EXAMPLE 1 EXAMPLE 2

Simplify the following as far as Simplify the following as far as

possible: possible:
cos ( 180 °+θ ) cos ( 90 ° +θ )
a) a)
cos ( 180 °−θ ) sin ( 360° −θ )
tan(180° +θ)∙sin (360 °−θ) sin (360 °−θ)∙ sin(90°+θ)
b) tan(360 °−θ)
b) cos(90 °−θ)∙ cos (360 °−θ)
c) 1−tan2 (360 °−θ) c) Show that sin(270° −β)=−cos β
Consider that 270°=180°+90°

EXAMPLE 3 EXAMPLE 4
Write the following as the Simplify the following to a
function value of an acute angle. function value of θ:
a) sin 290 ° a) sin(360° +θ)
b) tan197 ° b) cos (540 °+ β)
c) cos 120 ° c) tan(θ−180° )
d) sin(−θ−90°)

EXAMPLE 5 EXAMPLE 6
Write the following as the If cos 20 °=t determine the
function value of a positive value(s) of the following in terms
acute angle. of t.
a) sin(−30°) b) cos (−200 °)
b) cos (−40 ° ¿) ¿ c) sin(250° )
c) tan(−150 °) d) sin(20° )
d) cos (920 ° ) e) tan20 °

EXAMPLE 7 EXAMPLE 8
Using the special angle Evaluate the following without
diagrams to calculate the the use of a calculator. You may
following. Verify your answers use your calculator to verify
by using a calculator. each step and your final answer.
a) sin(60° ) a) cos 2 150 °
b) tan(45 ° ) b) tan(−300 °)∙ sin 600°
c) cos (90 °) c)
cos(−200° )
sin290 °
d) sin(270° ) cos(180°)∙ sin(225°) ∙cos (80 ° )
d) sin(170 °)∙ tan(135 °)
EXAMPLE 9 EXAMPLE 10
a) Factorize the following Prove that:
1. 2 sin θ cos θ−cos θ 1 2
a) 2
−1=tan θ
cos θ
2. 2 cos2 θ−3 cos θ−2 cos θ 1
b) tanθ+ 1+sin θ = cos θ
3. sin2 θ+2 sin θ cos θ+cos 2 θ
4. 1−cos2 θ EXAMPLE 11
b) Show that: Simplify as far as possible by using
2
1+sin θ−cos θ=sinθ (1+sin θ) reduction formulae and identities.
c) Use your trigonometric a)
identities to simplify the tan 225 ° +cos (180° −θ)∙ sin( 90° +θ)
following to a single sin(−θ)
b)
trigonometric function 2 2
cos 140 °−tan 40 ° ∙ cos 220 ° ∙sin 50 °

1. ( 1−sinθ )( 1+sin θ )
2. 2
cos θ−1
3. 2 2
tan θ−tan θ ∙ sin θ
2

4. ( cos θ+ sin θ )2

EXAMPLE 12
1
a) Solve for θ if sin θ= 2 , θ ∈ ( 0° ; 360 ° )
−5
b) Solve for θ if cos θ= 7 , θ ∈ ( 0° ; 360 ° )
c) Solve for θ if 2 tan θ=−9 , θ ∈ ( 0° ; 360 ° )

EXAMPLE 13
a) Solve for A if sin ( A−24 ° )=−0 ,7 , A ∈ ( 0° ; 360 ° )
b) Solve for A if cos 2 A=−0,867 , 2 A ∈ ( 0 ° ; 360° )
 EXERCISE 1
1. Write as function values of θ by referring to the diagram alongside. First add to the
diagram which function is positive in which quadrant.
a) sin(180° +θ) b) sin(180° −θ)
c) cos (180 °−θ) d) cos (360 °−θ)
e) tan(360 °−θ) f) tan(180 °+ θ)
g) cos 2 (180 °+θ) h) tan2 (180 °−θ)
i) −sin2 (360 ° −θ)
2. Simplify the following as far as possible.
Take note of the following:
sin(180 °−θ) sin (180° −θ) sin θ
cos θ+ cos θ=2 cos θ and ≠ ≠
cos(180°−θ) cos (180 °−θ) cos θ
sin ( 180° +θ ) ∙ cos (180 °−θ) b) tan2 θ−tan2 (180° +θ)
a)
cos ( 180 ° +θ ) ∙sin (180 °−θ)
tan ( 360° −θ ) ∙cos (180 °+θ) 2
sin ( 360° −θ )
c) d)
cos ( 360 °−θ )−cos (180° +θ) sin ( θ ) ∙ sin (180° +θ)

EXERCISE 2
1. Write as function values of θ without referring to your notes or book. Use the
diagram alongside to assist you.
a) sin(90 °−θ) b) sin(180° −θ)

c) cos (90 °+θ) d) cos (180 °+ θ)

e) cos (360 °−θ) f) sin(90 °+ θ)

g) sin(180° +θ) h) cos (90 °−θ)

2. Simplify the following:

cos ( 180 ° +θ ) ∙cos (90 °−θ) b) sin(90 °−θ)∙ cos (180 °+ θ)
a)
sin ( 90 °+θ ) ∙ sin(180 °−θ)
c) sin(90 °−θ)∙ cos ( 180 °+θ ) +sin (90 °−θ) ∙cos (180 ° +θ)
3. Simplify the following:
a) sin2 (180 ° +θ)−cos2 (90 °−θ) 2
sin (360° −θ)
b)
cos(90 °+θ) ∙ sin(180 °−θ)
*c) cos (270 °−θ) *d) sin(270° +θ)
*e) cos (270 ° +θ)

EXERCISE 3
Write the following as function values of acute angles.
a) sin 310 ° b) tan110 ° c) cos 95°
d) tan235 ° e) sin 250 ° f) cos 222 °
g) cos 335 ° h) sin 120 ° i) cos 304 °

EXERCISE 4
1. Write each of the following as a function value of θ .
a) tan(−θ) b) cos (−θ) c) sin(−θ)
d) sin(θ−180 ° ) e) tan(−θ−180° ) f) cos (θ−90 °)
g) cos (360 ° +θ) h) sin(θ+90 °) i) tan(720 °−θ)
j) cos (540 °−θ) k) sin(−θ−90°) l) cos (θ−270° )
2. Simplify the following
cos (θ−180 ° ) ∙ cos (90 °−θ) cos ( θ−90° ) ∙ tan(−θ)
a) b)
sin ( 90 °+ θ ) ∙ sin (−θ−180 ° ) sin (−θ ) ∙ tan(720 °−θ)
c)
sin ( β−180 ° ) ∙ tan (−β−180 °)∙ cos(180 °+ β )
cos (−β ) ∙ sin(360 ° + β)
3. Write each of the following as a function value of a positive acute angle.
a) tan(−50 °) b) cos (−240 °) c) sin(−20 °)
d) tan(−210 ° ) e) cos (−135 °) f) sin(−125° )
g) tan650 ° h) cos 765 ° i) sin 485 °
j) sin(−415 °)

EXERCISE 5
1. If sin 40 ° =p write the following in terms of p.
a) sin 140 ° b) sin 220 ° c) sin(−140° )
d) cos 50 ° e) sin 50 ° f) tan220 °
2. If cos 35 °=k write the following in terms of k .
a) cos 215 ° b) sin 55 ° c) cos (−35 °)
d) sin 665 ° e) sin 325 °
3. If tan22 °=t write the following in terms of t .
a) tan202 ° b) tan338 ° c) tan(−22 °)
d) tan518 ° e) cos 22 °

EXERCISE 6
1. Evaluate without using a calculator.
a) cos 330 ° ∙sin 60 ° sin 135 °
b)
cos 225 °
c) tan315 °−2cos 60°+ sin210 ° d) sin 570 °+cos 240 °−tan 135°
tan 330 ° sin 410 °
e) f)
sin 330 ° cos 40 °
g) sin 150 °−tan 240° ∙ cos 210 ° h) tan120 ° ∙ cos 210 °−sin2 315 °
tan 150 ° sin 300 ° tan 315 °−cos 1020°
i) − j)
tan 240 ° sin120 ° sin 150° + tan(−135 °)
tan 225 °−sin x cos 20 °
k) l) cos (−315 °)∙ sin 315° −¿ ¿
sin x +cos 270 ° sin 250 °
cos 315 ° +1
2. Prove without using a calculator: =−1
sin 315° −1
3. Evaluate without using a calculator: √ 4 sin150 ° ∙23 tan 225 °
sin θ 1
4. Show that θ=30° is a solution to ( sin θ ) =
√2

EXERCISE 7
Simplify the following as far as possible.
sin θ b) cos θ ∙ tan θ
a) cos θ
sin θ d) 1+ tan2 θ
c) tan θ
1−cos θ
2
f) cos 4 θ+cos 2 θ ∙ sin2 θ
e) 2
sin θ−1

EXERCISE 8
1. Prove that the following statements are identities
a) ( sin θ+cos θ )2=1+2 sin θ ∙cos θ (An important result to remember)
1 cos θ (An important result to remember)
b) =
tan θ sin θ
1 cos θ
2
tan x ∙ cos x
c) − 2 =1 d) =1
2
sin θ sin θ sin x

e) sin 4 x−cos 4 x=sin2 x−cos2 x f) sin2 θ+sin 2 θ ∙ tan2 θ=tan2 θ

g) cos θ ( 1+ tan θ )=cos θ+sin θ 1−cos θ
2
1−cos θ
h) 2
=
cos θ+2 cos θ+1 1+cos θ
1 1 2 1 1 1+cos θ
i) + = 2 j) + =
1−cos θ 1+cos θ sin θ sin θ tanθ sin (180 °−θ)

EXERCISE 9
Simplify as far as possible by using reduction formulae and identities.
Calculators may not be used in this question.
cos ( 90 ° −θ ) cos(180°+θ)∙ tan(180 °−θ)
a) −sin2 (−θ) b)
sin(180 °−θ) sin (−θ)
tan(180 ° +θ)cos (360 °+θ)
c)
sin ( 180° +θ ) ∙ cos ( 90 ° +θ )+ cos2 (360 °−θ)
d) cos 2 112° +sin 2 68 ° e) cos 2 260 °−sin100 ° ∙sin 280 °
f) sin 70 ° ∙ cos 200 °−cos2 (−70 ° )

EXERCISE 10
1. Solve for θ in the following. Round off your answers to 2 decimal places.
a) tanθ=2 and θ ∈ ( 0° ; 360 ° )
b) cos θ=0,657 and θ ∈ ( 0° ; 360 ° )
c) sin θ=−0 , 56 and θ ∈ ( 0° ; 360 ° )
d) 3 cos θ=−2 and θ ∈ ( 0° ; 360 ° )
e) 4 sin θ−3=0 and 0 °<θ<360 °
f) 2 tan θ−0 , 82=0 and θ ∈ ( 0° ; 180 ° )
2. Solve for A if sin A=tan 322 ° , and A ∈ ( 0° ; 360 ° )

EXERCISE 11
1. Solve for θ if tan(θ+30 °)=2 , and ( θ+30 ° ) ∈ ( 0 ° ; 360° )
2. Solve for θ if cos 3 θ=0 , 45 , and 3 θ ∈ ( 0 ° ; 360 ° )
3. Solve for θ if 2 sin 2θ=−0 , 56 , and 0 °<2 θ<360 °
4. Solve for θ if 2 cos (2 β−26°)=−1 , 5 , and ( 2 β−26 ° ) ∈ ( 0 °; 360 ° )