Topic 1: Circulatory System

Fact or Fiction, how much do you know about the circulatory system?
• The heart beats around 3 billion times in the average
person's life.
• About 8 million blood cells die in the human body
every second, and the same number are born each
second.
• Within a tiny droplet of blood, there are some 5
million red blood cells.
• If you put your circulatory system on a straight line, it
is actually long enough to orbit the earth two and a
half times!
• Red blood cells make approximately 250,000 round
trips of the body before returning to the bone
marrow, where they were born, to die.
• It only takes 10 seconds for blood to travel from the
heart to the big toe and back again

Believe it or not, all of these facts are true!

 Essential Learning Outcomes:
• I can analyze how blood cells and the external environment interact
through the circulatory system
• I can investigate cardiovascular health
How is the human circulatory system similar to highways and roads?

Vs.

Bill Nye the Science guy (up to

2:15)
Components in a Structure in the
City Circulatory System
Houses Body cells and organs

Highways Major vessels (aorta, vena cava)

One way streets Blood vessels (veins, arteries, capillaries)

Back alleys Blood vessels (capillaries)

City Hall Heart

Cars Blood cells transport nutrients and

wastes (RBC and plasma)
Circulatory Functions
Essential Learning Outcome:
•I can describe the four main functions of the
circulatory system.
 Describe the functions of the circulatory system
Function Structure in the Circulatory System
Transports and delivers nutrients (O2, glucose,
1
minerals, vitamins) to body cells, in exchange for CO2
and wastes
Transports and delivers chemical messengers
2 (hormones) throughout the body

3 Distributes heat

Defense against invading organisms

4
 Blood Pathways There are 2 main circulatory
pathways for blood in the body:

Pulmonary
Circulation:
to the lungs Using 2 colors, trace the
blood flow to the systemic
and pulmonary circulation

Essential Learning
Outcome: Systemic
•I can map blood flow
through the human Circulation:
circulatory system to other parts
of the body
We have many arteries and capillaries in the body
 FUNCTION OF BLOOD
VESSELS
Away
Valves
Artery
Vein

Venules Arterioles
Essential Learning Outcome:
•I can describe the structure and
function of blood vessels and
the flow of blood through
Capillaries
arteries, arterioles, venules,
veins, and capillaries
Diffusion

Types of vessels video: (1 min) http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CjNKbL_-cwA&feature=related&

safety_mode=true&persist_safety_mode=1
 Flow of Blood through Vessels
Oxygenated (high O2) Deoxygenated (low O2)

Artery 🡪 Arteriole 🡪 Capillaries 🡪 Venule 🡪 Veins

 Flow of Blood through Vessels

Artery Capillaries
O2
Diffusion
Arteriole

O2 diffuses out of the

capillaries and into brain CO2 diffuses out of
surrounding cells brain cells as waste
CO2 and into the capillaries
Vein Venule to be carried away

Using a red and blue pencil crayon,

color the picture with oxygenated
and deoxygenated blood
 Types of Blood Vessels Arteries and
Arterioles
Highlight important information

Thick Carries blood AWAY

muscular FROM THE HEART
walls towards other body
(stretchy) cells

Highlight important information

An artery has the diameter of

a garden hose!

Will cutting an arter

y kill you?
(this is graphic…watch at your
discretion)
 Aneurysms are due to a weak spot in an artery.

If left undiscovered,
can be extremely
dangerous – rupture
may cause instant
death
 Atherosclerosis
• Buildup of fatty material/cholesterol
inside arteries
• Cholesterol turns into plaque and
arteries become hard causing high
blood pressure (or hypertension)
• Arteries can rupture or blood clots
can form
 Types of Blood Vessels Capillaries
Students often forget the
function of capillaries
In capillaries is where
the exchange of
NUTRIENTS AND
WASTES occur

10 capillaries
could fit into one
human hair

Capillary Bed
Talk it through with your neighbor:

W = spaces between tissue cells Z = brain cells

At X, blood high in ______________

Oxygen/nutrients & low in _____________
carbon dioxide/wastes

At Y, blood high in carbon

______________
dioxide/wastes & low in_____________
Oxygen/nutrients
Types of Blood Vessels Veins and Venules
Structure is really important

Carries blood BACK TO

THE HEART from body
One way valves cells

Thinner muscles

Valve
Review: Turn to your partner and talk about what
you just learned about the structure and function
of the 3 different types of blood vessels
 Veins & Gravity
The return of blood to the heart involves 2
problems:
1. Blood is under low pressure🡪 not
sufficient to drive the blood back to
the heart
2. Blood especially from the lower
limbs must move up against gravity
The solutions?!?

Skeletal muscles around veins contract

When valves close it prevents which helps to push blood back to the heart.
blood from flowing backwards This is why we yawn in the morning.
 Who has had their blood pressure
Topic 1-4 Blood Pressure taken? What happens?
Essential Learning Outcome:
•I can use correct notation to represent blood pressure
Systolic
Normal blood 120 Pressure
pressure: 80
Diastolic
Pressure
(numbers are ±10)
The units for blood pressure are mmHg
 Measuring Blood Pressure
• Measured with a sphygmomanometer
also known as a blood pressure cuff
1. An increasing pressure in the cuff will
block of blood flow in the brachial artery
• Why do you think blood pressure is
The pressure is higher in measured in an artery?
arteries than in veins
2. The cuff is deflated slowly until a sound is
heard
3. The first sound represents the systolic
pressure, where the ventricles contract
4. When the sound disappears it represents
the diastolic pressure, where the
ventricles relax and are filling

How to take blood pressure w/ Ms. Baw

olin
Blood pressure (use the following graphs to answer the questions)
•Blood pressure is HIGHEST in the _______________ arteries and LOWEST
in the ___________.veins
• Why does this occur? Arteries are closest to the heart which
contracts to pump blood

This is an
important
graph!
What would effect blood pressure? Brainstorm in groups

High cholesterol that can cause Improved diet

atherosclerosis
Caffeine Less salt
Salty foods = more water intake Loss of water (dehydration)

Stress Regular exercise (the heart muscles

Little activity become more fit)
Old age

Decrease in diameter of blood vessels Increase in the diameter of blood

(“vasoconstriction”) which will increase vessels (“vasodilation”) which will
resistance decrease resistance
Essential Learning Outcome:
•I can investigate and explain the relationship between
exercise, lifestyle, diet, gender and cardiovascular
health by looking blood pressure, heart rate and
cholesterol levels

Try this exerci

se!
What happens to the systolic and diastolic pressure as
people age?
Both systolic and diastolic pressure went up!

Why does this happen?

When we age, arteries are not as flexible and
can develop a layer or plaque or cholesterol
Surface Area of Blood Vessels
capillaries
The greatest total SURFACE AREA of blood vessels is in the ________________.

Why does blood surface area need to be high in capillaries?

So that their is maximal space for exchange of nutrients and
wastes to occur
Velocity of Blood
arteries
The SPEED at which blood travel is fastest is in _____________ capillaries
and slowest is in ___________.

Why does blood flow slowly through the capillaries?

1. The diameter of the capillaries is smaller

2. Slower blood flow allows for more time for exchange of
nutrients and wastes
Characteristic Arteries Veins Capillaries
Description of
vessel walls Thickest walls Medium Thinnest walls
thickness
Function Carries blood away Carries blood Exchange of
from the heart towards the heart gases
Blood pressure
in vessel Highest Lowest Medium

Valve present
No Yes No
Pulse present
Yes No No

Relative oxygen Low, except Depends, as this is

content High, except
pulmonary arteries pulmonary veins where O2 and CO2
are exchanged
Topic 1-5 Heart Structure and Function
Essential Learning Outcomes:
•I can describe the principal structures and blood
vessels of the heart such as ventricles, atria,
septum, valves, aorta, vena cavae, pulmonary
arteries and veins, and coronary arteries
•I can map blood flow through a mammalian heart

Whale heart

Our heart is like a pump

 Interesting Heart Facts
• The heart beats over 80 000 times a day!
• The human heart can create enough
pressure that it could squirt blood at a
distance of thirty feet.
• A child's heart is about the size of a
clenched fist; an adult's heart is about the
size of two fists (a bit smaller).
• Blood takes about 20 seconds to circulate
throughout the entire vascular system.
• A kitchen faucet would need to be turned
on all the way for at least 45 years to
equal the amount of blood pumped by the
heart in an average lifetime
 Reasons why your heart is so cool!
(click the video to watch)

Open heart surgery

Just how strong is your heart?

Isolated rat heart
 Receives blood Pumps blood Pumps blood to
from the body to the lungs the body
Receives blood
from the lungs

Right Side Left Side

Septum

The 2 sides of the heart is The heart is made of cardiac Both the left and right side
separated by a septum muscle (special muscle with of the heart pumps at the
their own control) same time
 Coronary Circulation
• Even though the heart is full of
blood, the muscles itself need oxygen

•The heart muscle receives oxygen

through our coronary circulation
• Our coronary circulation includes
blood vessels on the outside of the
heart that supplies the heart muscle
with oxygen and takes away carbon
dioxide
• There is a right and left coronary
artery (label and colour them) as well
as left and right coronary veins
 Angina
• Chest pain due to poor blood
circulation to the heart
• Not enough oxygen to the heart

What should you do if someo

ne
is goes into cardiac arrest?
 AV=Atrioventricular
Superior Vena Cava
Aorta
Right pulmonary Left pulmonary artery
artery
Left pulmonary
Right Pulmonary vein
Veins Left
Right
Atrium atrium

Semilunar valve

AV-valve
Right
Left AV-valve
Ventricle
Ventricle

Semilunar valve
Inferior
Vena Cava Descending aorta
Septum
 Click on the video to learn
blood flow through the heart.
This is REALLY important!
Make sure you know which
structures blood flows
through

True or False:
True/False – All arteries carry oxygenated blood away from the heart.
All arteries carry blood away from the heart, most are
oxygenated except the pulmonary arteries
True/False – All veins carry deoxygenated blood towards the heart.

All veins carry blood towards the heart, most are

deoxygenated except the pulmonary veins
 Important Features of the Heart

1. The septum ensures that

oxygenated and deoxygenated
blood are separated
2. The artia have thinner walls AV
valve
than the ventricles
Semilunar Semilunar
3. The ventricles have thicker valve valve

muscular walls to pump blood AV

• The left ventricle is more
muscular than the right…
but why?
• The left ventricle must pump
blood a lot further throughout
the body so it must be stronger.
• The right ventricle pumps blood
only to the lungs
valve
4. One way valves help to ensure
that blood flows in one direction
(no back flow)
Bill Nye the Science guy (up to
4:20)
 Superior/inferior vena cava

AV
O2 , nutrients, CO2 , wastes

Pulmonary
Pulmonary veins arteries

left
AV

semilunar
 The correct answer is D.

The control group is the group of girls that are not tested and are under most ‘regular’
conditions.
The control variables are conditions that you keep the same amongst both groups of
participants

MV = exercise or no exercise.
CV = amount of exercise (30 minutes), type of exercise, age and health of the participants
Heartbeat Essential Learning Outcomes:
I can describe the rhythmic contraction of
the heart

• The heart is a very effective pump

that beats 60-75 times in one minute.
Two sides of the heart beat in unison
(together) first the atria then the
ventricles
• Where does the doctor put the
stethoscope?

Systole = heart (ventricles) contract,

the heart is pumping
Diastole = heart (ventricles) relax,
the heart is filling
 Cardiac Cycle Stages Step 4:
Step 1:
The cycle starts again
The heart is relaxed
and the atria fill with Semilunar valve
blood. The AV valves
are closed. 1 Semilunar valve

AV valve

2 3 3
AV valve
2

Step 2: Step 3:
AV valves open, the atria contract to move AV valves close, the ventricles contract to allow
blood to the ventricles. (AV valves open and blood out to the arteries (aorta and pulmonary
semilunar valves are closed) artery).
Cardiac Cycle: Stages
• Both sides of the heart work in
unison
• Remember, if one valve is open,
the other is closed!
• You should be able to describe
which valve is open and which is
closed during systole and
diastole
 Cardiovascular Exercise
• Running, swimming or cycling for at least 20 minutes at a time can
increase the volume of blood your heart pumps
• Does this mean your heart will become ripped?
• Of course not, instead the blood vessels will become more elastic
and efficient
• Athletes tend to have a lower than average resting heart rate (45-
40 beats/min)
Topic 1-6 Blood Structure & Function

Did you know:

•7% of our body weight is made up of
blood
•Humans have 4 blood types, but
animals are different
• Dogs have 4 different blood
types
• Cats have 11 different blood
types
• Cows have 800 different blood
types
What type of blood vessel is this?
Wacky but
true? You
decided
 Components of Blood
Essential Learning Outcomes:
•I can describe the main components of blood (plasma, red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets,
blood proteins that include antibodies, hemoglobin, and hormones) and their roles

Blood Sample

Centrifuge
Plasma
(55%)

White blood
• 1 drop of blood has ~1 cells and
million RBC’s platelets Red blood
• New RBC’s are made (<1%) Cells
every 120 days
(45%)
Why do you think RBC’s collect at
the bottom?
Red blood cell count: ~200 +
White blood cell count: 8

Color code the above

picture so you can
differentiate the blood
components
Composition of Blood Plasma
What is in blood plasma that
gives it a yellowish soup broth
colour?
On the next page!

• 92% water
• Antibodies
• Fibrinogen (for blood clotting)
• Dissolved gases
• Glucose
• Vitamins and minerals
• Waste products
• Buffers
Write this in your concept
map
 Buffers in Blood
On the next page!

• Our blood contains both carbonic

acid (H2CO3) and hydrogen
carbonate (HCO3-) that helps to
buffer excess base or acids and
maintain a constant pH
• This is necessary because a change
in blood pH over 0.5 can be fatal!!!
 • What is the characteristic
Erythrocytes (RBC)
shape of RBCs?
– Make sure you can draw a
picture and recognize RBCs
• RBC’s have a biconcave, disk shape
• No nucleus to allow more room for O2
• Contains hemoglobin (protein)
• Gives blood its red pigment
• Contains iron which absorbs O2
• What is their function?
– Is there a link between
structure and function?
• Carry O2 to body cells in exchange for
CO2
 Oprah: “Did you feel in any
Lance Armstrong: “NO!” way you were cheating?”

EPO (erythropoietin) is a hormone naturally

produced by human kidneys to stimulate red
blood cell production.

EPO increases red blood cell counts, which

increases the amount of oxygen that can be
delivered to muscles, improving recovery
and endurance.
Blood doping/transfusions have a similar
effect on the body's red blood cell count.
Usually an athlete will store some of their
blood when their hemoglobin levels are
high, then reinfuse it right before an event.

Both methods can have dangerous side

effects. Increased levels of hemoglobin
thickens the blood, leading to complications
with circulation, putting athletes at risk for
cardiovascular problems
 On the next page
Blood Cell Production
All blood cells come from stem cells located in our bone marrow

Stem cells are immature cells that can

become either red blood cells, white
blood cells or platelets
Bone marrow stem cell donation Another method to donate
blood is through stems cells
circulating in your blood.
 • What is the characteristic
Leukocytes (WBC)
shape of WBC?
– Make sure you can draw a
picture and recognize WBCs
– How would we recognize
WBCs?
• Largest blood cell and retains it’s
nucleus for the life of the cell itself

• What are their functions?

• Engulf (eat) invading pathogens by
phagocytosis
• Make antibodies
• During infection, WBC’s increase in
number

Watch a white blood cell chase bacteri

a?
 • What is the characteristic
Platelets shape of platelets
• Small and fragile cell
fragments (not real cells)
• What is their function?
• Initiate blood clotting by
joining with calcium (Ca2+) in
the plasma
 On the next page
Platelets
1. Platelets hit a rough edge of a
ruptured blood vessel, accumulate
and release thromboplastin and
Ca2+
2. Thromboplastin and Ca2+ convert
fibrinogen into fibrin!
3. Fibrin is a stretchy net that traps
RBCs.

Bill Nye – Watch it happ

en!
 Vampire Facelift
• A non-surgical cosmetic procedure
involving injecting a platelet rich
plasma matrix - derived from the
patients own blood back into areas
of the face to treat wrinkles
• Platelets release growth factors
which produce new collagen and
blood supply
Blood Cells
With a partner, identify the 4 blood components and
summarize what they do!

RBC Platelets

WBC
 Sickle Cell Anemia

Normal Component
affected: RBC’s

• Abnormally shaped RBC’s

do not flow well and can
cause a blood clot (this is
due to a mutation in
DNA)
 Anemia
• Reduced RBCs or iron
• Symptoms (similar to
being at high
altitudes): shortness of
breath, low energy Component affected: RBC’s
level

Mile High Footb

 Carbon monoxide (CO(g)) poisoning
Component affected: RBC’s
• Due to incomplete
combustion (ex. Cars,
furnaces)
• CO(g) competes with oxygen to
bind to hemoglobin
• Symptoms: shortness of
breath, dizziness, nausea
 Leukemia Component affected: WBC’s

Normal blood smear Leukemia blood smear

• Increase in the number of abnormal WBCs (can be

treated by destroying abnormal cells followed by a bone
marrow transplant)
 Thrombocytopenia (similar to hemophilia)

Component affected: platelets

• Abnormally low amount of
platelets
• Symptoms: nose bleeds, bruising,
rashes
Diagnose each patient! Look at the numbers! Patient A and Patient B could be diagnosed
with other disorders thanthe ones discussed.

An abnormally high RBC

This person has a high WBC
indicates that the person is in a
and platelet count
low oxygen environment and
trying to compensate.
The person could have an
open wound and trying to
The person could be adjusting
fight infection.
to a high altitude environment
Which blood sample was most likely taken from an individual who is fighting an infection?
 Topic 1-7 Immunity – Why are we not sick all
the time?
What are pathogens?

or

Pathogens include
bacteria, viruses or
protozoans that can How do viruses and bacteria
cause disease enter our bodies?
 Essential Learning Outcomes
Essential Learning Outcomes:
•I can describe how pathogens in the environment enter the circulatory
system and may have an adverse (negative) effect on health
•I can describe the function of various things the body does to prevent
pathogens from entering the body (such as skin and body secretions like
tears and stomach acid).
•I can explain the process of inflammation
 Barrier Responses
(1st Line of Defense) and Non - Barrier Responses
(2nd Line of Defense)
(Keeps pathogens out) (When pathogens enter the
body)
Skin (many layers, and
secretions such as sweat Inflammation of the area
and oil)
Immune response
Hair and cilia (in our nose and (antibody production)
respiratory tract)
Eyelashes
Stomach acid
Sneezing
Coughing
 Inflammatory Response
When pathogens penetrate the body’s first
line of defense, it triggers series of changes
leading to inflammation at point of entry

1. White blood 2. WBCs engulf 3. WBCs use

cells leak out of enzymes to digest 4. Pus forms
pathogens
capillaries the pathogen

Inflammation is a way for your body to heal itself or prevent infection

 Immune Response
• If the inflammatory response fails, an IMMUNE RESPONSE
is initiated.
• Before we get into the details of an immune response, you
MUST KNOW the difference between an antigen and an
antibody.
Magic Doctor
video
Each antibody is specific
for an antigen.
(ANTIBODIES ONLY FIT
ONE ANTIGEN)
 Essential Learning Outcomes
Essential Learning Outcomes:
•I can describe how immunity to pathogens develops
•I can describe how the immune system responds to a foreign antigen
•I can describe the roles of macrophages, B cells, helper T cells, killer T cells,
suppressor T cells, memory cells, and antibodies.
•I can describe the function of various things the body does to prevent pathogens
from entering the body (such as skin and body secretions like tears and stomach
acid).
 Immune Response
Click on the video to learn
about the immune response.
This is REALLY important!
Make sure you know the
steps and which cells are
involved in each step.

Antigen Antibody
Protein markers on the Proteins produced by
surface of all cells WBC’s when a foreign
(including viruses, antigen enters the body
bacteria and you own
body cells Antibodies are like
Antigens help us to handcuffs, immobilizing
identify a cell the invader
Summary of Different White Blood Cells & Their Function:

Engulfs pathogens and other foreign material

Coordinates the immune response and tells B cells to make
antibodies
Kills viruses and cancer cells by puncturing a hole in their
cell membrane
Responsible for producing antibodies
Keeps a record of previously encountered antigens so the
response is quicker next time
Stops the immune response to maintain homeostasis
The answer is A.

The answer is B.
 HIV and the immune response
• Can the body combat the human
immunodeficiency virus (HIV) like
the chicken pox?
– HIV invades Helper T-cells
– HIV can live in T-cells for days or
even years without becoming active
– When it does become active, it uses
the helper T-cell’s DNA to reproduce
– When the helper T-cell bursts, HIV
spreads to other T-cells and repeats
the process
 Vaccinations/Immunizations
What are some vaccinations children or adults in Alberta receive?

Essential Learning Outcomes:

•I can identify the role of a vaccine
•I can analyze how vaccines defend against disease-causing
bacteria and viruses
Make your own vaccin
e!
 Vaccinations Why are there dangerous ingredients in vacci
nes?

• Why do vaccinations work to keep us healthy?

– A vaccine contains dead/weakened pathogens
– This exposes the body to the antigen and we begin
producing antibodies
– Memory cells remember the antigen so that if the
pathogen were to enter the body we would
respond faster

First successfully done by

Edward Jenner (1800).
Vaccines contain destroyed
antigens that trigger antibody
production
Should you get vaccinate
d?
 How the outbreak started

The Ebola outbreak killed more than

5,500 people in a year, leave hundreds of
children orphaned and affect thousands
more. Many more deaths have gone
unrecorded.

How viruses spread: Ebola death toll

Currently an experimental Canadian-made

vaccine will begin testing to determine
two things: the safety of the vaccines and
the correct dosage, in hopes of stopping
the deadly Ebola epidemic

Source:
http://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-30199004
 1. Compare how long the body
took to produce antibodies after
the first exposure to how long it
took after the second exposure.

2. Compare the quantity of

antibodies from the first exposure
to the second exposure.

Why is there a difference in the time and amount of antibodies

produced?
• Antibodies are produced much quicker, and there is more
antibodies produced on second exposure.
• This is because the body has memory cells that recognize the
antigens
 AutoImmune Diseases
Examples of autoimmune • An autoimmune disease is a disorder in
diseases which the immune system produces
antibodies against the body's own cells
not recognizing they are safe
– This happens in organ transplant rejections
as well
• The white blood cells act like a rebel
army against the body
• The cause is unknown but scientist
suspect it is due to suppressor T-cells
not functioning properly
• Treatment: anti-inflammatory or
immunosuppressant drugs
Essential Learning Outcomes:
•I can describe what an autoimmune disease is and how it is developed
•I can explain the connection between autoimmune diseases and the human immune system
 Answer is 4231.

Always start with the ones that are the easiest and work your way to harder ones.
Answer is D.
The affected valve does not
open wide enough, so what
would happen to blood
flow?

Answer is C.
 Answer is A.

For questions like these, always write down what you know on the side first.
Answer is A.
Answer is 1467.
Answer is A.
The answer is C, since
leukemia affects white
blood cells.
The answer is B.