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Chapter 13 - Blood Vessels and Circulation
Chapter 13 - Blood Vessels and Circulation
Chapter 13
Blood Vessels and Circulation
Lecture Outline
S e e l e y ’ s E S S E N T I A L S O F A n a t o m y & P h y s i o l o g y Tenth Edition
Learning Outcomes
1. List the functions of the blood vessels in relation to
the circulatory system;
2. Describe the structure and functions of arteries,
capillaries, and veins;
3. Describe the blood vessels of the pulmonary
circulation
4. List the major arteries that supply each of the body
areas, and describe their functions;
Learning Outcomes
5. List the major veins that carry blood from
each of the body areas, and describe their
functions; and
6. Explain how blood pressure and resistance to
flow change as blood flows through the blood
vessels.
Blood Vessels
Blood vessels outside the heart are divided into
two classes:
1. The pulmonary vessels, which transport
blood from the right ventricle of the heart
through the lungs and back to the left atrium
2. The systemic vessels, which transport blood
from the left ventricle of the heart through all
parts of the body and back to the right atrium
Vessel Structures
Arteries:
• carry blood away from heart
• thick with a lot of elastic
Veins:
• carry blood toward heart
• thin with less elastic
Capillaries:
• exchange occurs between blood and tissue fluids
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Blood Flow
Blood flows from arteries into arterioles
Arterioles into capillaries
Capillaries into venules
Venules to small veins
Veins return to heart
Capillary Network
Figure 13.3
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Figure 13.2
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Types of Arteries
Elastic arteries:
• largest in diameter
• thickest walls
• Example - aorta and pulmonary trunk
Muscular arteries:
• medium to small size
• thick in diameter
• contain smooth muscle cells
• can control blood flow to body regions
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Arteries
Figure 13.1a,b
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Capillary Network
Figure 13.3
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Capillaries
Blood flows from arterioles into capillaries
Capillaries branch to form networks
Blood flow is regulated by smooth muscle cells,
precapillary sphincters
Capillary Structure
Figure 13.1d
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Types of Veins
Blood flows from capillaries into venules
Blood flows from venules into small veins
All 3 tunics are present in small veins
Medium sized veins:
• collect blood from small veins and deliver to large
veins
Large veins:
• contain valves
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Blood Vessel
Structure
Figure 13.1
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Blood Vessel
Structure
Figure 13.1
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Valves
Figure 13.4
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Figure 13.5
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Pulmonary trunk:
• blood pump from right ventricle towards lung
Pulmonary veins:
• exit lungs and carry O2 rich blood to left atrium
Ascending:
• passes superiorly from left ventricle
Aortic arch:
• 3 major arteries which carry blood to head and
upper limbs
Descending:
• extends through thorax and abdomen to pelvis
Thoracic:
• part of descending aorta that extends through
thorax to diaphragm
Abdominal:
• descending aorta that extends from diaphragm
where it divides at the common iliac arteries
Major Arteries
Figure 13.6
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Figure 13.7
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Figure 13.8
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Figure 13.10
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Figure 13.9
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Axillary arteries:
• continuation of subclavian
• supply blood deep in clavicle
Brachial arteries:
• continuation of axillary
• where blood pressure measurements are taken
Ulnar arteries:
• branch of brachial artery
• near elbow
Radial arteries:
• branch of brachial artery
• supply blood to forearm and hand
• pulse taken here
Figure 13.11
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Renal arteries:
• supply blood to kidneys
Hepatic arteries:
• supply blood to liver
Testicular arteries:
• supply blood to testes
Ovarian arteries:
• supply blood to ovaries
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Arteries of Pelvis
Common iliac arteries:
• branches from abdominal aorta
• divides into internal iliac arteries
External iliac arteries:
• division of common iliac artery
• supply blood to lower limbs
Internal iliac arteries:
• division of common iliac
• supply blood to pelvic area
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Major Arteries of the Abdomen and 41
Pelvis
Figure 13.12
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Femoral arteries:
• supply to thigh
Popliteal arteries:
• supply blood to knee
Anterior and posterior arteries:
• supply blood to leg and foot
Fibular arteries:
• supply blood to lateral leg and foot
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Figure 13.13
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Veins 1
Veins 2
Major Veins
Figure 13.14
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Subclavian veins:
• forms brachiocephalic veins
Brachiocephalic veins:
• join to form superior vena cava
Figure 13.15
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Brachial veins:
• empty into axillary vein
Cephalic veins:
• empty into axillary vein and basilic vein
Median cubital veins:
• connects to cephalic vein
• near elbow
Figure 13.16
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Hemiazygos vein:
• receives blood from azygos vein of left side
Figure 13.17
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Renal vein:
• drains blood from kidneys
Figure 13.18
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Figure 13.19
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Femoral veins:
• drain blood from thigh and empty into external iliac
vein
Popliteal veins:
• drain blood from knee and empty into femoral vein
Figure 13.20
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Blood Pressure
Blood pressure is the measure of force blood
exerts against blood vessel walls.
Systolic pressure: contraction of heart
Diastolic pressure: relaxation of heart
Average Blood Pressure: 120/80
Figure 13.21
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Figure 13.21
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Figure 13.21
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Pulse Pressure
Pulse pressure is the difference between systolic
and diastolic blood pressures.
• Example - 120 for systolic / 80 for diastolic; pulse
pressure is 40 mm Hg
• pulse pressure points can be felt near large arteries
Figure 13.23
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Capillary Exchange 2
Figure 13.24
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Capillary Exchange 1
Capillary Beds
Figure 13.25
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Vasomotor tone:
• state of partial constriction of blood vessels
• increase causes blood vessels to constrict and blood
pressure to go up
Figure 13.26
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Baroreceptor Reflexes
Baroreceptor reflexes activate responses to
blood pressure in normal range
Baroreceptors respond to stretch in arteries due
to increased pressure
Located in carotid sinuses and aortic arch
Change peripheral resistance, heart rate, stroke
volume in response to blood pressure
Figure 13.27
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Figure 13.28
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Baroreceptor
Effects on
Blood
Pressure
Figure 13.28
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Chemoreceptor Reflex
Chemoreceptors are sensitive to changes in
blood oxygen, carbon dioxide, and pH
Chemoreceptors are located in carotid bodies
and aortic bodies which lie near carotid sinuses
and aortic arch
They send action potentials along sensory nerve
to medulla oblongata
Figure 13.29
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Figure 13.30
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Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone 88
Mechanism 1
Mechanism 2
Mechanism 3
Figure 13.31
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Figure 13.32
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Figure 13.33
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Long-Term
Control of
Blood
Pressure
Figure 13.33
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Atherosclerotic Plaque
Figure 13.34
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