UNIVERSITY OF SOUTHAMPTON FEEG1002W4

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SEMESTER 2 EXAMINATIONS 2016-17

Statics1 and Statics 2 (Aero, Mech, Ship and Civil)

DURATION 120 MINS

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The exam consists of the following two parts (100 marks in total)
and you should aim to spend about 60 minutes on each:

 Statics 1
You must answer 2 out of 3 questions (25 marks each).

 Statics 2
You must answer 2 out of 3 questions (25 marks each).

An outline marking scheme is shown in brackets to the right of each

question.

Note that a formula sheet is provided at the end of this paper

Only University approved calculators may be used.

A foreign language direct ‘Word to Word’ translation dictionary

(paper version ONLY) is permitted, provided it contains no notes,
additions or annotations.

Version saved: 03/04/2017 11:26:58

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S1 – Statics 1 Attempt 2 out of 3 questions [25 marks each]

S1 Question 1
(a) Sketch both the shear force and bending moment diagrams for
the beam shown below in Fig. S1.Q1a. Indicate the locations
and values of important points in the graphs, such as for
example local minima or maxima. [ 10 marks]

Figure S1.Q1a: Simply supported beam subject to loading.

(b) Calculate the relevant second moment of area Izz for the cross
section of the beam, as shown below in Fig. S1.Q1b:
[ 10 marks]

Figure S1.Q1b: Beam cross section.

(c) For the beam considered above in (a) and (b), calculate both
the maximum tensile and the maximum compressive stress in
the beam under the given loading conditions. Clearly indicate
which is which. [ 5 marks]

[TOTAL 25 marks]
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S1 Question 2
(a) For the pin-jointed truss shown below in Fig. S1.Q2a, calculate
the force in each of the bars and determine if the bar is in
tension or compression.
[ 12 marks]

Figure S1.Q2a: Pin-jointed truss subject to loading.

(b) All bars have the same solid square cross section. The
maximum allowable stress in the bar material σmax = 200 MPa
and the Young’s modulus of the material 𝐸 = 150 GPa. Show
using calculations which bar(s) will fail first and determine the
required cross sectional dimension to prevent the truss from
failing under the given load.
[ 8 marks]

(c) Assuming the bar cross sectional dimension is 0.1 m,

determine the horizontal and vertical displacement of point C
due to the deformation of the bars under the given load. Include
a clear displacement diagram.
[ 5 marks]

[TOTAL 25 marks]

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S1 Question 3
(a) For the beam shown below in Fig. S1.Q3a, draw the free body
diagram and write down the relevant equilibrium conditions. Is
the beam statically determinate or not? Explain your reasoning.
[ 8 marks]

Figure S1.Q3a: Beam subject to loading.

(b) Using Macaulay’s method, write down an expression for the

bending moment in the beam as a function of position 𝑥 in
terms of the relevant unknown reactions.
[ 5 marks]

(c) Derive a set of independent equations that is sufficient to

determine all unknown reactions. The final equations must be
in terms of the unknown reactions only. Then solve this set of
equations to obtain the actual values of the reactions.
[ 12 marks]

[TOTAL 25 marks]

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S2 – Statics 2 Attempt 2 out of 3 questions [25 marks each]

S2 Question 1

This problem consists of 5 short-answer independent exercises

dedicated to check some of the basic skills covered in this module. In
order to receive full credit, you must show your work and carefully justify
your answers. The correct answer with improper work will receive little
or no credit.

(a) For the given strain tensor calculate 𝜎𝑥𝑧 and 𝜎𝑦𝑦 . Use E = 200
GPa and 𝜈 = 0.25.

[ 4 marks]

(b) Given the displacement vector below, calculate the strain

tensor. Note that 𝛼 and 𝛽 are constants.

[ 6 marks]

(c) The stress for a beam of length L and depth h is given by:

Calculate the traction vector with a normal to the surface given

by at y = h and x = L/2.
[ 5 marks]

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(d) For the given state of stress shown below (i) write the state of
stress in matrix form, (ii) calculate the principal stresses, and
(iii) calculate the von Mises stress corresponding to this stress
state.
80 MPa

50 MPa

Figure S2.Q1a: Plane stress element.

[ 5 marks]

(e) For the given state of plane strain, calculate the strains with
axes 𝑥′ and 𝑦′ rotated through an angle, 𝜃 = 60°.

Figure S2.Q1b: Rotated plane strain element.

[ 5 marks]

[TOTAL 25 marks]

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S2 Question 2
In order to receive full credit, you must show your work and carefully
justify your answers. The correct answer with improper work will
receive little or no credit.

A thin-walled cylinder with an 8 mm wall thickness was fabricated by

welding long rectangular plates along a helix forming the angle 𝛽. The
completed vessel is shown below.

Figure S2.Q2: Thin walled pressure vessel.

(a) Assume the wind angle, 𝛽, can be customized during the

fabrication process. Determine the largest value of 𝛽 that can
be used if the normal stress perpendicular to the weld is not to
be larger than 80 percent of the maximum stress in the tank.
[Hint: Use the double angle formula.]
[ 5 marks]

(b) Knowing that the yield stress of the tank is 250 MPa, use the
von Mises criterion to determine the maximum pressure that
can be applied if a safety factor of 1.3 is required.
[ 5 marks]

(c) Now, the storage tank contains liquefied propane under a

pressure of 600 kPa. Determine the maximum normal stress
and the maximum shearing stress in the tank. [Hint: Use Mohr’s
circle.]
[ 5 marks]

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(d) Assume that the tank is made of steel (E = 200 GPa, 𝜈 = 0.30)
and calculate the change in length and change in the inner
diameter of the vessel for an internal pressure of 600 kPa.
[ 6 marks]

(e) If the weld seams in the pressure vessel form an angle of

𝛽 = 25° to the transverse plane. Determine (i) the normal
stress perpendicular to the weld and (ii) the magnitude of the
shearing stress parallel to the weld for an internal pressure of
600 kPa.
[ 4 marks]

[TOTAL 25 marks]

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S2 Question 3
This problem consists of two problems which are independent. In order
to receive full credit, you must show your work and carefully justify your
answers. The correct answer with improper work will receive little or no
credit.

Part I
Through a fabrication error a copper rod (E = 100 GPa, 𝜈 = 0.33,
𝛼 = 18 × 10−6 /℃) was manufactured with a diameter of 80.65 mm and
a length of 500.2 mm at room temperature (25 °C).

(a) For the copper rod to fit into an assembly, the length must be
reduced to 500 mm. This can be accomplished by cooling the
rod. At what temperature will the copper rod reach a length of
500 mm? What will be the diameter of the cooled rod?
[ 3 marks]

(b) The cooled rod is inserted into the assembly below made of a
steel tube (𝐸𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑒𝑙 = 200 GPa, 𝜈𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑒𝑙 = 0.30, 𝛼𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑒𝑙 = 11 ×
10−6 /℃) with an inner and outer diameter of 90 mm and 150
mm, respectively. Two rigid plates are installed at each end
constraining the length of the assembly to 500 mm. Once the
copper rod reaches room temperature, what will be the stress
in the copper rod and the steel tube? Use the diameter of the
copper rod and steel sleeve at room temperature to calculate
the stress.
d = 150 mm [ 5 marks]
o

Steel

Copper

Steel

L = 500 mm
di = 90 mm
Top view Side view – down centreline
Figure S2.Q3a: Steel tube and copper rod assembly.

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(c) In the assembly the steel tube is bonded to the rigid plates at
both ends while the copper rod is held in place due to the
thermal expansion. The assembly is left outside overnight and
the temperature drops to 0°C. Noting that the overall length of
the assembly must remain 500 mm, what was the stress in the
steel tube and the copper rod at 0°C?
[ 5 marks]

Part II

(d) The strains at point Q on a machine component (shown below)

were measured using a strain gauge rosette. Using the x-y
coordinate system shown calculate the strain components 𝜀𝑥𝑥 ,
𝜀𝑦𝑦 , and 𝜀𝑥𝑦 .
[ 5 marks]

Figure S2.Q3b: A 60° strain gauge rosette.

(e) Calculate the value that a strain gauge positioned 30° counter-
clockwise from the x – axis would read.
[ 2 marks]

(f) Calculate the principal strains and the maximum shear strain.
[Hint: Use Mohr’s circle.]
[ 5 marks]
[TOTAL 25 marks]
END OF PAPER (Formula sheet overleaf)

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Useful Formulae Statics 1

Simple bending (engineer’s bending theory):

𝑀 𝜎 𝐸
= =
𝐼 𝑦 𝑅

d𝑄
= −𝑤(𝑥 )
d𝑥

d𝑀
𝑄=
d𝑥

d2 𝑣
𝑀 = −𝐸𝐼 2
d𝑥

Second moment of area:

Rectangle: Circle:

𝑏𝑑 3 𝜋𝐷4
𝐼𝑧𝑧 = 𝐼𝑧𝑧 =
12 64

𝐼𝑧′𝑧′ = 𝐼𝑧𝑧 + 𝐴ℎ2

Torsion of a circular section:

𝑇 𝜏 𝐺𝜃
= =
𝐽 𝑟 𝐿

𝜋𝑅 4
𝐽=
2

Buckling:
𝜋 2 𝐸𝐼
𝐹𝑐𝑟𝑖𝑡 = 2
𝐿𝑒

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Main formulae S2
Stress
 Definition of the stress traction vector:
The stress traction vector T at point M with respect to a facet of outward
normal unit vector 𝑛⃗ is given by:
  xx  xy  xz   nx 
  
T ( M , n)    yx  yy  yz  .  n y 
  
 zx  zy  zz   nz 

 Stress equilibrium (where f is the vector of volume forces, ie, gravity),

for a plane stress state (2D)

  xx  xy
   fx  0
 x y

  xy   yy  f  0
 x y
y

Strain
 Definition of the strain matrix as a function of the components of the
displacement vector 𝑢 ⃗

 u x 1  u x u y  1  u x u z 
      
 x 2  y x  2  z x 
 1  u u  u y 1  u y u z  
   x  y    
 2  y x  y 2  z y  
 
 1  u x  u z  1  u y u z  u z 
 2  z     
 x  2  z y  z 

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 Solid rotation matrix:
 1  u x u y  1  u x u z 
 0      
 2  y x  2  z x 
 1  u u  1  u y u z  
    x  y  0   
 2  y x  2  z y  
 
  1  u x  u z  1  u u  
 2  z    y z 0 
 x  2  z y  

 Volume change:
V1  V0
  I   II   III  trace()
V0

 Thermal strains:

 Force-displacement relationship for uniaxial stress

Stress and strain transformation

 The relationship between the components of the strain matrix in
reference frame (x,y,z) and in a new reference frame (x’,y’,z) rotated by
an angle theta (see schematic below) is:
  xx   cos 2 
'
sin 2  2 cos  sin     xx 
 '    
  yy    sin  cos 2  2 cos  sin     yy 
2

  xy'    cos  sin  cos  sin  cos 2   sin 2     xy 

  

This can also be expressed in a linearized way

using the double angle 2
  xx'  1  cos 2 1  cos 2 2sin 2    xx 
 '  1   

 yy  2  1  cos 2 1  cos 2 2sin 2   yy 
  xy'    sin 2 sin 2 2 cos 2    xy 
 
The same relationships hold for the stress matrix components.

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 Mohr’s circle

 Characteristic equation

The solution to the quadratic equation is

The same relationships hold for the strain matrix components.

Pressure vessel equations

Cylindrical

Spherical

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Constitutive relations

 3D Hooke’s law  Inverse 3D Hooke’s law

 
 xx  (1   )(1  2 )  (1  ) xx   ( yy   zz ) 
1 E
 xx  ( xx  ( yy   zz ))
E 


 yy  (1   )(1  2 )  (1  ) yy  ( xx   zz ) 
E
  1 (  (   ))
 yy E yy xx zz

 
 zz  (1   )(1  2 )  (1  ) zz   ( yy   xx ) 
E
 zz  1 ( zz  ( xx   yy ))
 E 
 
  1   
E
 xy  1   xy
 xy E
xy

 1    E 
 xz   xz  xz 1   xz
 E 
  yz  E  yz
1   1 
 yz   yz
 E

 Hooke’s law in plane stress:

 E E 
 0 
  xx   1  1  2
2
   xx 
   E  
0    yy 
E
  yy    1  2 1  2 
    
 xy  E   xy  
 0 0   zz   ( yy   xx )
 1   and 1 

 Inverse Hooke’s law in plane stress:

 1  
  0 
  xx   E E
   xx 
     
0    yy 
1
  yy     E E 
    
 xy  1    xy 
 0 0 
 E 

 Hooke’s law in plane strain:

  xx   1   0    xx 
  E   
  
 1  1  2   1   0    yy 
 
yy
    0 1  2    xy   zz   ( xx   yy )
 xy   0
with

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 Inverse Hooke’s law in plane strain:

  xx   1   0    xx 
  1    

 yy     1   0 
  yy 
E 
 
 xy   0 0 1    xy 

Complements
 Von Mises equivalent stress (for a plane stress state)

 eq   xx2   yy2   xx yy  3 xy2

 Elastic strain energy:
1
2 V
We   : dv

 :    xx xx   yy yy   zz zz  2 xy xy  2 xz xz  2 yz yz

with

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