​ Definition of Matter:

● Matter is anything that has mass and occupies space.

● It can exist in various states: solid, liquid, gas, or plasma.
​ Atoms and Molecules:
● Atoms are the basic building blocks of matter.
● Molecules are formed when two or more atoms chemically bond together.
● Examples of molecules include water (H2O), carbon dioxide (CO2), and
oxygen (O2).
​ States of Matter:
● Solid: Particles are tightly packed and have fixed positions. They vibrate
but do not move past each other.
● Liquid: Particles are close together but can move past each other. They
have a definite volume but not a definite shape.
● Gas: Particles are far apart and move freely. They have neither a definite
shape nor a definite volume.
● Plasma: A state of matter where gas particles become ionized, forming a
mixture of positively charged ions and free electrons.
​ Changes in States of Matter:
● Melting: Solid to liquid.
● Freezing: Liquid to solid.
● Vaporization: Liquid to gas (includes boiling and evaporation).
● Condensation: Gas to liquid.
● Sublimation: Solid to gas without passing through the liquid state.
​ Properties of Matter:
● Mass: The amount of matter in an object.
● Volume: The amount of space occupied by an object.
● Density: Mass per unit volume.
● Physical properties: Characteristics that can be observed or measured
without changing the substance's identity (e.g., color, density, melting
point).
● Chemical properties: Characteristics that describe how a substance
interacts with other substances to form new substances (e.g., reactivity,
flammability).
​ Atomic Structure:
● Atoms consist of a nucleus containing protons and neutrons, surrounded
by electrons.
● Protons have a positive charge, neutrons have no charge (they are neutral),
and electrons have a negative charge.
● The number of protons in an atom determines its atomic number, which
defines the element.
● Isotopes are atoms of the same element with different numbers of
neutron