Chapter 1

Application of the Generalized Concepts

Answer the following briefly:

1. Why you should not cross the street when you see a car coming very fast?
Answer: Why should I not cross the street when I see a car coming very fast? Because I think that
the car can hit me because it is running very fast. That was my first thought when I saw the car
running fast when I was on the side of the street and wanted to cross the lane. And also we need to
always think safety first before anything else.
2. Why should you hold tightly when riding on a bus?
Answer: To prevent anything from falling or rolling forward. That's why we need to hold tightly
when riding on a bus.

Assessment

Solve the following word problems: (3 pts each)

1. A person with a mass of 75 kg is accelerated 3 m/s. How much force was applied to him?

Answer: F = m * a

• a = 3 m/s2

• m = 75 kg

Therefore,

F = ma

= 75 × 3

F = 255 N

So, the force applied to the person is 225 Newtons

2. What is the acceleration of a 50 kg object pushed with a force of 500 newtons?

Answer: Acceleration = Force / Mass Acceleration

= 500 Newtons / 50 kg Acceleration

= 10 m/s/s

3. A force of 250 N is applied to an object that accelerates at a rate of 5 m/sec2. What is the mass
of the object?

Answer: F= m x a

m = f/a

m = 250 N/ 5m/s2

m = 50 kg
 4. A bowling ball rolled with a force of 15 N accelerates at a rate of 3 m/sec2; a second ball rolled
with the same force accelerates 4 m/sec2. What are the masses of the two balls?

Answer: mass of 1st ball. m=f x a

m=15x3=45

mass 2nd ball. m=f x a

m=15*4=60

5. An object of mass 30 kg is falling in air and experiences a force due to air resistance of 50 newtons.

Answer: 250N

Explanation:

m=30kg

mg=300N

air resistance=50N

F=ma

mg-(air resistance)=ma

300-50=30a

250N=F=ma

a=25/3

Chapter 2

Application of the Generalized Concepts

Let’s Try!
1. Differentiate speed, velocity and acceleration in your own words.
Answer:
Speed, in my opinion, refers to "how fast an object is moving" or "how quickly you are moving."
And also velocity, its rate of motion in a particular direction. Kinematics, the area of classical
mechanics that deals with the motion of bodies, uses velocity as a fundamental notion. And the
acceleration is the rate of change of the velocity of an object with respect to time. And also,
acceleration is one of several components of kinematics, the study of motion.

Assessment
Solve the following word problems: Show your solution. (3pts each)
1. An airplane accelerates down a runway at 3.20 m/s2 for 32.8 seconds until is finally lifts off the
ground. Determine the distance traveled before takeoff.
Answer:
Initial speed of airplane u=0 m/s
Acceleration of the plane a=3.20 m/s2
S=ut+21 at 2
S=0(32.8+0.5(3.20)(32.8)2
=1721.3∼
 =1720m

2. What is the speed of a train, if the distance it travels is 100 km in 20 minutes?

Answer: S=D/T
= 100km/20m
= 5km/min
S= 5km per minutes.

3. A race car accelerate from an initial velocity of 10 m/s to a final velocity of 30 m/s in a time interval
of 2 seconds. Determine its average acceleration.
Answer: a= v-u/t
a=30m/s – 10m/s
2s
a= 10m/s
4. A car starts its motion from rest with a constant acceleration of 4 m/s2, what is the average velocity
of the car in the first 5 seconds of the motion?
Answer: V=u+at
=0+4m/s (5s)
= 20m/s

5. A person jogs 4.0 km in 32 minutes, then 2.0 km in 22 minutes, and finally 1.0 km in 16 minutes.
What is the jogger’s average speed in km per minute?
Answer: S=D/T
S=(4.0km+2.0km+1.0km)/(32m+22m+16m)
S=7/70
S=0.1

Chapter 3

Let’s Try!
Direction: Write W if the phrase tells about work and NW if it is not.
1. Throwing a piece of paper. Answer: 1.W
2. Pushing against a wall. 2.W
3. Standing straight 3.NW
4. Dropping a book 4.W
5. Washing dishes. 5.W
Assessment
Part 1. Multiple Choice; Write the letter of the correct answer.
1. Which of the following is not a simple machine?
a. Screw
b. Lever
c. Pulley
d. Board
Answer: D
2. Which of the following makes use of the principle of the screw?
a. Pencil sharpener
b. Scissors
c. knife
d. auto jack
Answer: C
3. An egg beater is an example of _______.
a. A lever
b. An inclined plane
 c. A wheel and axle
d. A pulley
Answer: C
4. It is the product of force and the distance the body moved.
a. Force
b. Gravity
c. Work
d. Energy
Answer: A
5. A flat surface with one end higher than the other.
a. Wedge
b. Inclined plane
c. Lever
d. Pulley
Answer: B

Direction: Solve the following problems. (3 pts each).

1. A book weighing 1.0 newton is lifted 2 meters. How much work was done?
Answer: W=FxD
W= (1.0N) (2m)
W= 2

2. 2. A force of 15 Newtons is used to push a box along the floor a distance of 3 meters. How much
work was done?
Answer: W=FxD
W= 15N x 3m= 45
W= 45

3. 3. It took 50 joules to push a chair 5 meters across the floor. With what force was the chair pushed?
Answer: F= W/D
F= 50J/5m
F= 10N

4. A force of 100 Newtons was necessary to lift a rock. A total of 150 joules of work was done. How
far was the rock lifted?
Answer: D= W/F
D= 150J/100N= 1.5m
D= 1.5m

5. It took 500 Newtons of force to push a car 4 meters. How much work was done?
Answer: W=FxD
W= 500N x 4m = 2000
W= 2000

Chapter 4:

Let’s Try This!

Make a conceptual map about forms of energy.

TRANSFER OF May occur CONSERVATION

ENERGY ENERGY
OF ENERGY
Assessment:
Direction: Read the questions carefully. Select and write the best answer in your paper.

1. Which statement best describes the relationship between matter and energy in the universe?
a. Changes of mass to energy and energy to mass are observable in all chemical reactions.
b. The sum of mass and energy in the universe is increasing over time.
c. Matter and energy can be converted from one to the other, but their sum stays constant.
d. The sum of mass and energy in the universe is decreasing over time.
Answer: C
Objects can have kinetic energy, potential energy, or both. Energy can be in the form of motion.
Energy can also be stored by objects in various ways, including position, chemical bonds, or
physical state.
2. Refer to the information above. Which statement is true?
a. An object’s mass has no effect on its potential energy.
b. Potential energy is converted to kinetic energy as a stationary object begins to move.
c. Kinetic energy is converted to potential energy as a stationary object begins to move.
d. A stretched rubber band stores no energy.
Answer: B
3. What type of energy is found in a compressed spring?
a. gravitational potential energy
b. elastic potential energy
c. electrical energy
d. kinetic energy
Answer: B
4. What type of energy does a spinning bicycle wheel have?
a. elastic potential energy
c. kinetic energy b. nuclear energy
d. gravitational potential energy
Answer: C
5. What type of energy found in food is important for organisms?
a. elastic potential energy
b. kinetic energy
c. chemical potential energy
d. gravitational potential energy
Answer: C
6. What type of energy is found in the chemical bonds holding gasoline molecules together?
a. gravitational potential energy
b. kinetic energy
c. elastic potential energy

d. chemical potential energy

Answer: D
Part 2- 7-10. Give four (4) illustrations of energy transformation.
7. The blender transforms electrical energy into mechanical energy.
8. A natural gas stove, converts chemical energy from burning into thermal.
9. Solar to warm water. Here, light energy is converted into heat energy.
Light energy->electrical energy
10. Electric Motors, This is used in different appliances like refrigerator.
Electrical Energy->kinetic Energy
Chapter 5: Earth’s Atmosphere
Application of the Generalized Concepts
Answer the following briefly:
1. Name the five layers of the atmosphere from the lowest to the highest.
Answer: Troposphere, Stratosphere, Mesosphere, Thermosphere, Exosphere
2. Describe the layer of the atmosphere you live in.
Answer: The troposphere, pronounced "trop-os-feer," is this layer and the lowest on Earth. In
this layer, which is also where the weather resides, we, as humans, reside. The mass of the entire
atmosphere is found in this layer, which is around 90%! A large portion of the water vapor,
carbon dioxide, air pollution, clouds, weather, and living forms on Earth reside here. The word
"troposphere" literally translates to "change/turning ball" because the gases in this layer rotate
and mix. Various air temperatures and densities cause these gases to combine.
3. Where do you find gas that protects living things from ultraviolet rays?
Answer: Stratosphere/OZONE- High-energy ultraviolet (UV) radiation from the sun is
absorbed by ozone in the upper atmosphere. This shields life on Earth's surface from the sun's
most dangerous radiation. Only the most basic life forms would be able to survive on Earth
without ozone's protective qualities.
Assessment
Explain the question below (15 pts)
Explain the importance having these layers and the negative effects if without these.

Answer: The importance of having these layers and the negative effects of not having them are that, without
an atmosphere to shield it from the harsh elements of the solar system, the planet would become lifeless. The
Earth's atmosphere provides warmth and absorbs dangerous solar rays to shield and support the planet's
inhabitants. The atmosphere holds the oxygen and carbon dioxide that are necessary for life to exist, as well
as the sun's energy and many of space's perils. Because these five layers of atmosphere have different
purposes to protect us and also our mother earth.

CHAPTER 6: Earth’s Hydrosphere

Application of the Generalized Concepts
Explain the following:
1. In what way that water plays a vital role on Earth?
Answer: The way of water plays in a vital role on earth,
 It stimulates the growth of plants and supplies the minerals and nutrients needed to support
physical life.
 It offers various species a place to live permanently, temporarily, or as a breeding ground.
 It is essential to life and needed for ecosystems, industry, agriculture, livestock, drinking,
sanitation, and crops.
 It contributes to the integration of the planet's atmosphere, seas, and lands into a single system.

2. Who/what causes water pollution? Why? What are the possible steps to address the problems?
Answer:
The causes of water pollution is us. Because for example, the Human waste dumping, Industrial
waste release, Land Contamination, Air pollution, Agriculture pollution, Improper Drainage system,
Groundwater contamination, Plastic waste, Due to fisheries, Automobile usage. These examples is
one of causes of water pollution. The possible steps to address the problem is to take care of our
rivers and be responsible of our action. To avoid the water pollution.

Assessment

Direction: Read the statements/questions carefully. Select and write the letter of the correct answer.
1. What might happen to the river basin system in your community if a factory continuously dumps
toxins into the local river?
a. Mutations will occur.
b. The turbidity level will be low.
c. Dissolved oxygen levels would be high.
d. Thermal pollution will cause the temperature to increase.
Answer: C
2. Why is ocean water more dense that fresh water?
a. Ocean water contains more salt than fresh water.
b. Ocean water is deeper that most bodies of fresh water.
c. Ocean water has waves that move the water around.
d. Ocean water contains more organisms than fresh water.
Answer: A
3. Which statement is not a description of oceans?
 a. Oceans absorb and hold large quantities of solar heat.
b. Oceans provide the least stable aquatic environment.
c. Oceans contain a relatively constant supply of nutrient materials and dissolved gases.
d. Oceans serve as a habitat for a large number of diverse organisms.
Answer: B
4. Which 2 sources of freshwater are used by municipalities for drinking water?
a. oceans and icebergs
b. groundwater and oceans
c. rivers and groundwater
d. icebergs and rivers
Answer: C
5. Which of the following is the world's deepest Ocean?
a. Indian Ocean b. Atlantic Ocean c. Arctic Ocean d. Pacific Ocean
Answer: D
6. Which is the correct definition of continental shelf?
a. The continuous series of mountain chains found in the abyssal plains and are of
volcanic/tectonic origin.
b. It represents the depressions and trenches on the ocean floors.
c. It is shallow seaward extension of continents having depth up-to 200 m and slope is very
smooth.
d. The falling slopes in the oceans where slope is very stiff and no such deposition is found, these
are of tectonic origin, trenches are found near its foot limit as subduction zones.
Answer: C
7. Mariana Trench lies in which of the following Ocean?
a. Atlantic Ocean b. Pacific Ocean c. Arctic Ocean d. Indian Ocean
Answer: B
8. The hydrosphere is the mass of water found
a. on the earth b. found under the earth
c. above the surface of a planet d. all of the above
Answer: B
9. Following is (are) reservoir(s)
a. atmospheric moisture b. groundwater c. oceans d. all of the above
Answer: B
10. Earth is also known as ____.
a. Red planet b. Blue planet c. Brown planet d. None of the above
Answer: B

CHAPTER 7: Earth’s Lithosphere

Application of the Generalized Concepts

Answer the following briefly:

1. Differentiate intensity from magnitude?

Answer: Magnitude is a scale indicator for earthquakes that doesn't alter with distance from the
source. Conversely, intensity, which diminishes with distance from the earthquake epicenter,
characterizes the level of shaking brought on by an earthquake at a specific location.
2. Why do rocks have different colors?
Answer: Which light wavelengths are absorbed and which are reflected by minerals are usually
determined by the atomic bonds within of them. The hues of the mineral are determined by those
wavelengths that are reflected back to human sight. Free electrons in particular minerals allow them
to absorb specific light wavelengths.
Assessment
Direction: Label the layers of the diagram below. Then, answer the questions that follows.
Answer:
 1. Crust
2. Mantle
3. Core
4. Inner core
5. Outer core
6. The crust and upper mantle together make up a zone of rigid, brittle rock called
Answer: Lithosphere
7. What is the state of matter in the mantle?
Answer: Semi-solid
8. Name two metals found in the outer core:
Answer: Iron(fe) and Nickel(Ni)
9. The outer core is so hot that the metals in it are all in the _____________state.
Answer: Liquid
10. Why is the inner core a solid if it is the hottest layer? How is that possible?
Answer: Because the inner core is composed of heavy, dense components like nickel and iron, it
is solid. These materials don't "melt" easily, therefore they remain solid despite the extreme heat.
It turns out that if the pressure is also high, a lot of materials can become solid at a higher
temperature.
Answer: The inner core is solid because it is made of very dense, or heavy materials like iron
and nickel. Even though is very hot, these materials don’t “melt” very easily, so they stay solid. It
turns out that many materials can be a solid at a higher temperature if the pressure is also
together.

Chapter 8: Origin and Components of Solar System and Earth’s Placement

Application of the Generalized Concepts

Explain the following:
1. Discuss the static model and the Big-Bang theories of the creation and future of the universe, in
terms of the Scientific Method.
Answer: To create information that holds true across time, static models are employed. According to
the big bang theory, a subatomic particle is where the cosmos first started. In a split second, an
immense force unleashed an incredible outpouring of energy from the tiny spot, dispersing matter
and energy in every direction.
2. Why do moon changes shape?
Answer: The moon appears to be changing shape over time because of the sun's attention on different
parts of it due to its shifting position as it revolves our planets.

Assessment
Direction: Choose the letter of the correct answer.

1. The following is (are) example(s) of celestial body (ies).

a. Sun
b. Moon
c. Stars
d. All of the above (answer d)

2. The following is (are) true about Sun.

a. It is made up of gases
b. It has its own heat and light
c. Sun is a star
d. All of the above ( answer d)

3. The different group of stars is known as

 a. Constellations (answer a)
b. Celestial bodies
c. Asteroids
d. Comet

4. Which are the two most abundant elements in the sun?

a. hydrogen and helium (answer a)
b. helium and uranium
c. hydrogen and sodium
d. hydrogen and iron

5. How large is the Milky Way Galaxy?

a. It is the largest galaxy ever observed. (answer a)
b. It takes up over half of the known universe.
c. It cannot be measured or compared.
d. It is very small when compared to the universe

6. Which of the following correctly ranks astronomical objects by size, starting with the smallest?
a. Earth, sun, solar system, galaxy, universe (answer a)
b. Sun, solar system, Earth, universe, galaxy
c. Universe, galaxy, solar system, Earth, sun
d. Solar system, Earth, sun, universe, galaxy

7. What are galaxies made of?

a. moons and planets
b. two stars orbiting each other
c. about one hundred stars (answer c)
d. many millions of stars

8. What do the stars in a constellation have in common? The same _____.

a. brightness (answer a)
b. distance from Earth
c. size
d. general direction from Earth

9. Why is space travel difficult for people?

a. We cannot take the air or food we need into space.
b. The distances are very great; it is dangerous and expensive.
c. It is impossible to escape the sun’s or Earth’s gravity.
d. We do not have a destination to visit that we know will support life
(answer d)
10. How does a telescope help us understand the moon?
a. It tells us how it was formed. (answer a)
b. It tells us how hot it is there.
c. It helps us see surface features.
d. It can tell us what the moon is made of