All Phy

S.Y.
L PRIMARY & SECONDARY SCHOOL (P3)

CHAPTER ONE (1): OSCILLATORY MOTION:
1: what is period?
➢ Is the time taken to make one complete cycle.
2: what is frequency?
➢ Is number of cycle made in one second.
3: what is depends on period SHM?
➢ Period of SHM depends on the mass of vibrating body and force constant
of the spring and independent of the amplitude of motion.
4: what is depends on frequency of SHM?
➢ Frequency of SHM is only dependent on the mass of object and force

constant of the spring.
5: what is force constant?
➢ Is a measure of spring of rigidity spring.
6: what is restoring force?
➢ Is force which acts to bring a body to its equilibrium position.
7: what is Hooke’s law?
➢ States restoring force applied by spring its extension or displacement is a

directly proportional to the opposite direction.
8: what is Simple Harmonic Motion?
➢ Is a motion that involves under the type of force.
9: List example of simple harmonic motion.
➢ Simple pendulum, mass spring system, swing, a steel ball rolling In a

curved dish.
BY: Ustaad Xirsi Mohamed Jibriil

S.Y.L PRIMARY & SECONDARY SCHOOL (P3)
10: list some example of repetitive motion.
➢ Typically examples of repetitive motion of human body are Heart beat

and Breathing. many objects moves in repetitive way, a Swing, Rocking
chair and clock pendulum.
11: what is Oscillatory motion?
➢ Refers to any motion which repeat its self over period of time.
12: Tell example of oscillatory motion.
➢ Spring movement, vibrating of string in musical instrument , Alternating

currents.
13: what is period motion?
➢ This a motion of an object that regularly returns to given place after a

fixed time.
14: Tell example of period motion.
➢ Rocking chair, bouncing ball, vibrating tuning fork, a swing in motion, the
earth on its orbit round the sun.
15: what is Energy?
➢ Is the ability of doing work.
16: state types of energy.
➢ Kinetic Energy and Potential Energy.
17: what is kinetic Energy?
➢ Is energy of any moving object.
18: what is potential Energy?
➢ Is a stored Energy .

19: what is total Energy?
➢ The object in simple harmonic is directly proportional to the squire of

amplitude.
20: what is displacement?
➢ It is the change in position of an object measured from its equilibrium

position.
21: what is velocity?
➢ This is the rate of change displacement per unit time.`
22: what is acceleration?
➢ Is the change of velocity per unit time.
23: what is simple pendulum?
➢ Is a mass on the end of spring which oscillates in harmonic.
24: what is applications include simple harmonic motion?
➢ Pendulum, car shock absorber, hearing.
25: what is period of simple pendulum depends on?
➢ Period of simple pendulum depend on

❖ The length of string.
❖ Acceleration due to gravity.
26: what is angular frequency?
➢ This define as angular displacement per unit time.
27: what is amplitude?
➢ The maximum displacement on either side Down ward or up ward of

under disturbed.

28: Explain when the velocity become Zero.
➢ Velocity is positive when the moving to the right and negative when the
when the moving to the left and velocity is Zero at end point and
maximum at midpoint in either direction.
29: Explain when the acceleration become Zero.
➢ Acceleration is maximum at end points and it is Zero at center of

oscillation.
CHAPTER 2: WAVE MOTION.
1) what is wave?
❖ Are the disturbance that travel a medium or space.
2) state the types of wave.
❖ Mechanical wave.
❖ Electromagnetic wave.
3) what is mechanical wave?
❖ These are waves that can not propagate through a empty space.
4) list the examples of mechanical wave.
1. Water wave.
2. Sound wave.
3. Spring wave.
4. String wave.
5. Seismic wave.
5) what is electromagnetic wave?
❖ These are the waves that can propagate through an empty space.
6) list the examples of electromagnetic wave.

1. Radio wave.
2. Micro wave.
3. Infra-red radiation.
4. Visible light.
5. Ultro-Violet radiation (UV).
6. X-rays.
7. Gamma rays.
7) list some dangers of electromagnetic radiations.
➢ Heating and burns

➢ Skin cancer and eye conditions.
➢ Cancer and radiation sickness.
8) Explain how waves in the electromagnetic spectrum are different from other
waves.
❖ Because electromagnetic do not need by any material medium.
9) What properties do all electromagnetic waves have in common?
➢ Properties of all electromagnetic are wave length and frequency.
10)Explain why ultraviolet waves are more dangerous than radio waves?
➢ Because ultraviolet is also absorbed by skin and can cause damage of

cells.
7)what is wave motion?
❖ Is the transfer of energy and momentum from one point of the medium to
another point of the medium.
8) state the types of wave motion.
❖ Transverse waves.
❖ Longitudinal waves.
9)what is the difference between transverse and longitudinal waves?

1. Transverse: these are the waves which particles of the medium are move
the direction that are perpendicular to the direction of the waves
2. Longitudinal: these are the waves wich particles ofvthe medium are move
the direction that are parallel to the direction of the wave motion
10) state the examples of transverse.
❖ String and water waves.
11)state the examples of longitudinal waves.
❖ Compression
❖ Rarefaction
12)list the characteristics for wave motion?
❖ Velocity. Amplitude. Wave length. Frequency. Period. and phase.
13)what is seismic waves?
❖ The earth quake happens when two parts of earth are slide or collide.
14) state the parts of seismic waves.
❖ P-waves and S-waves
15) what is P-waves?
❖ It is primary or pressure that occurs in parallel (longitudinal).
16) what is S-waves?
❖ This is a secondary wave that forms transvers to the direction of wave

motion.
17)what is gamma rays?
❖ Gamma rays have shortest wave lengths and transfer the most energy of
all the waves in the electromagnet waves.
18) what is the other name of electromagnetic wave?

❖ Electromagnetic spectrum.
19)state the some uses of gamma rays.
❖ Gamma rays are also used in medical imaging.

❖ Gamma rays are also used to kill the cancer cells and reduce the size and
effect.
Note: that gamma rays are generated in nuclear reactions
20) what is x-rays?
❖ This is instrument that are used for checking broken bones.
21) state some uses of x-rays.
❖ X-rays is used extensively in medical and manufacturing applications.

❖ X-rays are used in radio therapy to treatments of cancer cells.
Note: that x-rays are high frequency waves that have great penetrating
power
22) let comparing gamma rays and x-rays?
❖ Gamma and x-rays have similar ranges of wave lengths and frequencies.
❖ Gamma and x-rays have very similar effects.
23) what is the difference between gamma and x-rays?
➢ Gamma rays are produced from the nucleus of an unstable atoms during
radio active decay.
➢ X-rays are produced by machine when high speed electrons are collide
with metals and lose energy.
24)what is radio waves?
❖ The radio waves travel through the air at a speed of light.
25) what is used of radio waves?

❖ A system using electromagnetic waves to communicate must contain a
transmitter to send a signal and a receiver to receiver it.
Note: that radio waves are on the low frequency end of the spectrum
27) what is micro waves?
❖ This is an device that are used for communication.
28) State the some uses of micro waves.
❖ Micro-waves are used to transmit mobile phone signals.

❖ The micro-waves are used as satellite.
29) State the range in length of micro waves.
❖ Micro waves range in length from approximately 30cm to about 1mm.
30) state at least three dangers of electromagnetic radiations.
❖ The higher frequency of the radiation are carries more energy and has
more dangerous
❖ The radio waves has low chance to dame the cell of living if it absorbed.
❖ When an electromagnetic radiations enter living tissue it is often harmless
but sometimes it creates havoc (harm).
31) state the properties of waves?
❖ Reflection
❖ Rectilinear propagation
❖ Refraction
❖ Diffraction
❖ Interference
32) what is the reflection?
❖ The bouncing off wave or light.
33) what is nature of reflection depends on?

❖ Depends on the shape of the incident ray and shape of reflected ray of
wave.
34) what Rectilinear propagation?
❖ The light wave travels in straight line.
35) what is refraction of wave?
❖ The refraction means the bending of wave.
Note: Refraction changes the speed, direction and wave length but not change
the frequency.
36) when the reflection is not change direction?
❖ There is no change in the direction of a wave when it is incident normally

at a boundary from deep water to shallow water.
37) what is diffraction?
❖ Is the spreading out of a wave when it goes round an obstacle or through

a small opening.
Note: there is a change in direction but not in velocity, frequency and wave
length.
38) what is interference?
❖ The interaction of two or more waves with same frequency.
39) state the types of interference?
❖ Constructive interferences.
❖ Destructive interferences.
40) what is constructive interference?
❖ These are kind of wave that occurs when the waves amplitudes are in
phase.

41) what is destructive interference?
❖ These are kind of wave that occurs when the waves amplitudes are out of
phase.
42) what is difference between the constructive and destructive?
❖ Constructive: this results in a wave of even greater amplitude.

❖ Destructive: this results in waves of reduced amplitude.
43) what is superposition principle?
❖ When more than one wave is present the total oscillation of any point is
the sum of the oscillations from each individual wave.
44) what is stationary wave?
❖ Occurs when two waves which are travelling in opposite directions and
which have the same speed and frequency are super-positioned.
45) what is Amplitude?
❖ The maximum displacement on either side or down ward or up ward of

the under disturbed.
46) what is wave velocity?
❖ Is the distance covered by the disturbance in one second and its unit is
m/s.
47) what is wave length?
❖ Is the distance between two consecutive crests or troughs and its unit is
m.
48)what is phase?
❖ The two phases on the highest point is called phase.
49) state the types of phase?

➢ Same phase
➢ Opposite phase
➢ Out of phase
49) define the terms?
1. Same phase: when two particles are moving exactly in the same way
2. Opposite phase: when two particles describe exactly opposite motion
3. Out of phase: when the motion of two particles in a vibrating medium is
not similar in any respect
CHAPTER THREE (3): SOUND WAVES.
1) what is sound wave?
❖ Is a mechanical wave that produces a sensation of hearing.
2) why sound is important?
❖ Sound is an important part of the life of many living creatures.
3) state the parts that travels sound ?
❖ Liquids. Gases. Solids.
4) Note: sound travels slowest in gases, faster in liquids and fastest in solids.
5) list the conditions are required to hear sound?
6. There must be a vibrating body.

7. There must be material medium.
8. There must be a receiver.
note: sound cannot travel through empty space (Vacuum)
6)list the source of sound waves?
❖ Vibrating strings, such as guitars .

❖ Vibrating surface such as drums.
❖ Tubes that open at both ends.

7) state factors effecting the speed of sound?
8. The medium the sound is travelling.

9. The temperature of the medium.
10.The humidity of air.
8) why sound travels much more slower than light?
❖ Because the speed of sound is 330m/s while speed of light is

300000000m/s or 3X10^8.
9) Explain the medium through which sound travels?
❖ Solid: is the fastest transmitter of sound.

❖ Liquid: is the faster transmitter of sound.
❖ Gas: is the slowest transmitter of sound.
10) can sound travel a vacuum? Explain your answer?
3. No because the sound cannot travel a vacuum space it need material

medium.
11) what is echo?
❖ The reflection of sound wave is called echo.
12) What is caused the echo?
❖ The echo caused by tall object like building and mountains and it must be
hard surface
❖ The soft material absorb sound.
13) what is used the soft material?
❖ Are used by holes in meeting.
14) state the uses of echo?
❖ Determination of the depth of ocean (sea).

❖ Echoes guide insect eating bats and protect them to avoid colling with
object.
❖ Dolphins communicate with each other using echolocation.
15) state conditions for the formation of echoes.
❖ The minimum distance between the source of sound and the reflecting
body should be 17m.
❖ The wave length of sound should be less than the height of the reflecting
body.
❖ The intensity of sound should be sufficient so that is can be heard after
reflection.
Note: hard solid surfaces are the best for reflecting sound waves.
16) what is the reflection of sound?
❖ Is the bounces back of sound.
17) state the applications of reflection of sound.
❖ Hearing aid.
❖ Bulb horn.
❖ Stethoscope .
18) what is the hearing aid?
❖ Is a device used by people with difficulty hearing.
19) what is bulb horn?
❖ This is an instrument which is used for signaling in bicycles, cars, buses

and boats.
20) what is stethoscope?
❖ This is a medical instrument used by the doctors for listening to the

sounds produced within the human body, mainly in the hearty and the
lungs.

21) what is reverberation?
❖ The persistence of sound in a big hall due to repeated reflections from the
walls, ceiling and floor of the hall.
22) why methods are used for reducing excessive reverberation in big halls
auditoriums?
❖ by using soft material to reduce echo.
23) How the army use in echoes?
❖ Echoes are used by army to locate the gun position of enemy.
24) How the geologist use in echoes?
➢ Echoes are used by geologist for mineral prospecting.
25) How the fishermen use in echoes?
❖ Echoes are used by fishermen for locating fishes ultrasonic waves are sent
into water.
26) state three parts that consists of the are?
❖ Outer ear, middle ear and inner ear.
27) what is called the part of ear which we see on the head?
❖ Is called outer ear.
28) what outer ear consist of?
❖ Consist of of a broad part called pinna and about 2 to 3 cm long passage

called ear canal.
29) what is called at the end of ear canal is a thin, elastic, and circular membrane?
❖ Called ear drum.
30) state the other name of ear drum?

➢ Is tympanum.
31) what is the outer ear contains?
❖ Contains air.
32) List the properties of sound
❖ Intensity. Frequency and harmonic contents.
33) state the properties effects of the ear.
❖ Loudness. Pitch and quality.
34) Name three characteristics of sound?
❖ Intensity and loudness.

❖ Intensity level.
❖ Harmonic content and quality or timber
Note: the large the amplitude the louder the sound
35) what is the loudness of sound is measured?
➢ In decibel) written as db
what is pitch?
❖ Is the change of frequency
Note: pitch is that characteristic of sound by which we can distinguish between

different sounds of the same loudness. The higher the frequency the higher the
pitch
35) what is fundamental tone?
❖ The simplest harmonic content is called fundamental tone.
36) state the Range of audibility?
❖ Infrasonic sound.

❖ Ultrasonic sound.
37) write any three applications (or uses) of ultrasound?
❖ Sonar( sound navigation and ranging).

❖ Ultrasound scanning.
❖ Ultrasonic cleaning.
Note: the human ear can hear sounds having frequencies from 20 to 20,000 Hz.
39) Name two animals which can produce infrasonic waves?
❖ Whales and elephants.
41) Name two animals which can produce ultrasonic waves
❖ Bats and dolphins.
42) what is audible sound?
➢ Hence the sound waves which we are able to hear.
43) Note: the low frequency sound which human ear cannot detect are also
known as infrasonic sound. The higher range inaudible frequency is known as
ultrasonic sound.
44) what is forced vibration?
❖ The setting up of vibrations in an object by a vibrating force.
49) state the examples of forced vibrations?
❖ Bridges. Vehicles. Glass.
50)what is Resonance?
❖ Is the tendency of a system to vibrate at a maximum amplitude at the

natural frequency of the system.
51) what is conditions for resonance?

❖ Resonance occurs when the frequency of the applied force is exactly
equal to the natural frequency of the vibrating body.
52) state the examples of resonance?
❖ Sympathetic vibrations of pendulums.

❖ Resonance in air column and tuning fork.
53) what is harmonic frequency?
❖ Is a frequency at which standing waves can be made.
54) How can create a standing wave in a pipe?
4. Open at both ends like a flute.

5. Open at one end and closed the other.
6. Pipes with two open ends.
55)what is vibrating strings?
➢ A strings is fixed between two points.
56) what is sonometer?
➢ Is the instrument that the properties of vibrating strings can be studied.
57) what is Doppler effect?
➢ The change in pitch produced by relative motion of source and observer.
CHAPTER FOUR (4): REFLECTION OF LIGHT.
1) what is light source?
Ans: light source is reflected by the picture.
2) what is light?
Ans: light is form of energy.
3) List some common characteristics of light?

❖ Light produces shadows, when obstructed by opaque objects.
❖ The velocity of light in a vacuum is 3x10⁸m/s.
❖ Light travels from transparent medium to another transparent medium.
4) Ray of light travelling through a certain medium and bounces off the surface
into the original medium, the phenomenon is called what?
Ans: Reflection of light.
5) Define Reflection of light?
Ans: is the phenomenon due to which a beam of light travel through a certain
medium on striking some surface, bounces off from it in some other direction.
6) Tell types of Reflection of light?
Ans: Regular Reflection and Irregular Reflection.
7) what is the other name Regular Reflection?
Ans: Specular reflection.
8) what is the other name of Irregular reflection?
Ans: Diffused reflection.
9) what is Regular reflection?
Ans: when a parallel beam of light travelling through a certain medium on

stinking some smooth polished surface is reflected back in the same medium as
a parallel beam of light, the phenomenon is called Regular reflection.
10) what is Irregular reflection?
Ans: when a parallel beam of light travelling through a certain medium on

stinking some rough surface is reflected back in the same medium in the
different direction, such that it does not constitute a parallel beam, the
phenomenon is called Irregular reflection.
11) Define mirror?

Ans: is smooth polished surface from which regular reflection can take place is
called mirror.
12) Tell kinds of mirror?
Ans: plane mirror and curved mirror.
13) what is plane mirror?
Ans: plane mirror is a highly polished plane surface.
14) what is curved mirror?
Ans: curved mirror is a highly polished curved mirror.
15) what is Incident ray?
Ans: is a ray of light which travels toward a mirror.
16) what is Point of incidence ray?
Ans: is a point on mirror where the incident ray strikes.
17) what is reflected ray?
Ans: is a ray of light which bounces off the surface of mirror.
18) what is Normal?
Ans: is a perpendicular line drawn at point of incidence to the surface of mirror.
19) what is Angle of incidence?
Ans: is the Angle made by the incident ray with the normal.
20) what is the Angle of reflection?
Ans: is a Angle made by reflected ray with the normal.
21) what is the glance angle of incidence?
Ans: is the Angle which the incident ray makes with the mirror.

22) what is glance angle of reflection?
Ans: is a angle between the beam and the surface <B,O,M angle.
23) what are lows of reflection?
Ans: first law of reflection and second law of reflection.
24) what is the First law reflection?
Ans: is the incident ray, the reflection ray, and the normal, all lie on the same
plane.
25) what is Second law of reflection?
Ans: is the angle of reflection is always equal to the angle of incident (<i=<r).
26) The laws of reflection are true for what?
❖ Any kind of surface (smooth polished surface or rough surface).

❖ Any kind of mirror ( plane mirror, spherical mirror, or parabolic mirror).
27) Define Image?
Ans: when the rays of light diverging from a point after reflection either actually
meet at the some point or appear to meet at the some point.
28) Tell kinds of image?
Ans: virtual image and real image.
29) what is virtual image?
Ans: is when the rays of light diverging from a point after reflection appear to
diverge from the another point .
30) what is Real image?
Ans: when the rays of light diverging from a point, after reflection actually
converge at some other point.

31) what is lateral inversion?
Ans: is the left side of the object appears as right side of the image and vice
versa.
32) what is the name of phenomenon in which the right side of an object appears
to be the left side of an image in a plane mirror?
Ans: Is called lateral inversion.
33) what is difference between virtual and Real image?
Virtual image
➢ The rays of light after reflection appear to meet at the some other point
or appear to diverge from some other point.
➢ It cant be taken on the a screen.
➢ It is always erect, but laterally inverted.
Real image
➢ The rays of light after reflection or refraction actually meet at some other
point.
➢ It can always be taken on a screen.
➢ It is always inverted.
35) list uses of plane mirror?
❖ They are used as looking glass.

❖ They are used as in providing false dimensions in show case.
❖ They are used for signalling purposes.
❖ They are used by barbers to show the customer the back of this head.
36) what is consists of reflecting periscope?
Ans: it consists of carboard and wooden tube.
37) list uses of reflecting periscope?

❖ It is used to see above the of crowds.
❖ It is used by soldiers in trench warfare.
38) list disadvantages of reflecting periscope?
4. The final image is not brightly illuminated as light energy is absorbed due
to two successive reflections.
5. Any deposition of moisture or dust on the mirror reduces reflection,
39) To bring the parallel rays of light 'closer together' is called what?
Ans: is called to converge the light rays.
40) To spread out the parallel rays of light is called what?
Ans: is called to diverge the right rays.
41) what is spherical mirror?
Ans: is that mirror whose reflecting surface is that part of a hallow sphere of
glass.
42) Tell types of spherical mirror?
Ans: concave mirror and convex mirror.
43) what is concave mirror?
Ans: is that spherical mirror in which the reflection of light takes place at the
concave surface or bent-in surface.
44) what is convex mirror?
Ans: is that spherical mirror in which the reflection of light takes place at the
convex surface or bulging-out surface.
45) Tell the other general definition of spherical mirrors?
❖ Spherical mirror: is mirror which is made from a part of a hollow sphere

called a.

❖ Spherical mirror: is the back of spherical mirror is always shown by shaded
lines.
46) what is pole?
Ans: is the midpoint of a spherical mirror. ( symbol p).
47) what is centre of curvature?
Ans: is the centre of the hollow sphere of which the spherical mirror is a part.
(Symbol C).
48) what is principal axis?
Ans: is a imaginary line passing through the pole and centre of curvature of a
spherical mirror.
49) what is linear aperture?
Ans: is the diameter of a spherical mirror called linear aperture.
50) what is principal focus?
Ans: is a point on the principal axis, where a parallel beam of light after
reflection, either actually meets or appears to meet. ( symbol F).
51) what is Focal length?
Ans: is the linear distance between the pole and the principal focus.(f). Note:
f=R/2.
52) what is the Radius of curvature?
Ans: is the linear distance between the pole and the center of curvature. (R).
Note: R= 2xf.
53) what is focal plane?
Ans: is an imaginary plane passing through principal focus, such that it is at right
angles to principal axis.

54) Draw table of Summary of the images formed by a concave mirror.
Position of object Position of image Size of image Nature of image
1: within focus Behind the mirror Enlarged Virtual and erect

(b/w pole p and
focus F)
2: At focus (F) At infinity Highly enlarged Real and inverted
3: Between F & C Beyond C Enlarged Real and inverted
4: At C At C Equal to object Real and inverted
5: Beyond C Between F and C Diminished Real and inverted
6: At infinity At focus (F) High diminished Real and inverted
55) Draw table of summary of the images formed by convec mirror?
Position of object Position of image Size of image Nature of image
At infinity At F behind mirror Hight diminished Virtual & erect

or point size
B/w infinity & the B/w P & F behind Diminished Virtual & erect
pole of mirror the mirror
56) what are uses of spherical mirrors?
Ans: Uses of concave mirrors and uses of convex mirrors.
57) list uses of concave mirrors.
❖ It is used as shaving mirrors.

❖ It is used as reflectors in torches.
❖ Is used by a doctors to focus parallel bean of light on a small area.

58) list uses of convex mirror?.
➢ It is used as rear view mirrors in automobiles.

➢ Big convex mirrors are used as shop security mirrors.
➢ It is used reflector for street light.
59) Tell something about Numerical problems Based on spherical mirrors.
Ans: The mirror formula for concave and convex mirrors are the same.
NB: mirror formula: 1/d¡ + 1/do + 1/f and
Magnification formula: M= d¡/do where do is object of distance, d¡ is image

distance and f is focal length.
60) state sign conventions.
Ans: the sign conventions for the given quantities in the mirror equation and
magnification equations are as follows:
➢ f is positive (+) if the mirror is concave mirror.

➢ f is negative (--) if the mirror is a convex mirror.
➢ d¡ is positive (+) if the image is a real image and located on the object's
side of the mirror.
➢ d¡ is negative (--) if the image is virtual image and located behind the
mirror.
➢ h¡ is positive (+) if the image is an upright image ( and therefore also
virtual).
➢ h¡ is negative (--) if the image an inverted image ( and
CHAPTER FIVE (5): REFRACTION OF LIGHT.
1) Define Refraction?
Ans: is when the ray of light travelling from one optical medium to another
optical medium.
2) Tell some terms about refraction of light.

❖ Any ray of light travelling obliquely in an optically rare medium, on
passing through optically denser medium.
❖ Any ray of light travelling obliquely in an optically denser medium, on
passing through optically rarer medium.
❖ The angle of refraction is usually not equal to the angle of incidence.
3) Define Snell's law of refraction.
Ans: Snell's law relates the sine of the angles of incidence and transmission to
the index of refraction for each material.
4) Explain lateral displacement?
Ans: the perpendicular shift in the path of incident ray, while emerging out of a
rectangular optical slab is called lateral displacement.
5) what is rarer medium?
Ans: is the medium with lesser refractive index.
6) what is denser medium?
Ans: is the medium with more refractive index.
7) list some of the important effects of the refraction of light.
❖ An object placed under water appears to be raised .

❖ A poor of water appears to be less deep than it actually.
❖ The starts appear to twinkle on a clear night.
8) the reflection due to the angle of incidence exceeding the critical angle is called
what?
Ans: is called total internal reflection.
9) list applications(users) of total internal reflection.
Ans: optical fibres, Right-angled prisms, periscopes.
10) what is lens?

Ans: is a piece of transparent glass bound by two spherical surfaces.
11) Tell types of lens?
Ans: convex lens and concave lens.
12) tell the other definition of lens?
Ans: is a defined as a portion of a transparent optical material, having one or

two spherical surfaces.
13) the lens are divided into two broad classes what are they?
❖ Diverging lens or concave lens.

❖ Converging lens or convex lens.
Note: the lenses ( convex lens and concave lens) work on the reflection of light
through them.
14) Define Diverging lens or concave lens?
Ans: is a piece of transparent optical material, having one or two spherical

surfaces, such that it is tapering (thinner) in the middle and thicker at its edges.
15) the diverging lens are further classified into three what are they?
➢ Double-concave lens.
➢ Plano-concave lens.
➢ Convexo-concave lens.
16) Define Converging lens or Convex lens?
Ans: is a piece of transparent optical material, having one or two spherical

surface, such that it is thicker in the middle and tapering thinner at the edges.
17) the converging lens are farther classified into three, what are they?
❖ Double convex lens.

❖ Plano-convex lens.
❖ Concavo-convex lens.

18) list the terms used in convex lens.
11.Principal axis (b): Optical center (c):Principal focus of a lens
(d) First principal focus of a convex lens (F¹)
(e): Second principal focus of a convex lens (F²)
(f): Focal length (g): Focal plane
(h): Second principal focus of concave lens (F²)
(I) First principal focus of a concave lens (F¹).
19) what is principal axis?
Ans: is the imaginary line joining the center of curvatures C¹ and C² of two
spherical surface of the lens.
20) what is optical center?
Ans: is a point within the lens, where a line drawn through the aperture(
dimeter of the lens), meets principal axis.
21) what is principal focus of a lens?
Ans: it is a point on the principal axis of a convex lens.
22) what is focal length?
Ans: is the distance between optical center and the principal focus (first or
second) of a lens.
23) what is focal plane?
Ans: is a vertical plane passing through the principal focus (first or second) of
the lens.
24) Tell the characteristics of image formed, when the object is a located at
infinity?

❖ The image is virtual.
❖ The image is erect.
❖ The image is a diminished to a point.
❖ The image is formed at F1 to the same side as the object.
25) list the characteristics of the image formed, when these diverging rays enter
the aye?
❖ The image is virtual and also is a erect.

❖ The image is diminished .
❖ The image is formed between the optical center (O) and the second
principal focus (F2) on the same as the object.
Construction of images in convex lens by ray diagram.
26) list the characteristics of the image formed, when the object is a infinity, such
that the rays coming from it, are parallel to the principal axis of the convex lens?
6. The image is real and also is inverted.

7. The image is diminished to a point.
8. The image is formed at F2 on the other side of the lens.
27) list the characteristics of the image formed, when the object is at infinity, such
that the rays coming from it are not parallel to the principal axis of the convex
lens?
❖ The image is real and is also inverted.

❖ The image is highly diminished.
❖ The image is formed in the second focal plane on the other side of the
lens.
Uses: the a bove properties of the convex lens are used as an objective lens of
the telescopes.
28) list the characteristics of the image formed, when the object beyond 2F but
not at infinity?
❖ The image is real and also is inverted.

❖ The image is diminished.
❖ The image is formed between F2 and 2F on the other side of the lens.
29) List characteristics of the image formed, when the object is located at 2F?

❖ The image is of the same size as the object.
❖ The image is formed at 2F2 on other side of the lens.
30) list the characteristics of the image formed, when the object is located
between 2F1 and F1?

❖ The imge is a enlarged
❖ The image is a formed beyond 2F2, but not infinity on the other side of
the lens.
31) list the characteristics of the image formed, when the object is located at F1?

❖ The image is formed at infinity on other side of the lens.
❖ The image is highly enlarged.
32) list the characteristics of the image formed, when the object is a located
between optical center and first principal focus?
❖ The image is virtual and also is a erected.

❖ The image is enlarged
❖ The image is formed on the same side as the object.
31) what is linear magnification(M)?
Ans: is the ratio between height of the image produced by a lens to the height
of the object.
32) what is power of lens?

Ans: is a measure of degree of convergence or divergence of light rays falling on
it.
Note: the power of lens is a defined as the reciprocal of its focal length in the
meters.
33) what is called the SI unit of power lens?
Ans: called dioptre meter ( symbol D).
Note:
a): the power of convex lens is considered positive (+D).
b): the power of concave lens is considered negative (--D).
34) what is simple microscope?
Ans: is the based on the principal, that when an object is placed between first
principal focus and the optical centre of the convex lens.
35) what is the other name of simple microscope?
Ans: magnifying glass.
36) list uses of simple microscope
➢ As a reading glass
➢ To observe weave patterns of clothing.
➢ To observe of hand by palmists
➢ To read vernier scale on the instruments
37) list sign convention for lenses
➢ dò is a always poaitive .
➢ dì is positive for real images.
➢ dì is negative for virtual images.
➢ f is posotive for for convex lens.
➢ f is negative for concave lens.

➢ hì is posotive for upright image.
➢ hì is negative for inverted images.
38) Define accommodation of the eye?
Ans: is the ability of an eye to focus on the distance objects as well as the
nearby objects on the retina by changing the focal length(or converging power)
of its lens.
39) List most of common defect of vision.
❖ Short--sightedness or myopia
❖ Long--sightedness or hypermetropia
❖ Presbyopia.
40) How we can be correct short-sightedness?
Ans: short-sightedness can be corrected by using concave lens.
41) How can be corrected long-sightedness?
Ans: long-sightedness can be corrected by convex lens.
CHAPTER SIX (6): DISPERSION
1) who found the beam?
➢ In the year 1665 Isaac newton found that if abeam of white light is passed
through triangulate glass prism.
2) what is spectrum?
➢ The band of seven colours obtains on the screen when a white light splits
intuits component colours.
3) list the seven colours of spectrum.
➢ Red, Orange, yellow, Green, Blue, Indigo and violet.
4) state the seven colours of the spectrum can be denoted by?

➢ Denoted by the words VIBGYOR and ROYGBIV
5) what is angle of deviation?
➢ The angle between incident ray and emergent ray is called angle of
deviation.
6) what is dispersion?
➢ The splitting up of white light into seven colours on passing through a

transparent medium like a glass prism.
7) NOTE: these colours in the order of increasing frequency but decreasing

wavelengths are ROYGBIV.
8) NOTE: these colours in the order of increasing wavelength but decreasing

frequency are VIBGYOR.
9) What is the maximum wavelength of seven colours?
➢ The maximum wavelength of seven colours is red.
10) What is the minimum wavelength of seven colours ?33
➢ The minimum wavelength of seven colours is violet.
11) what is the maximum frequency of seven colours?
➢ The maximum freguency of seven colours is violet.
12) what is minimum frequency of seven colours?
➢ The minimum frequency of seven colours is red.
13) Explain white light?
➢ Any light that gives spectrum smillar to that of sunlight.
14) what is the impure spectrum?

➢ A spectrum in which various bands of colours have no sharp well-defined
boundaries but merge in each other.
15) what is the pure spectrum?
➢ A spectrum in which various bands of colours have sharp well-defined

boundaries and do not merge in each other.
16) what is dispersion?
➢ The phenomenon due to which a white light splits into its component
colours when passed through a prism.
17) the prism PQR disperses white light and is called what?
➢ Is called dispersing prism.
18) what is the highest wavelengths produce?
➢ Produce red sensation in the eye.
19) state the speed of all seven colours?
➢ These waves travel with same speed of 3x10 m/s in a vacuum.
20) what is the monochromatic light?
➢ Light of single colour or single wavelength.
21) what is the mean of word mono?
➢ Means one.
22) what is the mean the word chrome?
➢ Means colour.
23) what is the polychromatic light?
➢ A light which is made up of two or more colours.
24) what is the mean of word poly?

➢ Means many.
25) what is the sunlight is polychromatic as it is made?
➢ Is made of seven colours.
26)what is rainbow?
➢ Is one of the most beautiful examples of spectrum formed due to the

dispersion of light in nature.
27) where the rainbow is produced?
➢ Is produced due to the dispersion of sunlight by tiny droplets of water

suspended in air just after rain.
28) Note: a rainbow is always formed in the direction opposite to that of the
sun.
➢ Examples: if the sun is towards west the rainbow is formed on the eastern
horizon.
29) why do planets not twinkle?
➢ Planets are very close to us as compared to stars.
30) where the planets also changed ?
➢ Their apparent position also changes with the change in density of

different layers of atmosphere.
31) why does the sun appear bigger during sunset or sunrise?
➢ The apparent image of sun is very much closer to eye which in turn
appears bigger.
32) what is scattering of light?

➢ The phenomenon due to which a particular wave of light is absorbed by a
particle which greater in diameter than the wavelength of light and than
transmits it to all possible directions.
33) why does sky appear blue?
➢ When the white sunlight passes through the atmosphere, the violet,
indigo, and blue wavelength encounter suspended particles in air whose
diameter is more than their wavelengths.
34) why is the sunlight reaching the earth yellowish?
➢ Because when the white sunlight passes through upper atmosphere the
violet, indigo and blue colours scatter which makes the sky to appear
blue.
35) why does the sky appear dark instead of blue to an astronaut?
➢ In space no particles are present. Thus, no scattering of light takes place.
36) why do the sun and the horizon appear reddish during sunset or sunrise?
➢ Because during sunset and sunrise the sun light travels the maximum
distance through the atmosphere.
37) why do the distant hills appear blue?
➢ Because in the thick growth of trees on the hills there are always presence
of some number of tiny droplets of water in the air.
38) why do motorist use orange lights, rather than normal white light on a foggy
day?
➢ Because if a motorist uses white light while driving in fog then the tiny
droplets of water scatter large amount of blue.
39) why is red light used as universal danger signal?

➢ Because the red light has largest wavelength among the spectral colours
and hence is least scattered.
40) what is opaque?
➢ Object does not allow light to travel through it.
41) when light strikes on opaque what can only be?
➢ It can only be reflected or absorbed.
42) when all wavelength are reflected equally the object appears what?
➢ Appears white.
43) when all wavelength are absorbed the object appears what?
➢ Appears black.
44) what is pigment?
➢ Pigment is a coloring material.
45) State the colour of transparent object depends upon?
❖ Which colours of white light are absorbed.

❖ Which colours of white light are transmitted.
46) what is colours of opaque object in coloured light depends upon?
➢ Depends upon pigment present in the object.
47) what is the colour of transparent object in coloured light depends upon?
➢ Depends upon the pigment present in transparent object and the light
absorbed or transmitted by it.
48) Explain primary colours?
➢ It has been found that red, blue and green colours can not be obtained by
mixing two or more colours are called primary colours.

49) Expalin secondary colours?
➢ We can obtained colours such as magenta, cyan and yellow are called
secondary colours.
50) list the pair of complimentary colour?
➢ Red + Green= yellow.

➢ Blue +Green= Cyan.
➢ Red + Blue= Magenta.
➢ yellow + blue = white.
➢ Cyan + Red= white.
➢ Magenta + Green = white.
51) what is colour mixing as an additive process?
➢ The retina is simultaneously excited for two or more colours.
52) what is the shade of secondary colour obtained depends upon?
➢ Depends upon the intensity of light of primary colours.
53) what is subtractive process?
➢ The colours reflected by one pigment are absorbed by other pigments.
54) what is form the colours cyan, yellow and magenta?
➢ Cyan, yellow and magenta form primary pigments.
55) List the various colours produced by maxing primary pigments?
1. Yellow pigment + Cyan pigment = Green pigment.

2. Yellow pigment + magenta pigment = Red pigment.
3. Cyan pigment + magenta pigment = Blue pigment.
4. Yellow pigment + Cyan pigment + magenta pigment = Black pigment.
56) what is the mixing of all primary pigments produce?
➢ Produce black as all the spectral colours of white light are absorbed.

57) what is colour?
➢ The property possessed by an object of producing different sensations on

the eye as result of the way it reflects light.
58) Explain colour filter?
➢ Is sheet of transparent material that modifies a light beam by selective

absorption of some colours in relation to others.
59) what is invisible spectrum?
➢ The regions of spectrum which do not excite the retina and hence are not
visible are collectively .
60) what is ifrared radiations?
➢ The electromagnetic radiations beyond red of visible spectrum.
61) who was discovered the infrared spectrum?
➢ By william Herschel in 1800.
62) state the sources of infra-red radiation?
➢ As a matter of fact any substance which radiates out heat energy is source
of infrared radiations.
➢ for example the infrared radiations of higher intensity are white hot
source of light such as the sun, arc lamp, burning gases.
63) state at least three properties of infra-red radiations?
1. Being electromagnetic waves they are not affected by the electric.

2. They travel with a velocity of light, i.e 3×10 m/s.
3. They are least scattered by fog, mist, owing to their long
wavelength.
64) state uses of infra-red rays?

➢ Since they produce heating effect therefore they are used by doctors for
therapeutic purposes. Patients with swollen joints, muscles.
➢ As these radiations have a very long wavelength, they do not easily get
scattered in fog or some.
65) what is ultra violet spectrum?
➢ The region of spectrum which extends beyond violet colour of visible

spectrum.
66) the portion of spectrum was discovered by?
➢ By professor J.Ritter in 1801.
67) state the sources of ultra-violet radiation?
1. Any source of light at the temperature of more than 2500C° is good

source of ultra-violet radiation.
2. Mercury vapour lamps also are good sources for these radiations.
3. Sun-light also contains a large amount of ultra-violet radiations.
68) state four properties of ultra-violet radiations?
1. They are electromagnetic wave and as such are not effected by electric .
2. They travel with the velocity of light, i.e 3x10 m/s.
3. The range of these radiations is between 4000A° to 100A° ( 1A°=10 m).
4. They produce chemical effect in silver slats .
69) state uses of ultraviolet radiations?
1. Ultra-violet radiations have lethal effect on micro organisms.

2. Ultra-violet radiations are used to detect forgery of cheques or important
documents, by erasing original writing.
3. Ultra-violet radiators are used for detecting original diamonds from fake
diamonds.
CHAPTER SEVEN (7): ELECTROMAGNETIC INDUCTION.

1) Define electromagnetic induction?
❖ Is the process of producing a voltage by using a magnetic field and current

in a complete circuit.
2) The process of generating electric current in a closed electrical circuit in this

way is called what?
❖ Electromagnetic induction.
3) when Michael Faraday was bord and death?
❖ He was born 1791 and dead 1867.
4) list Application of electromagnetic induction.
9. current clamp.
10. Graphics tablet.
11.induction cookers.
12. inductors.
5) Define magnetic field.
❖ Is the region surrounding the magnet in which the effect of its magnetic
force appears.
6) Define magnetic flux.
12. is a measurement of the total magnetic flied passes through a given area.
7) what is SI unit of magnetic flux?
❖ is Tesla-meter square (1T.m²) or weber (wb).
8) state formation of magnetic flux?
❖ Ò= BA: BA COS Q.
Where: B: is magnetic field strength.
A: is the area of the loop

Ò: is the angle between the magnetic field direction and the direction of the
normal the normal to the loop area.
9) state electromotive force or EMF.
9. when a conductor is moved across a magnetic field, an EMF is induced

between its ends.
❖ Formation: E: BLV (SIN Q). and I: E/R.
10) Define Faradays law of induction.
❖ is a average EMF induced in a conducting coil of N loops is equal to the

negative of the rate at the which the magnetic flux through the coil is
changing with time.
11) list Real-life application of Faraday's law.
❖ Induction.
❖ tape players .
❖ metal detectors transformers.
12) Define Lenz’s law?
❖ That the induced Emf will be in such a direction as to opposite the change
in the magnetic flux that created the current.
13) Explain the two cases of Lenz's law?
❖ case 1: when a magnet is moving a way from the coil.

❖ case 2: when a magnet is moving away from the coil.
Note: to find directions of magnetic field or current, use the right-hand thumb
rule.
14) Discuss relation between lenz's and faradays law?
❖ lenz's law is the base on the faraday's law of induction.

❖ Faraday's law tell's that a changing magnetic field will induce a current in
a conductor.

❖ lenz's law tells us the direction of induced current.
15) list some steps of lenz's law.
❖ determine the direction of the effecting magnetic field that penetrates

the coil.
❖ determine increasing and decreasing change in the magnetic flux in the
coil.
❖ Determine the direction of the induced current generated in the coil
using the right-hand rule.
16) list application of lenz's law?
❖ Eddy current balances.

❖ Eddy current dynamometers.
❖ braking system on a train.
❖ AC generators.
❖ card readers.
CHAPTER EIGHT (8): ALTERNATING CURRENT.
1) Define Alternating current (AC).
❖ Is a current that follows in one direction in a conductor than changes

direction and flows in the other direction.
2) what is stander for Ac and DC?
❖ AC is Alternating Current and DC is direction current.
3) what is stander for r.m.s?
❖ root mean squire.
4) AC, generator means Alternating current generator and also known as what?
13.known as Alternators.
5) list application of A,C generators.

❖ Electric generators
13. Diesel electric locomotive alternators.
6) what is principle of AC generator?
❖ the working of an AC generator is based on the principle of Faraday's law

of electromagnetic induction which states electromotive force Emf or
voltage.
7) list essential elements for an AC generator.
❖ A rotating coil.
❖ A magnetic field
❖ Relative movement between the coil and the magnetic field.
❖ A suitable connection to the outside world.
8) state the basic elements in DC and AC.
10. the basic element in a DC circuit is a resistor which controls the direct
current or voltage.
❖ the basic elements in AC circuits are :
❖ Resistor (R).
❖ Inductor (L).
❖ capacitor (C).
9) Define Reactance.
❖ is a measure of the opposition offered by a capacitor to the flow of AC.
10) Define transformer.
❖ is an electrical device used for raising or lowing the voltage in an AC

circuit.
11) Classified primary side and secondary side of transformer?
❖ primary side of the side that usually delivers power.
Where:

❖ Vp- is the primary voltage.
❖ Vs-is the number of primary windings
❖ Vp- is the number of secondary windings.
❖ ø (phi)- is the flux linkage.
12) Note: there is no electrical connection between the primary coil and the
secondary co.
13) what is energy?
❖ is transferred from one to the other via the magnetic field in the core.
Note: power in primary (Pp)= power in secondary (Ps). VpIp:Vsls.
Note: the current ratio I is the inverse ratio of the number of turns: Is/Ip= Vp/Vs=
Np/Ns
14) List transformers rule.
❖ -Vs: is the emf induced across the secondary coil.

❖ -Vp:is the voltage across the primary coil.
❖ -Ns: is the number of turns in the primary coil.
❖ -Np: is the number of turns in the primary coil.
Note: the terms step-up and step-down refer to changes in the #alternating
voltage not to the current.
CHAPTER 9: ELECTRONICS
1) what is importance of electronics?
➢ Advancements in industrial technology communication, medical services

and leisure are largely attributed to the ever developing electronic
applications.
2) Define electronics.
➢ The branch of engineering which deals with the electron flow through a
vacuum or gas or semiconductors.

3) state the examples of electronics.
❖ Radios, telephones, and televisions,
4) what is electricity?
❖ This deals with flow of charges through metal conductors.
5) what is energy bands?
14.This is atomic structure that shows electrons revolves around the nucleus
energy level.
6) what is bands?
❖ The energy levels splits into smaller energy levels.
7) state the most important bands in electronics.
1) Valence bands.
2) Conduction bands.
8) what is the outermost energy level contains?
14.Contains electrons.
9) what is forbidden energy gap?
❖ The energy gap between the conduction and valence bands.
10) what is insulator materials?
❖ These are the materials that do not allow any electricity or current to pass
through it due to large energy gap or forbidden gap.
11) state the some examples about insulator materials.
11.Wood, stone and plastic.
12) what is conductor materials?

❖ These are the materials that allow conductivity of electricity due to zero
energy gap or forbidden gap.
13) state the some examples about the conductor materials?
❖ Copper, aluminum, gold, and silver
14) what is semiconductor material?
❖ These are the materials that it's resistivity is in between conductor and
insulator.
Note: semiconductor is a substance which has resistivity ( 10 ⁴ to 0.5∆m).
15) state some examples about the semiconductor material.
❖ Silicon, carbon, and germanium.
Note: the semiconductor it's energy gap is small.
17) what is electronic circuits?
❖ Circuits with microchips and other semiconductor devices.
18) what is electronic circuits include?
❖ The circuits in TV sets, CD players and amplifiers.
19) what is Rectification?
❖ This is process of changing alternating current ( A.C) into direct current

(D.C).
20) what is rectifier?
❖ The device that converts A.C into D.C is called rectifier.
21) what is Amplification?
❖ This is a process of raising the strength of weak signal.
22) what is used amplifiers?

❖ Are used in radio set, public address systems, television sets so that the
weak signal can be heard loudly.
23) what is control system?
❖ These are electronic devices that have found wide applications in

automatic control.
24) state the examples of control system.
❖ Speed of a motor, voltage across a refrigerator.
25) what is generation?
➢ This is an electronic device that can convert D.C power into A.C power of
any frequency.
26) when performing this function they are known as?
➢ Are known as oscillators.
27) what is used the oscillators?
❖ The oscillators are used in wide variety of ways.
28) what is conversion of light into electricity?
❖ Electronic devices can convert light into electricity.
29) what is photo-electricity?
❖ This conversion of light into electricity is known as photo-electricity.
30) what is used photo-electric?
❖ Photo-electric devices are used in burglar alarms, sound recoding on

motion pictures e.tc.
31) what is conversion of electricity into light?
❖ Electronic devices can convert electricity to light.

32) what is transistor?
➢ A semiconductor device is fast replacing bulky vacuum tubes in almost all

applications
33) state properties of semiconductor.
❖ The resistivity of a semiconductor is less than that of an insulator but

more than a conductor.
❖ The semiconductor have negative temperature co-efficient of resistance.
❖ The resistance of a semiconductor decrease with increase in temperature
and increase with decrease in temperature.
34) state the effect of temperature in semiconductor.
❖ At absolute zero: means that all electrons are tightly held by the
semiconductor atoms.
❖ Above absolute zero: when the temperature is raised some covalent
bonds in the semiconductor break due to the thermal energy supplied.
35) state two most frequently used materials.
❖ Germanium (Ge) and silicon (Si).
36) how many energy required to break of germanium and silicon?
❖ Germanium 0.7 ev while silicon 1.1 ev.
37) state the difference b/w holes and electrons?
❖ Holes: means it carries positive charge.

❖ Electrons: means it carries negative charge.
Note: Both electrons and holes are equal in magnitude but opposite in
directions
38) where travel the holes?
❖ The holes travel in the valence band.

39) where travel the electrons?
❖ The electrons travel in the conduction band.
40) state types of semiconductor.
❖ Intrinsic semiconductor.
❖ Extrinsic semiconductor.
41) what is intrinsic semiconductor?
❖ Is extremely pure form is known as intrinsic semiconductor.
42) state two conduction takes place.
❖ Takes place two processes namely by free electrons and holes
43) what is extrinsic semiconductor?
❖ The impure form of semiconductor is called extrinsic semiconductor
44) what is impurities?
❖ The conductivity of pure semiconductors can be greatly improved by

introducing a small number of suitable replacement atoms.
45) what is doping?
➢ The process of adding impurity atoms to the pure semiconductor.
46) which atom is replaced by a dopant?
 Only 1 atom in 10 is replaced by a dopant atom in the doped

semiconductor.
47) state types of impurities.
❖ Pentavalent impurity.
❖ Trivalent impurity.
48) What is pentavalent impurity?

❖ It has 5 valence electrons and such impurities are called donor impurities.
49) state the examples of pentavalent impurities.
❖ Arsenic and antimony (metallic).
50) what is Trivalent impurity?
❖ These are kind of impurities that have 3 valence such impurities are called
acceptor impurities.
51) state the examples of trivalent impurities?
❖ Gallium and indium.
52) state types of extrinsic semiconductor.
❖ N-type semiconductor ( negative).

❖ P-type semiconductor. ( positive).
52) what is N-type semiconductor?
7. When a small amount of pentavalent impurity is added to a pure

semiconductor.
53) what is donor?
➢ The impurity atom donates a free electron for conduction in the lattice.
54) state the characteristics of N-type semiconductor.
➢ The electrical conductivity is mainly due to the electrons.

➢ Number of electrons is greater than the number of holes.
➢ Majority charge carries are electrons and minority charge carries are
holes.
55) what is P-type semiconductor?
❖ When a small amount of trivalent impurity is added to a pure

semiconductor.

56) state the characteristics of p-type semiconductor.
➢ The electrical conductivity is mainly due to the holes.

➢ Number of holes is greater than the number of electrons.
➢ Majority charge carries are holes and minority charge carries are
electrons.
57) state uses of semiconductor in everyday life.
➢ Temperature sensors are made with semiconductor devices.

➢ They are used in 3D printing machines.
➢ They are used in calculator. Solar. Plates. Computer etc.
➢ They are used in microchips and self-driving cars.
58) why is silicon preferred over germanium in manufacture of semiconductor

device?
➢ The structure of germanium crystals will be destroyed at higher

temperature.
➢ Silicon crystals are not easily damaged by excess heat.
59) what is P-N junction?
5. When a P-type semiconductor is suitably joined to a N-type

semiconductor the contact surface is called P-N junction.
60) what is used P-N junction?
 It is used as control element for semiconductor.
61) what is depletion layer?
 There is a positive charge on N-side and negative charge on P-side.
62) state types of PN junction.
 Forward biasing .
 Reverse biasing.

63) what is forward biasing?
 When external voltage applied to the junction is in such a direction that it

cancels the potential barrier. Thus permitting current flow
64) list the conclusions are drown.
1. The potential barrier is reduced.

2. The junction offers low resistance (forward resistance) to current flow.
3. Current flows in the circuits.
65) what is reverse biasing?
 When external voltage applied to the junction is in such a direction that

the potential barrier is increased is called reverse biasing.
66) what is diode?
 Diode is a two terminal electronic component that conducts current in

one direction.
Note: it has low resistance in one direction and high resistance in other direction
67) state types of diode.
4. Laser diode, photodiode, schottky diode, Tunnel diode, varactor diode,

Zener diode.
68) state uses of diodes.
 Diode can be used to change AC to DC.

 Diode help in performing digital logic.
 They are used for isolating signals from a supply.
69) Signal demodulation?
 On of the major uses of diodes is to remove negative signals fron AC

current.
70) what is transistor?

 When a third doped element is added to a crystal diode in such away That
two PN junctions are formed is called transistor.
71) when the transistor was invented?
4. Was invented in 1948 by j. Bardeen and W.H. Brattain of bell telephone

laboratories USA.
72) what is used the transistor?
5. Are used in TVs, CD players and just about every other piece of electronic
equipment
6. Is used to amplify or switch electronic signals and electrical power
73) state types of transistor?
4. NPN- transistor.
5. PNP- transistor.
74) what is NPN is transistor composed of?
 Is composed of two N-type semiconductors separated by a thin section of

P-type.
75) what is PNP transistor composed of?
 Is composed of two P-type semiconductors separated by a thin section of

N-type.
76) state three sections of transistor.
 The section on one side is the emit.

 The section on the opposite side is the collector.
 The middle section is called the base.
77) what is base forms?
 It forms two junctions between the emitter and the collector.
78) what is emitter?

 The section on one side that supplies charge carriers.
note: the emitter is always forward biased.
79) what is collector?
 The section on the other side that collects the charge.
Note: the collector is always reverse biased
80) what is the function of collector?
 Its function is to remove charges from its junction with the base.
81) state uses of transistors.
1. Transistor are used in digital and analog circuits as a switch.

2. It is used in signal amplifier devices.
3. It is used in power regulators and controllers.
82) what is logic gates?
 Is a building block of a digital circuit.
83) what is most logic gates have?
 Have two inputs and output and are based on Boolean algebra.
 Video recorders, security alarms system and washing machines are just
some of the things controlled by electronic switches called logic gates.
84) state types of logic gate.
 AND gate (multiplication).

 OR gate (addition).
 NOT gate (inverter).
85) state the working principle of logic gate.
 Switch: ON =1, OFF =0.

 Light sensor: Dark =0 , Bright =1.

 Street light: ON =1, OFF =0.
86) state the uses of logic gates.
1. They are used in Burglar and buzzers.

2. They are used in push button switches E.g door bell.
3. They are used in functioning of street lights.
4. They are used to enable the data transfer function.
CHAPTER 10: MODERN PHYSICS.
1) what is the cathode rays?
➢ The cathode gave off strange invisible rays called cathode rays.
2) state the parts of cathode rays.
➢ Electron gun
➢ Deflecting plates
➢ Fluorescent screen
3) What is the composed of electron gun?
➢ It is composed of the cathode the grid and the anode.
4) what is the function of electron gun?
➢ It controls the brightness and focuses the beam on screen.
5) what is the function of deflecting plates?
➢ It allow horizontal and vertical deflections of the beam.
6) what is the function of fluorescent screen?
➢ It is a screen on which a beam produces a spot of light.
7) what is the difference b/w anode and cathode?
❖ Cathode: means negative.

❖ Anode: means positive.

8) Who explained the stream of electrons with magnetic?
➢ Explained by JJ Thomson in 1897.
9) state the properties of cathode rays?
➢ They travel in straight lines from the cathode.

➢ They cause certain substances to florescence.
➢ The possess kinetic energy.
They produce x-rays on striking a metal target.
10) state the cathode ray oscilloscope is used for.
➢ Measuring frequencies.
➢ Measuring phase differences.
➢ Measuring small time intervals.
➢ Study wave pattern(forms).
11) what is the called smaller unit?
➢ Called the electron volt Symbol is ( EV).
12) what is the symbol of kinetic energy?
➢ Ek.
13) what is the electron volt is often used?
➢ Is often used E= 1.6×10-19.
14) what is the formula of kinetic energy?
➢ It is formula : k= mass electron × voltage.
15) what is the photo electric effect?
➢ Is the process where by electrons are emitted from matter when an

electromagnetic radiation falls on it.
16) state factors effecting photo electric emission.

❖ The number of electron produced or emitted.
❖ The intensity of electron moving or in motion.
❖ The kinetic energy being gain or produced.
17) what is the Threshold frequency?
➢ The minimum value frequency being produced.
18) what is the symbol of threshold frequency?
➢ Hfo.
19) what is the work function?
➢ The minimum energy that required to liberate on electron from the

surface of the metal.
20) state the planck's equation?
➢ Energy= planck's × frequency / E= h×f.
21) what is the planck's equal to?
➢ 6.6×10-34js or 6.63×10 -34 js is a constant.
22) state the Si units of these below.
❖ Energy: joules.
❖ Frequency: hertz (Hz).
❖ Planck's: js.
23) state these frequencies that have are those.
➢ Blue light has frequency of : 7.7×10¹⁴Hz.

➢ Red light has frequency of : 4.3×10¹⁴ hz.
24) what is the cut off or threshold frequency?
➢ The light of frequency less than 5.6×10¹⁴ HZ does not give any photo
electrons.

25) state the smallest quantity of energy that is needed.
➢ The smallest quantity of energy that is needed photo-electric is 2.3 ev and

this is belong to lithium.
26) what is the thermionic emission?
➢ The process by which an electron are emitted from the colliode ray
27) what is the nanometer?
➢ This is an instrument that is used to measure the length.
28) what is the symbol of nanometer?
➢ Is (nm).
29) what is the nanometer equal to?
➢ Im= 1×10-9 nm.
30) what is the gamma rays are mostly in the energy range?
➢ Gamma rays are mostly in the energy range from 10⁴ ev to 5×106 ev.
31) state the ozone layer in our atmosphere absorbs uv ?
➢ Absorbs uv with a wavelength less than 300nm ( 3×10-7m).
32) what is the see of range is clear enough for humans?
➢ 400nm to 700nm.
33) what is the infra-red produced?
➢ It is produced by all hot bodies.
34) who discovered the infra-red ?
➢ Discovered by William Herschel in 1800.
35) what is the wavelengths range from millimeters as used?

➢ As used in radars and in microwave ovens up to tens of kilometers used
for submarine communications.
36) state the properties common to all types of electromagnetic waves.
❖ They travel at the speed of light is 3×108m/s in vacuum.

❖ they are transverse waves.
❖ They travel in straight lines.
❖ They transfer energy ( E=Hf).
37) what is the properties of x-rays?
❖ They travel in straight lines at the speed of light.

❖ They cannot be deflected by electric or magnetic fields.
❖ They can be reflected through very large angles of incidence.
❖ There is mining boundary. They can be diffracted.
38) state the detected of x-rays.
❖ They cause fluorescence in certain substances.

❖ They affect photographic emulsion.
❖ They ionize gases.
❖ They are not deflected by electric or magnetic fields.
39) state the x-rays are used for.
❖ Locating bone fractures.

❖ Destroying cancer cells.
❖ Locating internal imperfections in welded joints and castings.
❖ Studying of crystal structures.
40) what is the precautions when using x-rays?
➢ Minimize the exposure time as much as possible.

➢ Workers exposed to x-rays should always wear protective clothing.
41) what is the dangers of x-rays?

❖ Kill living cells when overexposed.
❖ Interfering with gene structure.
CHAPTER 11: NUCLEAR PHYSICS.
1) what is nuclear physics.
❖ is the physics of atomic nuclei and their interactions especially in the

generation of nuclear energy.
2) what is a tom?
15.the word a tom come from Greek word which means indivisible because
they believed that atoms could not broken down into piece.
3) the atom is made up a smaller particles called what?
❖ Protons, Electrons and Neutrons.
4) where are found protons and Neutrons?
❖ are found in the nucleus of an atom and are almost identical in a mass.
5) classify protons, Electrons and Neutrons?
12. protons: have positive charge.

13.Electrons: have a negative charge.
14.Neutrons: have no charge
6) Explain Atomic modal?
❖ Atomic model represents what the structure of an atom.
7) who was discovered electron and when?
❖ J.J Thomson in 1897.
8) who was discovered proton and when?
❖ Rutherford in 1917.

9) who was discovered Neutron and when?
❖ James Chadwick in 1932.
10) Define atomic number (Z).
❖ is the total number of protons in nucleus.
11) Define atomic mass (A).
❖ the combined number of all the protons and neutrons in a nucleus.
12) what does mean X, A and Z ?
❖ X chemical symbol for a given element.

❖ A atomic mass
❖ Z atomic number
13) Define isotopes?
❖ these are same elements having same atomic number but different mass
number.
14) Define isobars?
❖ these are the atoms of different elements having same mass number but
different atomic number.
16) One of remarkable conclusion derived by what?
❖ derived by Albert Einstein.
16) what stander for E, delt M, and C?
❖ E : is energy.
❖ delt M: change in mass or mass defect.
❖ C : speed of light also C: 3×10⁸m/s.
18)

Particle Mass in Kg Mass in u
Atomic mass unit 1.660540×10-²⁷kg 1.0000 u
Neutron 1.674929×10-²⁷kg 1.008664 u
Proton 1.672623×10-²⁷kg 1.007276 u
Electron 9.109390×10-³¹kg 0.0005475
19) Define Binding energy?
❖ is energy required to separate atomic nucleus completely into its

constituted protons and Neutrons.
20) the missing mass is called what?
❖ called mass defect.
21) the energy equivalent of the mass defect called what?
❖ is the binding energy.

Note: Helium: Nucleus has slightly less than total of 2 protons and 2 Neutrons.
23) what is radioactivity?
❖ is the spontaneous random emission of particles from the nucleus of an

unstable nuclide.
24) list examples of radioactive elements?
❖ Uranium, plutonium, Radium, Thorium and their product.
25) Tell types of Radioactivity?
➢ Alpha particles (à).

➢ Beta particles (ß).
➢ Gama particles (ý).

26) what they differ Alpha, ßeta, Gama particles?
❖ They differ in mass , energy and how deeply they penetrate people and
object.
27) what is Alpha particles?
❖ Alpha particles consist of two protons and two neutrons and are the
heaviest type of radiation particle.
28) list some properties of Alpha particles?
❖ They are heavy low speed helium nuclei (2⁴He).

❖ They are positively charged particles.
❖ They can affect photographic plates.
❖ They can be defected by magnetic and electric field.
❖ They have law speed due to heavy helium nucleus.
29) what is ßeta particles?
❖ is an electron that is not attached to an atom.
30) list some properties of ßeta particle?
❖ They are charged negatively particles

❖ They have high speed in the form of the electron.
❖ They have moderate ionization power.
❖ They can be deflected by magnetic and electric field.
31) what is Gama rays?
❖ Gama radioactive emission is not a particle but rather a very energetic

form of electromagnetic radiation like x-ray and Gama rays.
32) list some properties of Gama rays?
❖ They are high-energy electromagnetic waves.

❖ Gama rays have no mass and no charge.
❖ They have law ionizing power.

❖ They are not affect by magnetic and electric field.
33) list uses of radioactivity?
15.Source of energy.
16.In medicine.
17.Carbon dating ( carbon–14 dating).
34) what is carbon dating?
❖ Is a method for determining the age of an object containing organic

material by using the properties of radio carbon, and radioactive isotope
of carbon.
35) what are the dangers of radiation in our life?
❖ Hair, Heart and Brain.
36) what is Nuclear reaction?
❖ is any reaction in which there is a change in the nucleus of an atom.
37) Tell types of Nuclear reactions?
❖ Nuclear fission and

❖ Nuclear fusion.
38) the atomic nucleus breaks apart into smaller pieces in a radioactive process
called what?
❖ called spontaneous fission or fission.
39) what is nuclear fission?
❖ is the process by which a heavy unstable nucleus split into two or more
smaller nuclei.
40) what releases when a nucleus undergoes fission?
➢ Two or more neutrons at a high speed.

➢ Energy in the form of gamma radiation, plus the kinetic energy stored in
the fission neutrons and fragment nuclei.
41) Two small nuclei release energy when they are fused together to form a single
larger nucleus this process called what?
❖ called nuclear fision.
42) what is half-life?
❖ is the time taken for the radioactivity of a specified isotope to fall to half
its original value.




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S.Y.

L PRIMARY & SECONDARY SCHOOL (P3)

➢ Is the time taken to make one complete cycle.

➢ Is number of cycle made in one second.

3: what is depends on period SHM?

4: what is depends on frequency of SHM?

➢ Frequency of SHM is only dependent on the mass of object and force

5: what is force constant?

➢ Is a measure of spring of rigidity spring.

6: what is restoring force?

➢ Is force which acts to bring a body to its equilibrium position.

7: what is Hooke’s law?

➢ States restoring force applied by spring its extension or displacement is a

8: what is Simple Harmonic Motion?

➢ Is a motion that involves under the type of force.

9: List example of simple harmonic motion.

➢ Simple pendulum, mass spring system, swing, a steel ball rolling In a

BY: Ustaad Xirsi Mohamed Jibriil

➢ Typically examples of repetitive motion of human body are Heart beat

11: what is Oscillatory motion?

12: Tell example of oscillatory motion.

➢ Spring movement, vibrating of string in musical instrument , Alternating

13: what is period motion?

➢ This a motion of an object that regularly returns to given place after a

14: Tell example of period motion.

15: what is Energy?

➢ Is the ability of doing work.

16: state types of energy.

➢ Kinetic Energy and Potential Energy.

17: what is kinetic Energy?

➢ Is energy of any moving object.

18: what is potential Energy?

BY: Ustaad Xirsi Mohamed Jibriil

➢ The object in simple harmonic is directly proportional to the squire of

20: what is displacement?

➢ It is the change in position of an object measured from its equilibrium

21: what is velocity?

➢ This is the rate of change displacement per unit time.`

22: what is acceleration?

➢ Is the change of velocity per unit time.

23: what is simple pendulum?

➢ Is a mass on the end of spring which oscillates in harmonic.

24: what is applications include simple harmonic motion?

➢ Pendulum, car shock absorber, hearing.

25: what is period of simple pendulum depends on?

➢ Period of simple pendulum depend on

26: what is angular frequency?

➢ This define as angular displacement per unit time.

27: what is amplitude?

➢ The maximum displacement on either side Down ward or up ward of

BY: Ustaad Xirsi Mohamed Jibriil

29: Explain when the acceleration become Zero.

➢ Acceleration is maximum at end points and it is Zero at center of

CHAPTER 2: WAVE MOTION.

❖ Are the disturbance that travel a medium or space.

2) state the types of wave.

3) what is mechanical wave?

4) list the examples of mechanical wave.

5) what is electromagnetic wave?

6) list the examples of electromagnetic wave.

BY: Ustaad Xirsi Mohamed Jibriil

7) list some dangers of electromagnetic radiations.