Blood Supply of Head and Neck

BLOOD SUPPLY OF
HEAD AND NECK

CONTENTS
• Introduction
• Development of blood vessel
• Development of pharyngeal arteries and their fate
• Development of veins
• Vascular supply of intracranial region
• Applied aspects
• Blood supply of neck
• Veins of neck
• Clinical significance
• Vascular supply of scalp and face
• Vascular supply of oral cavity
2
FAQ’S
Long essay
• Blood supply of face (RAJIV GANDHI UNIVERSITY)
Short essays
• Facial artery ( MANIPAL UNIVERSITY)
• Blood supply of parotid gland (MANIPAL UNIVERSITY)
3
INTRODUCTION
• The brain could be considered to be the most important structure within the head and
neck region. It requires 0.75–1L of blood every minute, and can consume between 20-
50% of the oxygen in blood
• This means that the arterial supply to the head and neck, and the subsequent venous
drainage, needs to be able to handle a large volume of blood effectively.
• It is important to remember that the vascular system in the human body is, for the most
part, symmetrical – there is a left and a right vessel
https://simplemed.co.uk/about-simplemed 4
• The main blood supply to the head and neck comes from the common carotid arteries,
and the main drainage is by the internal and external jugular veins.
• The external carotid artery supplies branches to the head and neck that are extra-
cranial.
• It is the internal jugular vein that is used to assess jugular venous pressure
• As pediatric dentists we should have proper knowledge about the development of
blood vessel and anatomy of arterial supply of head and neck for proper diagnosis of
any underlying pathology if present
Commonly used abbrevations
• CCA = Common Carotid Artery
• ECA = External Carotid Artery
• ICA = Internal Carotid Artery
• IJV = Internal Jugular Vein
• EJV = External Jugular Vein
Arteries:
• Have strong vascular walls
• Blood flows at high velocity
• Transports blood under high pressure
Standring S. Gray’s Anatomy: The Anatomical Basis Of Clinical

Practice. Forty-first Edition. New York: Elsevier Limited; 7
2016:433-462
Arterioles:
• Last small branches of arterial system(20-100 micrometer)
• Act as control conduits
• Release blood into capillaries
• Have strong muscular walls
• Alter blood flow in each tissue in response to its needs
Standring S. Gray’s Anatomy: The Anatomical Basis Of Clinical P 8

ractice. Forty-first Edition. New York: Elsevier Limited; 2016:433
Capillaries:
• Thin, single layer, highly permeable endothelium(7-8 micrometer)
• Have numerous minute capillary pores permeable to water and other small molecular
substances

Venules:
• Collect blood from capillaries
• Coalesce gradually into progressively large veins
• Veins:
• Conduits for transport of blood from venules->heart
• Major reservoir of extra blood
• Thin walls due to low pressure

FORMATION OF
BLOOD CELLS AND
VESSEL • Vasculogenesis
• It is the process of differentiation of angioblasts
into endothelial cells and formation of primitive
vascular network.
• It is development of vessels from the aggregations
of blood cells, i.e. blood islands.
• The mesenchymal cells differentiate into
angioblast cells.
Singh I, Subhadra Devi V. Inderbir Singh’s Human

Embryology. 11th Edition. New Delhi: Jaypee Brothers Medical
11
Publishers(p) Ltd;2018: 227-262
• Aggregations of angioblasts form the blood islands.
• Later, clefts appear in the blood islands.
• The clefts communicate with one another forming capillary plexus.
• Reorganization of cells in islands leads to the formation of blood cells and blood
vessels.

12
• Angiogenesis
• It is the process of sprouting of new vessels from
existing ones.
• Very early in the life of the embryo mesenchyme
differentiates, over the yolk sac, in the connecting
stalk, and in the body of the embryo itself, to
form small masses of angioblastic tissue.

13
• This angioblastic tissue gives rise to endothelium and also to blood cells.
• The first blood vessels are derived from this endothelium.
• The vessels rapidly proliferate in number and become interconnected to form a vascular
system

• Soon thereafter, a primitive heart begins to pump blood through this network of vessels
with the result that nutrition from the placenta and yolk sac can be made available to the
growing embryo.
• Angiogenesis begins first in the yolk sac wall during 3rd week. Erythrocytes produced in
the yolk sac have nuclei.
• Inside the embryo it begins in 5th week. Erythrocytes produced in the embryo do not
have nuclei.
• Hematopoiesis inside in the embryo occurs first in the liver, then later in the spleen,
thymus, and bone marrow

15
• PHARYNGEAL ARCH ARTERIES AND THEIR FATE
• The first arteries to appear in the embryo are the right and left primitive aortae.
• Anomalous development of pharyngeal arch arteries:
• Double aortic arch :The arterial ring can compress the trachea and esophagus.
• Right aortic arch
• The ductus arteriosus,

16
VEINS
• The main veins of the embryo are three sets/pairs of longitudinally directed veins—
categorized into two groups
• All drain into sinus venosus.
• 1. Visceral veins – Vitelline/omphalomesenteric veins – Umbilical veins—placenta
• 2. Somatic veins – Cardinal veins.

Publishers(p) Ltd;2018: 227-262 17
• Anomalies of veins
• Minor anomalies in the mode of formation of various veins are extremely common.
• Left superior vena cava: This is due to the failure of the left anterior and common
cardinal veins to retrogress.
• Double inferior vena cava : Generally, the vena cava is double only below the level of the
renal veins.
• The anomalies of arteries and veins should be known by pediatric dentists for proper
diagnosis and treatment and to take necessary precautions while treating pediatric
dental patients

18
• Dural venous sinuses
INTRACRANIAL • Dural venous sinuses form a complex network of
REGION venous channels that drain blood from the brain
and cranial
• They lie between the endosteal and meningeal
layers of dura mater,
• lined by endothelium and have no valves; their
walls are devoid of muscular tissue

• Superior sagittal sinus
• The superior sagittal sinus runs in the attached
convex margin of the falx cerebri.
• There are usually two or three lateral venous
lacunae on each side of the midline, named
frontal (small), parietal (large) and occipital
(intermediate) lacunae

• Inferior sagittal sinus
• The inferior sagittal sinus is located in the
posterior half or two-thirds of the free margin of
the falx cerebri
• It increases in size posteriorly, ends in the straight
sinus, and receives veins from the falx and
sometimes from the medial surfaces of the
cerebral hemispheres (anterior pericallosal
veins).

• Straight sinus
• The straight sinus lies in the junction of the falx
cerebri with the tentorium cerebelli
• It runs posteroinferiorly as a continuation of the
inferior sagittal sinus and drains into the
transverse sinus

• Cavernous sinus
• The cavernous sinuses are two large venous
plexuses that lie on either side of the body of the
sphenoid bone,
• extending from the superior orbital fissure to the
apex of the petrous temporal bone, with an
average length of 2 cm and width of 1 cm

• The cavity of the cavernous sinus is formed when the two layers of dura that cover the
anterior aspect of the pituitary gland separate
• Each sinus contains the cavernous segment of the internal carotid artery, associated
with a perivascular sympathetic plexus

Caroticocavernous sinus fistula and cavernous sinus thrombosis
• Direct communication between the intracavernous portion of the internal carotid artery
and the cavernous sinus, creating a caroticocavernous sinus fistula (CCF), may occur as a
result of either severe head trauma or aneurysmal vessel disease
• The classic signs are ptosis, proptosis (which may be pulsatile), chemosis, periorbital
oedema, and extraocular dysmotility causing diplopia secondary to a combination of
third, fourth and sixth cranial nerve palsies.
• most commonly treated by passing a catheter up the carotid into the fistula, and then
occluding it with dilatable balloons or flexible metal coils.

ARTERIES OF THE • The common carotid, internal carotid and external
NECK carotid arteries provide the major source of blood
to the head and neck
Common carotid artery
• The common carotid arteries differ on the right
and left sides with respect to their origins.
• On the right, the common carotid arises from the
brachiocephalic artery as it passes behind the
sternoclavicular joint.

• On the left, the common carotid artery comes directly from the arch of the aorta in the
sup
• The right common carotid, therefore, has only a cervical part whereas the left common
carotid has cervical and thoracic parts

• In the lower part of the neck, the common carotid arteries are separated by a narrow gap
that contains the trachea. Above this, the arteries are separated by the thyroid gland,
larynx and pharynx.
• The artery is crossed anterolaterally, at the level of the cricoid cartilage, by the
intermediate tendon
• On the right side, low in the neck, the recurrent laryngeal nerve crosses obliquely behind
the artery.
• The right common carotid artery sometimes arises above the level of the sternoclavicular
joint

External carotid artery
• The external carotid artery begins lateral to the
upper border of the thyroid cartilage, level with
the intervertebral disc between the third and
fourth cervical vertebrae
• The skin and superficial fascia, the loop between
the cervical branch of the facial nerve and the
transverse cutaneous nerve of the neck, the deep
cervical fascia and the anterior margin of
sternocleidomastoid all lie superficial to the
external carotid artery

• The skin and superficial fascia, the loop between the cervical branch of the facial nerve
and the transverse cutaneous nerve of the neck, the deep cervical fascia and the
anterior margin of sternocleidomastoid all lie superficial to the external carotid artery

BRANCHES OF
EXTERNAL
CAROTID ARTERY
• The superior thyroid artery is the first branch of

the external carotid artery, and arises from the
anterior surface of the external carotid just below
the level of the greater cornua of the hyoid bone

• BRANCHES OF SUPERIOR THYROID ARTERY
• The superior thyroid artery supplies the thyroid gland and some adjacent skin.
• Infrahyoid artery: The infrahyoid artery is a small branch that runs along the lower border
of the hyoid bone deep to thyrohyoid and anastomoses with its fellow of the opposite
side to supply the infrahyoid strap muscles
• Superior laryngeal artery The superior laryngeal artery accompanies the internal
laryngeal nerve. Deep to thyrohyoid, it pierces the lower part of the thyrohyoid
membrane to supply the tissues of the upper part of the larynx. I

• Sternocleidomastoid artery : The sternocleidomastoid artery descends laterally across
the carotid sheath and supplies the middle region of sternocleidomastoid. Like the
parent artery itself, it may arise directly from the external carotid artery.
• Cricothyroid artery : The cricothyroid artery crosses high on the anterior cricothyroid
ligament, anastomoses with its fellow of the opposite side and supplies cricothyroid.

• Ascending pharyngeal artery
• The ascending pharyngeal artery is the smallest
branch of the external carotid. It is a long,
slender vessel, which arises from the medial
(deep) surface of the external carotid artery
• Its named branches are the pharyngeal, inferior
tympanic and meningeal arteries

• Pharyngeal artery :The pharyngeal artery gives off three or four branches to supply the
constrictor muscles of the pharynx and stylopharyngeus
• Inferior tympanic artery : The inferior tympanic artery is a small branch that traverses
the temporal canaliculus with the tympanic branch of the glossopharyngeal nerve and
supplies the medial wall of the tympanic cavity

• Meningeal branches : The meningeal branches are small vessels that supply the nerves
that traverse the foramen lacerum, jugular foramen and hypoglossal canal

• Lingual artery
• The lingual artery provides the chief blood supply
to the tongue and the floor of the mouth
• It arises anteromedially from the external carotid
artery opposite the tip of the greater cornua of the
hyoid bone

• Relations
• First part :the lingual artery is in the carotid triangle. Skin, fascia and platysma are
superficial to it
• Second part : passes along the upper border of the hyoid bone, deep to hyoglossus
• The third part is the arteria profunda linguae, which turns upwards near the anterior
border of hyoglossus and then passes forwards close to the inferior lingual surface near
the frenulum

• Facial artery
• The facial artery arises anteriorly from the external
carotid in the carotid triangle, above the lingual
artery and immediately above the greater cornu of
the hyoid bone
• The artery is very sinuous throughout its extent.
• Facial artery pulsation is most palpable where the
artery crosses the mandibular base, and again
near the corner of the mouth
• Its branches in the neck are the ascending
palatine, tonsillar, submental and glandular
arteries.

• Facial artery pulsation is most palpable where the artery crosses the mandibular base,
and again near the corner of the mouth
• Its branches in the neck are the ascending palatine, tonsillar, submental and glandular
arteries.

• Ascending palatine artery :The ascending palatine artery arises close to the origin of the
facial artery.
• It passes up between styloglossus and stylopharyngeus to reach the side of the pharynx
• Tonsillar artery : The tonsillar artery provides the main blood supply to the palatine tonsil

• Submental artery : The submental artery is the largest cervical branch of the facial artery
It arises as the facial artery separates from the submandibular gland and turns forwards
on mylohyoid below the mandible
• Glandular branches : Three or four large vessels supply the submandibular salivary gland
and associated lymph nodes, adjacent muscles and skin.

• Occipital artery
• The occipital artery arises posteriorly from the
external carotid artery, approximately 2 cm from
its origin. At its origin, the artery is crossed
superficially by the hypoglossal nerve
• The artery next passes backwards, up and deep to
the posterior belly of digastric

• Posterior auricular artery
• The posterior auricular artery is a small vessel that branches posteriorly from the
external carotid just above digastric and stylohyoid.
• It ascends between the parotid gland and the styloid process to the groove between
the auricular cartilage and mastoid process, and divides into auricular and occipital
branches

• Internal carotid artery
• The internal carotid artery supplies most of the
ipsilateral cerebral hemisphere, eye and accessory
organs
• It may be divided conveniently into cervical,
petrous, cavernous and cerebral parts

• Relations
• The internal carotid artery is initially superficial in the carotid triangle, and then passes
deeper, medial to the posterior belly of digastric
• The pharyngeal wall lies medial to the artery, which is separated by fat and pharyngeal
veins from the ascending pharyngeal artery and superior laryngeal nerve.
Anterolaterally, the internal carotid artery is covered by sternocleidomastoid

• Subclavian artery
• The right subclavian artery arises from the
brachiocephalic trunk, the left from the aortic
arch

Cervical branches of vertebral artery
• Spinal branches : The spinal branches enter the vertebral canal via the intervertebral
foramina and supply the spinal cord and its membranes
• Muscular branches Muscular branches arise from the vertebral artery as it curves
round the lateral mass of the atlas.

• Internal thoracic artery
• The internal thoracic artery arises inferiorly from the first part of the subclavian artery, 2
cm above the sternal end of the clavicle, opposite the root of the thyrocervical trunk
• Thyrocervical trunk The thyrocervical trunk is a short, wide artery that arises from the
front of the first part of the subclavian artery

• Inferior thyroid artery
• The inferior thyroid artery loops upwards anterior
to the medial border of scalenus anterior, turns
medially just below the sixth cervical transverse
process
• On the left, near its origin, the artery is crossed
anteriorly by the thoracic duct as the latter curves
inferolaterally to its termination.

• External jugular vein
VEINS OF THE
• The external jugular vein mainly drains the scalp
NECK and face, although it also drains some deeper
parts.
• The vein is formed by the union of the posterior
division of the retromandibular vein with the
posterior auricular vein and begins near the
mandibular angle just below or in the parotid
gland
• It is covered by platysma, superficial fascia and
skin, and is separated from sternocleidomastoid by
deep cervical fascia

• Internal jugular vein
• The internal jugular vein collects blood from the
skull, brain, superficial parts of the face and much
of the neck.
• It begins at the cranial base in the posterior
compartment of the jugular foramen, where it is
continuous with the sigmoid sinus.
• At its origin, it is dilated as the superior bulb,
which lies below the posterior part of the
tympanic floor.

• Facial vein
• The initial part of the facial vein as it lies on the
face
• From the face, it passes over the surface of
masseter, crosses the body of the mandible and
enters the neck, where it runs obliquely back
under platysma
• Near its end, a large branch often descends along
the anterior border of sternocleidomastoid

• Lingual vein
• The lingual veins follow two routes.
• The dorsal lingual veins drain the dorsum and
sides of the tongue, join the lingual veins
accompanying the lingual artery between
hyoglossus and genioglossus, and enter the
internal jugular near the greater cornu of the
hyoid bone

CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE OF CAROTID
ARTERIES
• As the carotid arteries are responsible for supplying oxygenated blood to the brain, many
conditions require monitoring and treatment, especially
• If the patient is symptomatic, including atherosclerosis leading to stenosis, carotid artery
aneurysm, transient ischemic attack, and stroke.
Sethi D Gofu E M Anatomy , Head And Neck , Carotid Arteries

55
CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE OF
INTERNAL CAROTID ARTERY
• The internal carotid arteries are of vital importance for oxygenated blood supply to the
brain, and so they are of major importance in clinical evaluation.
• They are susceptible to atherosclerosis, which can cause stenosis and embolization of
plaque distally towards the brain.
• Particular pathologies in which the internal carotid artery should undergo evaluation
include, but are not limited to, stroke, transient ischemic attack, penetrating neck trauma,
and hypovolemic shock.
Chadick M , M Das J . Anatomy , Head And Neck , Internal

Carotid Arteries 56
• PHACE SYNDROME
• Besides the hemangioma on the skin, abnormal blood vessels of the head and neck are
the most common abnormality seen in children with PHACE syndrome.
• It has been estimated that greater than 80 percent of children with PHACE syndrome
have at least one abnormal artery in their neck or head, and many have several
abnormal arteries in this region

• The internal carotid artery is the most frequently involved abnormal artery.
• According to a recent study, anomalies of the internal carotid artery are present in about
75 percent of PHACE syndrome patients who have cerebrovascular abnormalities.
• The abnormal artery is most often located on the same side as the facial hemangioma

ARTERIES OF FACE
AND SCALP • Facial artery
• The facial artery arises in the neck from the
• It initially lies beneath platysma, passing on to
the face at the anteroinferior border of masseter,
where its pulse can be felt as it crosses the
mandible

• The facial artery supplies branches to the muscles and skin of the face Its named
branches on the face are the premasseteric artery, the superior and inferior labial
arteries and the lateral nasal artery.
• The part of the artery distal to its terminal branch is called the angular artery.

• Superficial temporal artery
• The superficial temporal artery is the smaller
terminal branch of the external carotid artery

• It arises in the parotid gland behind the neck of the mandible
• The superficial temporal artery supplies the skin and muscles at the side of the face and
in the scalp, the parotid gland and the temporomandibular joint

• Facial branches of the maxillary artery
• Mental artery : The mental artery arises from the first part of the maxillary artery as a
terminal branch of the inferior alveolar artery.
• It emerges on to the face from the mandibular canal at the mental foramen, supplies
muscles and skin in the chin region, and anastomoses with the inferior labial and
submental arteries

• Buccal artery : The buccal artery is a branch of the second part of the maxillary artery.
• It emerges on to the face from the infratemporal fossa, crosses buccinator to supply
the cheek, and anastomoses with the infraorbital artery and with branches of the facial
artery

• Infraorbital artery : The infraorbital artery arises from the third part of the maxillary
artery.
• It runs through the infraorbital foramen and on to the face, supplying the lower eyelid,
the lateral aspect of the nose and the upper lip.
• The infraorbital artery has extensive anastomoses with the transverse facial and buccal
arteries and with branches of the ophthalmic and facial arteries.

• Occipital artery
• The occipital artery arises in the neck from the
• It runs in a groove on the temporal bone, medial
to the mastoid process
• Tortuous branches run between the skin and the
occipital belly of occipitofrontalis,

• Facial vein
• The facial vein is the main vein of the face. After receiving the supratrochlear and
supraorbital veins,
• it travels obliquely downwards by the side of the nose, passes under zygomaticus major,
risorius and platysma, descends to the anterior border and then passes over the surface
of masseter.
• Tributaries: Near its origin, the facial vein connects with the superior ophthalmic vein,
both directly and via the supraorbital vein, and so is linked to the cavernous sinus

BLOOD SUPPLY OF ORAL CAVITY
CHEEKS
The cheek receives its arterial blood supply principally from the buccal branch of the
maxillary artery
LIPS
The lips are mainly supplied by the superior and inferior labial branches of the facial artery

MASTICATORY MUCOSA AND THE GINGIVAE
The gingival tissues derive their blood supply from the maxillary and lingual arteries.
MAXILLA
• The buccal gingivae around the maxillary cheek teeth are supplied by gingival and
perforating branches from the posterior superior alveolar artery and by the buccal branch
of the maxillary artery
• The labial gingivae of anterior teeth are supplied by labial branches of the infraorbital
artery and by perforating branches of the anterior superior alveolar artery
• The palatal gingivae are supplied primarily by branches of the greater palatine artery

MANDIBLE
• The buccal gingivae associated with the mandibular cheek teeth are supplied by the
buccal branch of the maxillary artery and by perforating branches from the inferior
alveolar artery.
• The labial gingivae around the anterior teeth are supplied by the mental artery and by
perforating branches of the incisive artery.
• The lingual gingivae are supplied by perforating branches from the inferior alveolar
artery and by its lingual branch, and by the main lingual artery, a branch of the external
carotid artery.

VENOUS DRAINAGE
• The venous drainage of the gingivae, although it may be assumed that buccal,
lingual, greater palatine and nasopalatine veins are involved.

FLOOR OF THE MOUTH
• The floor of the mouth is a small, horseshoe-shaped region situated beneath the
movable part of the tongue
• The main muscle forming the floor of the mouth is mylohyoid, with geniohyoid lying
immediately above it
MYLOHYOID
• Mylohyoid receives its arterial supply from the sublingual branch of the lingual artery, the
maxillary artery, via the mylohyoid branch of the inferior alveolar artery, and the
submental branch of the facial artery

GENIOHYOID
The blood supply to geniohyoid is derived from the lingual artery
(sublingual branch).

PALATE
• The palate forms the roof of the mouth and is divisible into two regions, namely: the
hard palate in front and soft palate behind.
SOFT PALATE
• The arterial supply of the soft palate is usually derived from the ascending palatine
branch of the facial artery.
• The veins of the soft palate usually drain to the pterygoid venous plexus.

HARD PALATE
• The palate derives its blood supply principally from the greater palatine artery, a branch
of the third part of the maxillary artery
• The greater palatine artery emerges on to the oral surface of the palate at the greater
palatine foramen adjacent to the second maxillary molar
• The veins of the hard palate accompany the arteries and drain largely to the pterygoid
plexus.

VASCULAR SUPPLY OF TONGUE
• The tongue and the floor of the mouth are
supplied chiefly by the lingual artery, which arises
from the anterior surface of the external carotid
artery.

• It passes between hyoglossus and the middle constrictor of the pharynx to reach the
floor of the mouth, accompanied by the lingual veins and the glossopharyngeal nerve.
• Named branches of the lingual artery in the floor of the mouth are the dorsal lingual,
sublingual and deep lingual arteries

LINGUAL VEINS
• The lingual veins are formed from the union of the dorsal lingual and deep lingual
veins and the vena comitans of the hypoglossal nerve.
• The veins draining the tongue follow two routes.
• The lingual veins usually join the facial and retromandibular veins (anterior
division) to form the common facial vein, which drains into the internal jugular
vein.

MARGINAL VESSELS
• Marginal vessels from the apex of the tongue

and the lingual frenulum area descend under the
mucosa to widely distributed nodes. Some
vessels pierce mylohyoid
• Some vessels pass inferior to the sublingual
gland and accompany the companion vein of the
hypoglossal nerve to end in jugulodigastric
nodes.

• Vessels from the lateral margin of the tongue cross the sublingual gland, pierce
mylohyoid and end in the submandibular nodes. Others end in the jugulodigastric or
jugulo-omohyoid nodes

Central vessels
The regions of the lingual surface draining into the marginal or central
vessels are not distinct. Central lymphatic vessels ascend between the
fibres of the two genioglossi
Some pierce mylohyoid to enter the submandibular nodes.

Dorsal vessels
Vessels draining the postsulcal region and the circumvallate papillae run
posteroinferiorly.
Those near the median plane may pass bilaterally
One vessel may descend posterior to the hyoid bone, perforating the thyrohyoid
membrane to end in the jugulo-omohyoid nod

BLOOD SUPPLY OF MUSCLES OF
TONGUE
Genioglossus Sublingual branch of the lingual artery and
the submental branch of the facial artery.
Hyoglossus Hyoglossus is supplied by the sublingual

branch of the lingual artery and the
submental branch of the facial artery.
Chondroglossus Supplied by the sublingual branch of the
lingual artery and the submental branch of
the facial artery.
Styloglossus Sublingual branch of the lingual artery
Intrinsic muscles The intrinsic muscles are supplied by the

lingual artery.

VASCULAR SUPPLY OF TEETH
The main arteries to the teeth and their supporting structures are derived from the
maxillary artery, one of the two terminal branches of the external carotid artery.
The upper teeth are supplied by branches from the superior alveolar arteries
lower teeth by branches from the inferior alveolar arteries

Superior alveolar arteries
• The upper jaw is supplied by posterior, middle and anterior superior alveolar (dental)
arteries.
• The posterior superior alveolar artery usually arises from the third part of the maxillary
artery in the pterygopalatine fossa
• The middle and anterior superior alveolar arteries are branches from the infraorbital
artery.

• Inferior alveolar artery
• The inferior alveolar (dental) artery, a branch of the maxillary artery, descends in the
infratemporal fossa posterior to the inferior alveolar nerve
• It supplies the mandibular molars and premolars, and divides into the incisive and mental
branches near the first premolar

• Arterial supply of periodontal ligaments
• The periodontal ligaments supporting the teeth are supplied by dental branches of
alveolar arteries.
• The periodontal ligament therefore receives its blood from three sources: from the apical
region; ascending interdental arteries; and descending vessels from the gingivae.

• Venous drainage of the teeth
• Veins accompanying the superior alveolar arteries drain the upper jaw and teeth
anteriorly into the facial vein, or posteriorly into the pterygoid venous plexus.
• Veins from the lower jaw and teeth collect either into larger vessels in the interdental
septa or into plexuses around the root apices and thence into several inferior alveolar
veins

SUBMANDUBULAR SALIVARY GLAND
• The arteries supplying the gland are branches of the facial and lingual arteries.
SUBLINGUAL SALIVARY GLAND
• sublingual branch of the lingual artery and the submental branch of the facial artery

References
• Singh I, Subhadra Devi V. Inderbir Singh’s Human Embryology. 11th Edition. New
Delhi: Jaypee Brothers Medical Publishers(p) Ltd;2018: 227-262
• Standring S. Gray’s Anatomy: The Anatomical Basis Of Clinical Practice. Forty-
first Edition. New York: Elsevier Limited; 2016:433-462
• Chadick M , M Das J . Anatomy , Head And Neck , Internal Carotid Arteries
• Sethi D Gofu E M Anatomy , Head And Neck , Carotid Arteries
• Https://Simplemed.co.uk/about-Simplemed
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BLOOD SUPPLY OF

HEAD AND NECK

Standring S. Gray’s Anatomy: The Anatomical Basis Of Clinical

Standring S. Gray’s Anatomy: The Anatomical Basis Of Clinical P 8

Standring S. Gray’s Anatomy: The Anatomical Basis Of Clinical P 9

Standring S. Gray’s Anatomy: The Anatomical Basis Of Clinical P 10

Singh I, Subhadra Devi V. Inderbir Singh’s Human

Singh I, Subhadra Devi V. Inderbir Singh’s Human

Singh I, Subhadra Devi V. Inderbir Singh’s Human

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Singh I, Subhadra Devi V. Inderbir Singh’s Human

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