gripped with the other and the following basic movement is
carried out with both hands, there is no transfer handle G3 , but a pick-up handle G1A or G1B.

Note

If small object, risk of injury for the hand, risk of damage => G-D is analyzed

Note

In the case of objects hooking or sticking to one another, the movements required to detach an
object are additionally analyzed.

Rule G-4

If objects lying mixed together are so large that they can be gripped like an object lying alone, a G1A
is used instead of a G4A.

Note

If a G1A is analyzed instead of a G4A , the previous arrival is an RB .

Relationship between REACH and GRASP:

R-A, R-B, R-C and R-D can precede G5.

It is considered as ‘Grasp’ if the Motion Length is <= 2cm

Release RL (Release)

Rule RL-1

In the case of a throwing movement MB , the release takes place during the course of the movement
and is not taken into account in time.

Move M

Definition: Purpose is to transport one or more objects with fingers or hands to a destination

Affected factors: Motion Length, Motion Case, Type of Motion, Force/Weight

Note

Movement lengths > 80 cm represent risk factor and should be avoided wherever possible.

The factor per 5cm if the Motion Length > 80cm

M-A M-B M-C

M80A – M75A M80B – M75B M80C – M75C

1.6 1.2 1.7

Static Component: Time required for the application of required force to gain control =>
NOT deal with actual motion
Dynamic Factor: Additional time required to keep control of the weight during the move
motion (Larger the weight, larger the force)
Rule M-1

Grip distance > 7.5 will be analyzed at M-B, otherwise is M-A

Rule M-2

If an object can be brought under control with the help of tools , such as tweezers or pliers, this is
not analyzed as gripping, but as BRINGING .

Rule M-3

If there is a change of direction in the course of the bringing , which almost or completely leads to a
movement stop , two successive bringing movements have to be analyzed.

Rule M-4

If a hand is used as a tool , for example for folding or tapping, this is analyzed with the help of bring
movements .

Note

A force / weight ≤ 1 daN / kg is already taken into account in the standard time values.

Rule M-5

Integer values must be entered in the coding and designation column. Decimal numbers
are rounded up to an integer and thus entered in the coding, while the decimal value is entered in
the designation column .

Note

Calculation of the time value: M60B3 x dynamic factor at 4 kg = 20.4 x 1.07 = 21.8
TMU

Rule M-6

With two-handed working methods, only half of the weight is taken into account per hand if the load
is evenly distributed over both hands, ie the "total weight / 2" is in the coding and the weight is
divided by 2 to determine the current value and then the corresponding value selected on the data
card (rules for simultaneous movements are not applicable).

Note

Calculation of the time value: M70B15 / 2 = M70B x dynamic factor at 8 kg calculation: 15/2 = 7.5,
thus read the value at 8kg on the data card =22.8 x 1.17 = 26.7
TMU

Note

The resistance is taken into account for both the static and the dynamic component. Here, too, only
half the resistance per hand is assessed and coded as described above with a two-handed working
method.

Note
Calculation of the frictional resistance: resistance = weight x friction coefficient = 8 x 0.4 = 3.2 daN

Material acting as friction Friction coefficient

surface

Wood on metal 0.4

Metal on Metal 0.3

Note

Calculation of the current value: M50B1 7 /2 = x M50B Dynamic factor 10 kg calculation: 17/2 = 8 , 5,
thus the value at 10 kg read on the data card = 18.0 x 1, 22 = 2 2 , 0 TMU

Rule M-7

If the weight is already under control when bringing a weight> 1 kg or a force> 1 daN , the static
component must not be analyzed again .

Note

Calculation of the time value: M90B3 = M90B x dynamic factor at 4 kg calculation:

17/2 = (25.2 + (2 x 1.2)) x 1.07 = 29.5 TMU

Position P

One of the most complex motions in MTM

If the total clearance > 12 mm, we can consider this action as MOVE

****Non-Symmetrical (NS) will be Semi-Symmetrical (SS) if the object to be positioned is prepared in

the preceding MOVE

****Semi-Symmetrical (SS) will be Symmetrical (S) if the object to be positioned is prepared in the
preceding MOVE

Rule P-1

Joining depths (enage distance)> 2.5 cm must be taken into account by additional analysis of bring
or bring and joining movements.

Rule P-2

If a force is required after the joining , this is to be analyzed by pressing it additionally .

Rule P-3

The insertion of the hand or fingers is always to be analyzed as a symmetrical joining " S ". In this
case, the previous movement is always analyzed as an “ MC ”.

Rule P-4

If the joint cannot be seen (so-called blind joining ), the real basic movements must be analyzed.
Note

The attachment tolerance for determining the fit class when attaching is not transferable to the
insertion.

Note

As a rule, the JOIN is followed by a RELEASE RL1 . If the fingers move, for example when joining, with
difficult handling on the object to be joined, so that the grip handle becomes the touch handle, the
subsequent release is an RL2 .

Turning T ( turn )

Rule T-1

The effort level " S " is used for rotary movements of the empty hand , but the symbol " S " is not
included in the code .

Rule T-2

Follows the turning one Include , in between is a brief Bring movement " MC provide".

Apply Pressure AP

Rule AP-1

If the components AF, DM and RLF do not occur in a defined manner, each component is analyzed
individually.

Disengage D

Rule D-1

If there is a risk of injury to the fingers or a risk of damage to the object, the next higher fit class
is analyzed. If the fit class "3" already exists, the method has to be changed and the additional
movements have to be analyzed.

Rule D-2

Occurs when separating a tilting of an object on, is at the " D2 additional", " G2 " and the
" D3 additional" " APB analyzed".

Eye Travel ET

2∗60
Note: Calculating the current value : ET =15 , =22 , 8TMU → max . 20 TMU
40
The codes for the eye functions are always written in the right hand column.

Rule ET-1

Shifting eyes is only analyzed as a basic movement if it occurs in a time-determining manner.

Note:

The use of the ET within the normal field of vision is not proven by any MTM research results. It is
defined as a shift in the normal field of vision from one place to another. However, there are short
movements from one feature to the next. The MTM reading studies suggest short eye movements
from word to word, but shifting eyes is not intended for these short eye movements. In rare cases,
the use of the ET within the normal field of view is justified for the movement of the eyes from
feature to feature.

Note:

Checking surfaces (e.g. surfaces, outer surfaces) for easily recognizable cracks, scratches, inclusions,
etc. can be analyzed with Check. The frequency of the EF depends on the part size. If the part size
exceeds the normal field of vision, flat parts are divided into square test fields 10 * 10 cm with a
viewing distance of 40 cm. Under these circumstances, there is also a shift from the center of the
test field to the center of the test field.

When testing the lateral surfaces of cylindrical objects, the following evaluation has proven to be
useful in practical use: based on 100 mm length:

O ≤ 30mm EF in frequency 2
> 30mm O ≤ 100mm EF in frequency 3
O > 100mm EF in frequency 4
The necessary handling of a part ( turning , turning ) goes at the same time as checking and is not
evaluated.

Rule EF-1:

Testing is only analyzed as a basic movement if it occurs in a time-determining manner.

Note:

Testing is not necessary for the normal control of reach, gripping, bringing, joining and other
movements. Since the visual control affects the time for these movements, it is already an integral
part of these movements.

Rule EF-2:

If there are several characteristics within a field of vision with a yes / no decision, a corresponding
number of "checks" must be analyzed.

Rule RD-1:

Words with more than 3 syllables are analyzed as 2 words. Punctuation marks are not taken into
account.

Rule RD-2:

With a check, up to 3 connected characters, numbers or letter combinations can be recorded, even if
they occur in a connected text.

Rule WR-1:

When writing by hand, the attachment of the writing instrument is analyzed as joining case P1SE.

Note:

The diffuse field of vision is the area outside the normal field of vision that can still be grasped at a
glance, in which features can no longer be clearly recognized, but can still be perceived as
blurry. Experience has shown that the boundary of the diffuse field of vision is 60 cm from the
viewing points, if the eye distance from the field of view is 40 cm. The size of the field of view
changes in proportion to the distance between the eyes.

Note:

With simultaneous reaching outside the diffuse field of view, a so-called interaction path must be
considered in the C&D movement cases. This is done by analyzing an interaction path of at least 4
cm for the second hand.

Rule A-1:

When joining at two points outside the normal field of vision, two successive joining movements are
analyzed. A brief briefing MC must be analyzed before the second joining. Before that, a look shift
has to be analyzed if it is necessary and time-determining.

Rule A-2:

The codes for the basic movements belonging to the gaze functions as well as the body, leg and foot
movements are entered in the right column of the code; This also applies to process times.

Note:

Process times are coded with the code "PT" ( Process Time) and entered in the right code
column. The code column remains free during waiting and holding times of the hands. They can be
noted in the text column if this is necessary to understand the analysis.

Rule FM-1:

The movement length of the foot is limited to 10cm. With longer movement lengths, a foot
movement is analyzed instead of a leg movement.

Note:

Occasionally, the toes also move sideways with the instep or heel as the fulcrum. Strictly speaking,
this is not a foot movement. However, preliminary studies have shown that the execution time of
this movement corresponds approximately to a foot movement and can therefore be analyzed in
this way. Movement around the toe joint is not a foot movement but a leg movement.

Note:

Calculation of the current value:

LM30 = 7.1 + 0.5 * (30-15)

= 7.1 + 7.5

= 14.6 TMU

Rule LM-1

If pressure is applied in addition to the leg movement, an additional APA must be analyzed.

Note:

Calculation of the current value:

SS40C1 = 17.0 + 0.2 * (40-30)

 = 17.0 + 0.2 * 10

= 19.0 TMU

Note:

Calculation of the current value:

SS45C2 = 34.1 + 0.4 * (45-30)

= 34.1 + 0.4 * 15

= 40.1 TMU

Rule SS-1

Short side steps (less than 30cm) are not time-relevant if they are carried out simultaneously by the
same direction and bring-in movements .

Rule SS-2:

If, in a side step case C2, the pulling of the second leg from there and bring movements is overlaid
in time, a case C1 must be analyzed.

Note:

m- is supposed to describe the flowing course of the movement before and after body
movements. Since the distance to go can only be estimated, it has no significant influence on the
accuracy. In practice, it is often ignored.

Rule SS-3 :

If two side steps are carried out one after the other in one direction, the first is always analyzed as a
side step case C2.

Rule TB-1:

Body rotations below 45 ° are considered body aids and are not analyzed.

Rule TB-2:

If two body rotations are carried out in succession in one direction, the first is analyzed as case C2.

Note:

m- is supposed to describe the flowing course of the movement before and after body
movements. Since the distance to go can only be estimated, it has no significant influence on the
accuracy. In practice, it is often ignored.

Rule TB-3:

If walking occurs after a body rotation> 90 °, the following is analyzed:

With weight load: TBC2 and TBC1

Without weight load TBC1

Pulling the second leg in both cases is the first step when walking.
Rule TB-4:

If during a body rotation case C2 the pulling of the second leg by reaching or bringing movements is
overlaid in time, a body rotation case C1 is analyzed.

Note:

Walking backwards over several steps is always classified as "disabled".

Rule W-1:

Stairs Ascending and descending is analyzed as walking if the step height is less than or equal to 30
cm.

Note:

If the hands do not reach up to the knees when bending, the movement is regarded as a body aid.

Bending the upper body in a sitting position is considered to be a body aid.

Rule B / AB-1:

Basic movements of the hand-arm system can be carried out while bending and standing up.

With long and bring movements , however, residual movements of approx . 10cm to be considered.

Note:

m- is supposed to describe the flowing course of the movement before and after body
movements. Since the distance to go can only be estimated, it has no significant influence on the
accuracy. In practice, it is often ignored.

Rule S / AS-1:

Basic movements of the hand-arm system can be carried out while stooping and straightening.

With long and bring movements , however, residual movements of approx . 10cm to be considered.

Note:

m- is supposed to describe the flowing course of the movement before and after body
movements. Since the distance to go can only be estimated, it has no significant influence on the
accuracy. In practice, it is often ignored.

Rule KOK / AKOK-1:

Basic movements of the hand-arm system can be performed while kneeling and standing up.

In Hinlang - and Bring movements but remaining movements of approx . 10cm to be considered.

Note:
m- is supposed to describe the flowing course of the movement before and after body
movements. Since the distance to go can only be estimated, it has no significant influence on the
accuracy. In practice, it is often ignored.

Note :

Settling only includes sitting down and leaning back. Movements that are necessary to bring the
body in front of the seat or to bring the seat up must also be analyzed. Getting up includes only
preventing and lifting the body. Movements that are necessary to push the seat away and place the
body next to the seat must also be analyzed.

Rule SIT / STD-1:

Basic movements of the hand-arm system can be carried out while sitting down and getting up.

In Hinlang - and Bring movements but remaining movements of approx . 10cm to be considered.

Note:

m- is supposed to describe the flowing course of the movement before and after body
movements. Since the distance to go can only be estimated, it has no significant influence on the
accuracy. In practice, it is often ignored.