Sample Research

Republic of the Philippines
Department of Education
TANDAG NATIONAL SCIENCE HIGH SCHOOL
Tabon-tabon, Quezon, Tandag City
ACCOUNTANCY BUSINESS AND MANAGEMENT STRAND
A NARRATIVE STUDY OF A CHILD IN CONFLICT

WITH THE LAW(CICL), A BENEFICIARY
OF A BAHAY PAG-ASA PROGRAM
A Qualitative Research Paper

to be Presented to
the Faculty of the Senior High School Department
Tandag National Science High School
Tandag City
In Partial Fulfillment
of the Requirements for the Subject
Practical Research 1
Julianne Nica P. Cagalawan

Jamon P. Datiles
Frixie June G. Lasaca
Que Sheil P. Mausisa
Kenji A. Parnes
Edrian C. Plaza
Jhenny Rhose E. Ramos
Elisha Faith O. Reyes
MARY MAY B. GUBATON, MAELT (CAR)

Research Adviser
May 2024
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Chapter 1
THE PROBLEM AND ITS SETTING
Introduction
These days, it's usual for a child who have been found guilty of an offense to be
either accused, judged of doing it. The terms criminal, thief, killer, and rapist are
frequently used to describe a child in conflict with the law (CICL) and it is violating the
law known as the Juvenile Justice and Welfare Act (RA 9344). The Bahay Pag-Asa
youth center serves as a transformational center only for children who are in conflict
with the law (CICL), and the program's actual guiding principle is reform and
rehabilitation rather than punishment. This study generally assesses the provision of
educational and social welfare services for children in Bahay Pag-Asa (Luna, 2021).
Children in conflict with the law (CICL) in the Philippines were detained in the
same prisons as seasoned offenders prior to the Juvenile Justice and Welfare Act (RA
9344) of 2006. As a result of the law's adoption, adolescent rehabilitation facilities, also
known as Bahay Pag-Asa (BPA) centers, were built throughout the nation to separate
those who were in custody for violating the law from adult offenders (Red, 2019). With
the establishment of a comprehensive restorative juvenile justice and welfare system,
this ultimately seeks to further improve the juvenile justice and welfare of adolescents in
the nation. With the signing of the RA10630, local government entities are required to
open a Bahay Pag-Asa Center that will serve CICL, as opposed to the alternative of
housing them in jails apart from elder inmates. These initiatives adhere to the DSWD's
guidelines (Abot, 2018).
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One percent of a local government's internal allotments must go to programs that
will help a child who are at risk of breaking the law, according to a legislation that
applies to those who get Bahay Pag-Asa benefits. To keep a child out of trouble, the
local government and the Department of Social Welfare and Development are needed
to prevent children from crime involvement. Giving a point to do not jail them but direct
them on how to avoid it and follow in the accordance of the law. To address this gap a
research study is needed. It focuses on a center that already existed before the law was
passed and that was founded in compliance with RA 10630. In support to this study,
regular monitoring of the activities and programs of Bahay Pag-Asa should be done,
with particular attention paid to the needs, issues, or status of the child (Luna, 2022).
Having deemed of this problem, the researchers want to evaluate and
understand the experiences of a child and to identify the strengths and weaknesses of
the Bahay Pag-Asa program, from the perspective of the CICL, their family, program
staff, and other relevant stakeholders, and suggest ways to improve the program's
effectiveness in rehabilitating and reintegrating CICL's into the Bahay Pag-Asa
encountered serious problems along the provision of social welfare services for children
in conflict with law (CICL). The Bahay Pag-Asa education program is strongly
recommended as an efficient intervention program for children in conflict with the law
(CICL) at Bahay Pag-Asa, contributing to the overall personality development of youth
offenders. This study can be very helpful to a child to help them in coping with their
problems through the rehabilitation process.

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Theoretical Framework
This study is supported by the theory of Differential Opportunity Theory in which
it is a sociological theory that assumes that when young individuals are successful by
legal means, they would later turn to deviant or criminal activity. According to the
differential opportunity theory, people who struggle to achieve their goals are more
inclined to try to get money and status using dishonest or unconventional means.
Another premise of differential opportunity theory is that young people who are given
greater chances at achievement through legitimate channels will be less likely to
associate with deviant subcultures. The three main subcultures that differential
opportunity theorists believe people may enter if they are unsuccessful in achieving
success through conventional means are conflict, crime, and retreatism.
This theory is mainly attempting to explain why young people turn to crime.
During the 1960s, two criminologists known as Richard Cloward and Lloyd Ohlin
developed the theory of differential opportunity. The idea of differential opportunities
states that rehabilitation can be accomplished through moral education, changing
problematic neighborhoods, deterrence, and situational crime prevention, as well as
through teaching people to conform to behavior, sound social policy, and deterrence. It
views that some of a child is joining gangs and pursue criminal careers as alternative
means them.
Another theoretical perspective that can be applied to children in conflict with
the law (CICL) is the Social Disorganization Theory. This theory posits that social
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problems such as crime and delinquency are caused by a breakdown of social
institutions and a lack of social cohesion in a community. Children who grow up in
socially disorganized communities may lack positive role models and social support,
which can increase their risk of engaging in delinquent behavior. The Bahay Pag-Asa
program can be seen as an attempt to address social disorganization by providing a
safe and stable environment for CICL and by offering various services and programs,
such as education, counseling, and vocational training, the program seeks to improve
the children's social and economic well-being and reduce their risk of recidivism.
The Social Disorganization Theory was initially developed by two sociologists,
Clifford Shaw and Henry McKay, in the early 1940s. They conducted research on
juvenile delinquency in Chicago and found that certain neighborhoods had higher rates
of delinquency than others. They attributed this to the breakdown of social institutions
and a lack of social cohesion in these neighborhoods, which they referred to as "social
disorganization." Since then, other sociologists have expanded and refined the theory,
but Shaw and McKay are credited with its initial development. The Social
Disorganization Theory can provide insight into the social context in which CICL live and
how the Bahay Pag-Asa program aims to address the underlying causes of delinquent
behavior by improving the social and economic conditions of the children and their
communities.
This study is also anchored to Routine Activity Theory. This theory is a sub-field
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of crime opportunity theory that focuses on situations of crimes and it tries to explain
why crime happens. Routine activity theory is based on the assumption that crime can
be committed by anyone who has the opportunity. According to the theory, victims are
given the option of choosing not to become victims by avoiding situations where they
could be targeted by criminal activity. Some child is more likely to commit a crime if they
see a good target but lack capable of guardians.
Routine activity theory is a sub-field of crime opportunity theory that focuses
on situations of crimes. It was first proposed by Marcus Felson and Lawrence E. Cohen
in their explanation of crime rate changes in the United States between 1947 and 1974.
It has been widely used and has grown to be one of the criminology ideas that is most
frequently discussed. Routine activity theory explores crime as an event, closely links
crime to its environment, and highlights its ecological process, thus deflecting academic
attention away from merely perpetrators. This is in contrast to criminological views of
criminality.
Thus, this study is mainly supported by the theory of Differential Opportunity
Theory and there are also two theories that this study is also anchored with which is the
Social Disorganization Theory and Routine Activity Theory. The researchers came to
the conclusion that this theory will have a beneficial of information to the researchers
that supports the current study. This will be the guide for an individual’s attitudes and
behaviors in the society, whether it is good or breaking the law.
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Conceptual Framework
Experiences of the child during the

Child admitted to Bahay Pag-
rehabilitation in Bahay
Asa due to being liable to an
Pag-Asa
offense
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Figure 1
Schematic Diagram of the Study
The schematic diagram shows variables that represents the main objectives of
the study. The box on the left side represents the independent variable which is the
child admitted to Bahay Pag-Asa due to being liable to an offense. The other variable
which is placed on the other box is the experiences of the child during the rehabilitation
in Bahay Pag-Asa.
Statement of the Problem
This study aims to identify the Challenges and Experiences of the Child in
Conflict with the Law in Bahay Pag-Asa during the rehabilitation process. This research
study sought to answer the following:
1.What are the challenges and experiences of the child due to their offense
towards in Bahay Pag-Asa program?
2.What are the coping strategies of the child in times of rehabilitation in Bahay
Pag-Asa?
3.How do the challenges faced by the child impact their rehabilitation process
from Bahay Pag-Asa?
Scope and Limitation of the Study
This study will focus on the life of a young individual who commits an unlawful
act and experience rehabilitation process in Bahay Pag-Asa.

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We conducted an interview method with the consent of the participant to
properly gather the data needed. This includes obtaining and exploring the strategies on
how the Bahay Pag-Asa program has helped the participant to overcome the obstacles
they experience in their life. This research study was conducted in Purok
Riverside,Telaje,Tandag City,Surigao Del Sur in month of April.
Significance of the Study
The result of this study is expected to add more knowledge including the
challenges and experience they encounter in Bahay Pag-Asa. After the researchers
gathered all necessary information, this would be beneficial to the following:
Department of Social Welfare and Development (DSWD). This study findings can
be utilized by enhancing their Bahay Pag-Asa programs and provide more effective
interventions for CICLs. Also, this research can help them understand the requirements
and experiences of CICLs.
Local Government Unit (LGU). This study can assist local authorities in identifying
areas for improvement in their programs and policies, also this will help to provide links
between the people and government, especially in the Bahay Pag-Asa program on the
CICL's.
Communities. This study can gain insights into how they can help prevent children
from getting involved in illegal activities and support those who are already in conflict
with the law.
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Parents. This study outcomes can help parents understand the challenges
encountered by CICLs and provide them with the necessary support and guidance.
Future Researchers. Other future researchers can benefit from the knowledge
provided by this study. This might also serve as a source of information for them to
accomplish their research, and further in to the topic and will give them some data and
information that will stand as a reliable basis to their future studies.
Definition of Terms
The terms listed below were operationally and conceptually defined to provide
readers with a better understanding of the words used by the researchers.
Bahay Pag-Asa. It is also known as "House of Hope". In order to support a
restorative justice and welfare system in a safe and supportive atmosphere, the facility
acts as a temporary shelter for children at risk (CAR) and Children in Conflict with the
Law (CICL).
Beneficiary. It is someone who benefits from something, particularly a trust, will,
or insurance for life.
Child in Conflict with the Law (CILC). It refers to a child who has been
charged, accused, or found guilty of committing a violation of the under Philippine law.
Juvenile Justice and Welfare Act (RA 9344). A Philippine law that promotes
and protects the rights of children in conflict with the law, establishes a comprehensive
juvenile justice system, and provides for their rehabilitation and reintegration into
society.
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Offense. This is an illegal conduct, action and a violating of a law
Rehabilitation. This is the procedure of adjusting someone, such a young
violator, into society in a positive and constructive way.
Reintegrating. A process of helping someone who has been separated or
isolated from a group or community to become a part of it again.
Violate. The act of breaking against a law, rule, agreement, or principle.
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Chapter 2
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURES AND STUDIES
This chapter presents a thematic formation of this literatures and studies in line
with this study. These supporting concepts are gathered and extracted from different
sides of the world, and though much particularly from the Philippines.
Children’s Rights Development in Conflict with the Law
Children’s Rights Development is under the duty to advance the child's growth,
well-being, and social reintegration while fostering her or his respect for other people's
human rights and fundamental freedoms A principled, mutually agreeable, and
effectively implemented diversion procedure can have significant benefits for children's
rights and interests by bringing about a resolution that is in keeping with a child's sense
of time and producing a re-integrative result that meets the child's requirements. By
settling the situation at the lowest level, the widespread use of diversion may act to
ameliorate the persistent low minimum ages of criminal liability in many countries.
Diversion must, among other things, make sure that a child does not grow up with a
criminal record that casts a shadow over them and limits their options for the future,
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including employment and travel. Children's due process rights must be maintained,
such proceedings must not leave a child with a permanent record, and must actively
engage in the decision to enter the process (Sands, 2016).
As mentioned, there is a global tendency for most children who are brought to
justice for minor or moderate offenses to receive some sort of diversion. This has the
effect of making these situations the most complex in terms of the offense and the child,
even though the numbers being dealt with through charges in a formal court setting or
final custodial disposition are minimal. When the concepts of "deprivation of liberty as a
last resort" and "diversion" are applied thoroughly, children who end up in court or
custody may have used up all of their options and community placements over a long
period of time. This population is prone to communication problems, cognitive problems,
and mental health problems. When prior care history is present, the transition from care
to custody can appear universal and inevitable (Stanley,2017).
The principles, procedure, and outcomes for minors who commit extremely worst
crimes, however, are far less clearly laid out. Crimes including murder, rape, terrorism,
aggravated robbery, and assault are included under this umbrella phrase. High levels of
wrong and injury are present in these offenses. Even jurisdictions that might otherwise
be considered progressive adopt an exclusionary strategy, especially for children who
are charged with or found guilty of killing. This could imply that the entire or a portion of
the trial was conducted in an adult courtroom and that adult punishments, such as life in
prison, were both possible and imposed (Lynch, 2018). Children with cognitive
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difficulties face additional obstacles in the defense of their rights to effective and
meaningful participation in particular, as well as in the recognition of their conditions as
a mitigating factor in sentencing. While all children may struggle to comprehend
complex legal processes simply due to their stage of development (Hand et al., 2016).
Rehabilitation Program for a Child in Conflict with the Law
The types of crimes committed by both adults and children range from minor
offenses to severe crimes or otherwise. The prevalence of youth crime is a growing
global concern that is a widespread occurrence that must happen. Nonetheless, it is
regrettable to observe that sometimes the regulations established to stop it have proven
ineffective existence. Since they are unavoidable, all-encompassing efforts are advised
to at least limit the occurrences of these youthful crimes that are recognized as juvenile
delinquency over the world.
According to Aclis (2016), doing criminal acts or violations on a regular basis is
considered juvenile delinquency especially one who is younger than the legal age for
regular criminal prosecution. Even though It's crucial to take into account the age of the
criminal when applying the concept to children's behavior. considering that from a global
viewpoint, this is one of the most frequently noted contrasts between various states.
In the study of (Young et al., 2017) claims that the punishment of a person
convicted of a crime is heavily influenced by three main factors: punishment retribution,

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deterrence, and rehabilitation. Assume that while dealing with young criminals, the idea
of rehabilitation is frequently given priority. While the juvenile justice system does use
the notion of rehabilitation, it is primarily concerned with helping young people transition
well to their return to the community. Thus, they ought to be handled in a dignified and
respectful manner, their rights are also respected. The right to treatment is one among
them.
Hope inside a Bahay Pag-Asa
The children living at the Bahay Pag-Asa, or House of Hope, must comply and
submit in order to be granted a second opportunity, but while they are there, they
deserve a relaxing but transformative stay in a setting where there is a glimmer of a
future. The city's administration wants to operate a childcare facility where children in
conflict with the law (CICL) can find and maintain desire. A working infirmary room was
also required, and that was a top priority. Mahorom underlined the need of the Center
always having a standby vehicle on hand. Mohomon, in the meantime, discussed some
of the center's planned initiatives and ambitions for this year. Hollow block making,
basic first aid instruction, disaster preparedness instruction, and psychosocial first aid is
all part of the proposed training (Mariano, 2022). These children can now have some
optimism and hope that they'll develop, grow, and work toward a brighter future because
of this law (Gutierrez, 2023).
Children continue to be given death, life sentences, and corporal punishment
throughout the world despite repeated condemnation by the United Nations ('UN') and
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other organizations. Taking a global perspective, this chapter examines the efficiency
and justification of techniques for fighting to abolish these practices. It does so by
drawing on research and advocacy work done by the Child Rights International Network
('CRIN'). The chapter looks at how organizations all throughout the world are using
litigation, other forms of advocacy, and international human rights procedures. The
chapter also examines the shortcomings of previous campaigns and the difficulties that
advocates may encounter in their efforts to put an end to the cruel punishment of
children (Veronica Yates et al., 2019).
The Bahay Pag-Asa has given children the opportunity to better themselves and
integrate into the community through time, according to CSWDO head Marlisa Gallo.
The Children's Village mainly offers CICL and CAR residential care, as well as
programs and services aimed at boosting the children’s social skills. These services and
programs include case management, psychological testing, occupational therapy, and
educational support. They also include psychosocial care, self-help activities, health and
nutrition services, group supervision, sociocultural and recreational activities, spiritual
and moral welfare, value education, family preservation, and unification. After spending
time at the facility, Gallo expressed hope that the kids will be able to return to their
neighborhoods and carry on with their lives, especially in light of the offers of financial
aid for their education that have been made to the children (Saron, 2022).
Overview of Juvenile Justice and Welfare Law towards Children

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The Juvenile Justice (Care and Protection of Children) Act, 2015 has ushered in
a new age of juvenile justice in India by establishing a clause that allows for the transfer
of 16-18 year old minors who are accused of committing a serious crime to an adult
criminal court. The difficult tasks of determining the kid's age, assessing if the offense is
shameful, doing a preliminary evaluation, and deciding whether or not to transfer the
child to the children's court have been assigned to the juvenile justice boards. The
children's court is then obligated to reevaluate whether the youngster should be tried as
an adult or as a child as a result of the transfer. The paper focuses on the language
challenges created by different parts dealing with these issues to secure the best
interest of the child in view of various gap found (Kumari,2016).
The primary traits of R.A. The diversion and intervention programs are number
9344. While the diversion procedure, CICL's accountability and treatment will be
decided based on his or her without using a formal legal process, social, cultural,
economic, psychological, or educational background. If the CICL is found to have
committed an offense, they will have to go through programs of diversion instead of
official court proceedings. On the other hand, throughout the intervention programs,
students would engage in a number of activities to address the problems that led them
to conduct a crime. They could come in the form of education, skill development, and
counseling. The greater, the more acceptance and social legitimacy these diversion and
intervention programs receive as a part of a child's behavior development. (Sanchez,
2020).
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The age of criminal responsibility is also increased by R.A. No. 9344 from nine
years old under Presidential Decree 603 to at least 15 years old. Moreover, CICLs
beyond the age of 15 are immune from criminal responsibility unless the prosecution
can demonstrate that they exercised judgment, the ability to differentiate in their actions,
from right to wrong. These juvenile offenders are likewise given all CICL rights up until it
is established that they are not the "presumption of minority" law requires that you must
be eighteen (18) years of age or older. Law enforcement officers, prosecutors, judges,
and other concerned government employees are required to put their full attempt to
establish the CICL's age (Sanchez, 2020).
Developmental needs of a Child in Bahay Pag-Asa
The City of Angeles is developing its Bahay Pag-Asa to serve as a premier
center for the rehabilitation and intervention of young people who have run afoul of the
law. (CICL). Mayor Carmelo Lazatin Jr. emphasized the significance of creating a calm
environment to assist CICL in transforming and rehabilitating their lives more quickly
and effectively. "These young people still have time to change. To make Bahay Pag-
Asa a model intervention center, the city government is planning to upgrade the
furnishings and amenities inside the facility, including the bunk beds, kitchen, and mess
hall. "We just have to provide a conducive environment for them where they could have
a second chance and finally be reintegrated into their families and communities," he
said. There will also be a space set aside for daily athletic endeavors and other skill-
building exercises. Lazatin claimed that he had further asked the City Nutrition Office to
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create a meal plan for the center's occupants. The Department of Education will be
contacted by the municipal government for the alternative learning system (ALS), and
the Technical Education and Skills Development Authority will be contacted for the
training and courses offered by the CICL (Carbungco, 2021).
Bahay Pag-Asa means House of Hope. For children at risk (CAR) and those who
are in conflict with the law (CICL), the facility provides a temporary haven that supports
the restorative justice and welfare systems in a safe and supportive setting. Child
offenders are not treated as criminals under the Juvenile Justice and Welfare Act
(JJWA) of 2006. Instead, it sees people as victims who are the result of their gloomy
pasts and the damaging impacts of their current surroundings. To ensure that the law is
efficiently applied in the regions, the Regional Juvenile Justice Welfare Council
(RJJWC) serves as the authority responsible for formulating policy (Gutierrez,2023).
According to “Children's Legal Rights and Development Center, Inc”(2021),
describes itself as a local children's rights organization that offers the Bahay Pag-Asa
children basic legal aid as well as psychosocial care, even in the event of a pandemic.
Children in the Bahay Pag-Asa in Caloocan City participate in activities centered on
visioning and human rights orientation as part of the "Following the Child." Project,
which is run in collaboration with the Balay Rehabilitation Center and DIGNITY, the
Danish Institute Against Torture. These contacts are crucial to reducing the children's
sense of loneliness and providing them with a safe area to express their emotions,
anxieties, and dreams. Giving the children time and the chance to speak up and take
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part in activities will prevent them from feeling excluded and will serve to remind them of
their value and that their voices are worth hearing.
Protection of Children at risk in Conflict with the law
Most people in a culture commonly use the terms "lawful protection" and "right to
life." One of the most important things societies needs to do is protect children. So, the
goal of this project is to employ data mining techniques to uncover hidden patterns that
may be utilized to design a policy that will reduce the number of at-risk children and
children in confrontation with the law while also enforcing preventive measures
(Hernandez,2019).
The goal of this study is to create a model utilizing data from social welfare and
evaluate the predictive abilities of several algorithms, including decision trees, naive
bayes, general linear models, and logistic regression. Cross-validation and performance
evaluation of each model using Tableau and RapidMiner for the data's visual
representation. The Naive Bayes algorithm was shown to be the best model for
prediction in this investigation, with a 92.65% accuracy result and 7.35% classification
error. The Naive Bayes technique, however, requires 2.001 seconds to generate a
model. Also, this study discovered that many adolescents between the ages of 12 and
17 suffer abuse, and minors as young as 15 to 17 years old perpetrate horrible crimes
(Hernandez,2019).
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The Juvenile Justice (Care and Protection of Children) Act 2015 was enacted by
the Indian Parliament after heated debates, protracted street protests, and opposition
from child rights organizations and certain lawmakers. This legislative note provides a
summary of the circumstances and procedures that led to enactment of this Act. It
discusses the Act's beneficial provisions, including the addition of new definitions such
as orphaned, abandoned, and surrendered children, setting deadlines for Juvenile
Justice Board inquiries, streamlining adoption procedures, adding new offenses
committed against children, and requiring child care institutions to register. It talks about
the contentious rule that "transfers" minors between the ages of 16 and 18 who are
charged with "heinous crimes" to the adult criminal court system. It offers suggestions
for improving the application of the law and changing the legislation itself. (Bajpai,
2018).
Challenges of a Child in Conflict with the Law
Even if there are regulations in place to protect children, difficulties still arise. The
difficulties in implementing the Children-in-Crime-with-the-Law (CICL) intervention
program in the local setting were identified by this study. The study involved a total of 58
social workers, including those from the barangays who were also their copartner social
workers. Results showed that CICL and their parents' behavior towards the intervention
program is the main obstacle to its implementation, so it is important to establish rapport
with both groups during the first stage of the helping relationship (Atianzar, 2022).
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For probation officers working with children who are in trouble with the law, South
African legislation has required new tasks and obligations. These youngsters who
commit crimes have been coerced or utilized by adults, as well as occasionally by their
peers. Additionally, on occasion kids will commit crimes on their own initiative in order to
get rewards. From minor offenses like begging, straying, and drug usage to serious
ones like murder, rape, and robbery, they commit all kinds of crimes. The probation
officers' experiences working with these kids were the subject of this qualitative study.
The results show that the conditions probation officers operate in are frequently
stressful, under-resourced, and under-resourced, which have an impact on the effective
delivery of services. The Child Justice Act's (CJA) execution is also complicated by
system abuse on the part of parents, guardians, and juvenile offenders. Although South
Africa has made progress in protecting children who are in trouble with the law, there
are still issues that need to be resolved right away if the laws is to be implemented
successfully, children are to be better protected, and communities will eventually be
safer (Sibisi, 2020).
Social construction acknowledges that psychological and sociological factors
interact, shaping and forming individual realities. The individual's experience of reality in
daily life has an impact on how his or her views and actions are expressed. Individual
behavior is a reflection of the behavior of those with whom they interact. Families,
schools, peer groups, and communities are the typical four contexts in which children
develop and interact with people over an extended period of time. The four
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environmental contexts are not only risk factors for the occurrence of child behavior that
violates the law, but they also operate as protective factors. The references used in this
work come from books, journals, and other trustworthy sources, and some of them are
novel both within and outside of Indonesia. It is meant to raise awareness and concern
among many parties so that, in the end, prevention efforts made have the greatest
impact and instances of children who break the law do not recur (Hidayat et al., 2022).
Coping strategies of a Child in Bahay Pag-Asa
The stressors, coping methods, and psychological profiles of the 18 children in
Abra of Bahay Pag-Asa throughout this pandemic and the qualitative research
methodology was applied. The required data for this investigation were gathered using
an interview schedule. Through the Zoom interface, the interviews were conducted. In
order to present and analyze the collected data thematically, codes and topics were
created for the final report. The survey found that the majority of cases involve rape
and that practically all of the children are teenagers who are enrolled in senior high
school or college. Additionally, the children were under a lot of stress due to a variety of
factors, including the state of their legal cases, the welfare of their relatives back home,
and rehabilitation process. (Valera, 2022).
Nonetheless, if stressors are encountered, some degree of adjustment or coping
is probably going to take place. According to Echemendia (2019), who cited Lazarus
and Folkman's transactional model of stress and coping, coping is a phenomenon that
includes both mental and behavioral reactions that people use to deal with internal
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and/or external pressures that seem to be greater than their personal capacity.
According to Chowdhruy (2020), a person uses coping methods based on his or her
own personality patterns and views, using Lazarus and Folkman's coping theory in
support.
Due to the fact that everyone is unique, no two people ever adopt the same
coping strategy. It always depends on whether changes occur in them whether the
strategies people use are positive or harmful. The term "positive coping" refers to
coping strategies that help a person deal with challenges or issues in a constructive or
advantageous way (Ackerman, 2021). On the other side, negative coping refers to
coping techniques or styles that could lead to the person's demise as a result of unsafe
actions.
Synthesis
The Juvenile Justice Welfare Law in the Philippines recognizes the unique needs
of children in conflict with the law (CICL) beyond the age of 15, providing interventions
such as education, skill development, and counseling to address the underlying issues
that led them to engage in criminal behavior. The focus on rehabilitation and
reintegration is crucial in promoting a society that allows children to thrive, where their
rights are respected, and their development is supported. It is essential to address this
issue through comprehensive and evidence-based interventions that consider the
unique needs of children and promote their overall well-being. A comfortable and
transformational stay at Bahay Pag-Asa, a child-care institution for CICL, can provide a
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ray of hope for these children to change and improve their future. It is important to
ensure that CICL are not left out and that their voices are heard and valued in
interventions.
The goal of preventing at-risk children and CICL can be addressed by employing
data mining techniques to identify hidden patterns that can be used to design effective
policies. However, it is also essential to create opportunities for children to interact and
express their feelings, fears, needs, and dreams. Allowing them to participate and be
heard will make them feel valued and less isolated, thus promoting their overall
development. In conclusion, a holistic approach that considers the unique needs of
children is essential in promoting their well-being and reducing their involvement in
criminal activities.
Chapter 3
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
This chapter presents the discussion of the research methods that were
employed in the study. It comprises of research design, research locale, subject of the
study and collection of samples.
Research Design
We used a qualitative design specifically using a narrative approach. We
employed methods of data collection by conducting interviews, taking notes, recording
behavior and thorough observations. The gathered information was used primarily
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focusing on Child in Conflict with the Law. In this research design, we asked the Child
in Conflict with the Law about their experiences in Bahay Pag-Asa.
Research Locale
This study was conducted on the month of May in Purok Riverside, Telaje,
Tandag City, Surigao del Sur, since our research study is all about a Child in Conflict
with the Law and our participant lives in the said location.
25
Figure 2
Map of Barangay Telaje
Research Participants
The participants of the study were the students of Jacinto P. Elpa, National High
School. Among them, we chose 1 student as we will base our participant in 3 specific
criteria to relate the details of this study and support its effectiveness; (1) The
participants must be a child who went in the Bahay Pag-Asa under valid violation from
the law. (2) The child must be 12 – 17 years old during the rehabilitation process in
Bahay Pag-Asa. (3) The child must be a person who have finished his rehabilitation
time in Bahay Pag-Asa. This type of sampling is known as purposive sampling where
the participants must suit to the set of the criteria cited above.
26

Sampling Procedure
In this study, we used sampling procedure technique. With this technique it is
form non-probability sampling in which we depend on participants answers and
judgement. The said type of technique was intentionally choose among others in
sampling since we set criteria in choosing participants who wants to participate in this
study.
Research Instrument Used
In order for us to accumulate answers to the statement of the problem, we used
semi structured interview guide. The interview guide contained common questions
about the experiences of a child in Bahay Pag-Asa. Questions were validated by the
experts. It was asked during the one-on-one interview with the participant.
Validation of the Instrument
Interview guide validation is significant for our instrument as it will wholly made
by us. The expert validators in qualitative researches particularly in narrative approach
validated it as to their content and face validity. The panelists also served as validators.
There were recommendations, suggestions, and corrections that we used in our
revision part.
Data Gathering Procedure
27

In order to document the needed data for the research, we utilized the
following procedures:
Permission. In gathering data, in order for us to conduct interview for the study,
we asked permission to the principal of Tandag National Science High School. After
the principal's approval, we asked permission to the selected participants to answer
whether they suit to the participant criteria or not. If the participant is classified as CICL,
we asked authorization for an interview about their challenges and experiences in
Bahay Pag-Asa. Upon their approval, we asked participant's time-convenience for the
interview to be scheduled.
Informed Written Consent. We inquired formal agreement to the participant to
participate in the study. The participant signed a consent form to state the agreement in
participating the study. Informative written consent was given.
Interview. The interview with the participants was a one-on-one interview. We
chose location that is based on the convenience of the participant. Good
conversational approach was used during interview to get thorough information around
the topic. We addressed terms of confidentiality and purpose of the study. The
participants were allowed to ask questions.
Recording and Transcription. We filmed the responses of the participant
together with the audio recording device depending on the participant's reference and
then we transcribed. Ideas of the participants were highlighted after the transcription.
Data Analysis
28

Thematic analysis was used in analyzing the gathered data.This type of analysis
looks across all the data to identify the coomon issues that recur and identify the main
themes that summarize all the views that are collected.
Ethical Considerations
This study was impartially designed to guarantee an accountable approach from
the stages of data gathering through analysis. The study takes a methodical approach
while keeping the participants' safety in mind. By all means, a letter of approval and an
interview guide questionnaire was provided both before and after data collection. When
recording video, audio, and taking pictures, the participants' comfort was taken into
account. Additionally, participants are free to leave the study whenever they want if they
so choose.
Ensuring that the data provided cannot be used to identify anyone other than the
researchers. During the interview, it is necessary to get rid of any insulting,
discriminatory, or otherwise inappropriate language. The confidentiality and anonymity
of the participant will be protected. False information of any kind must be avoided.
29

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Republic of the Philippines

ACCOUNTANCY BUSINESS AND MANAGEMENT STRAND

A NARRATIVE STUDY OF A CHILD IN CONFLICT

A Qualitative Research Paper

Julianne Nica P. Cagalawan

MARY MAY B. GUBATON, MAELT (CAR)

ACCOUNTANCY BUSINESS AND MANAGEMENT STRAND

the establishment of a comprehensive restorative juvenile justice and welfare system,

guidelines (Abot, 2018).

ACCOUNTANCY BUSINESS AND MANAGEMENT STRAND

Having deemed of this problem, the researchers want to evaluate and

effectiveness in rehabilitating and reintegrating CICL's into the Bahay Pag-Asa

(CICL) at Bahay Pag-Asa, contributing to the overall personality development of youth

problems through the rehabilitation process.

ACCOUNTANCY BUSINESS AND MANAGEMENT STRAND

This study is supported by the theory of Differential Opportunity Theory in which

greater chances at achievement through legitimate channels will be less likely to

success through conventional means are conflict, crime, and retreatism.

developed the theory of differential opportunity. The idea of differential opportunities

states that rehabilitation can be accomplished through moral education, changing

problematic neighborhoods, deterrence, and situational crime prevention, as well as

Another theoretical perspective that can be applied to children in conflict with

ACCOUNTANCY BUSINESS AND MANAGEMENT STRAND

institutions and a lack of social cohesion in a community. Children who grow up in

program can be seen as an attempt to address social disorganization by providing a

The Social Disorganization Theory was initially developed by two sociologists,

ACCOUNTANCY BUSINESS AND MANAGEMENT STRAND

see a good target but lack capable of guardians.

Routine activity theory is a sub-field of crime opportunity theory that focuses

attention away from merely perpetrators. This is in contrast to criminological views of

Thus, this study is mainly supported by the theory of Differential Opportunity

behaviors in the society, whether it is good or breaking the law.

ACCOUNTANCY BUSINESS AND MANAGEMENT STRAND

Experiences of the child during the

ACCOUNTANCY BUSINESS AND MANAGEMENT STRAND

Schematic Diagram of the Study

Statement of the Problem

study sought to answer the following:

towards in Bahay Pag-Asa program?

from Bahay Pag-Asa?

Scope and Limitation of the Study

act and experience rehabilitation process in Bahay Pag-Asa.

ACCOUNTANCY BUSINESS AND MANAGEMENT STRAND

Riverside,Telaje,Tandag City,Surigao Del Sur in month of April.

Significance of the Study

gathered all necessary information, this would be beneficial to the following:

and experiences of CICLs.

with the law.

ACCOUNTANCY BUSINESS AND MANAGEMENT STRAND

information that will stand as a reliable basis to their future studies.

readers with a better understanding of the words used by the researchers.

Bahay Pag-Asa. It is also known as "House of Hope". In order to support a

Beneficiary. It is someone who benefits from something, particularly a trust, will,

or insurance for life.

ACCOUNTANCY BUSINESS AND MANAGEMENT STRAND

Rehabilitation. This is the procedure of adjusting someone, such a young

violator, into society in a positive and constructive way.

Reintegrating. A process of helping someone who has been separated or

isolated from a group or community to become a part of it again.

Violate. The act of breaking against a law, rule, agreement, or principle.

ACCOUNTANCY BUSINESS AND MANAGEMENT STRAND

Children’s Rights Development in Conflict with the Law

human rights and fundamental freedoms A principled, mutually agreeable, and