Politeness and Impoliteness Theory  Politeness theory was introduced by

Penelope Brown and Stephen Levinson

in the 1970s. The theory is based on
Goffman's concept of face theory and
focuses on how and why we are polite
to others.
 Politeness theory works on the
assumption that we each have two
different types of face: Positive face and
Negative face. When we appeal to a
person's positive face, we want to make
them feel good about themselves. When
we appeal to a person's negative face,
we want to make them feel they haven't
been imposed upon.
 A face-threatening act is when
communication damages a person's
sense of face or affects the needs and
desires of someone's positive or
negative face. Face-threatening acts can
be verbal, paraverbal, or non-verbal.
 We can use four strategies to limit the
threat to the listener's face when face-
threatening acts are inevitable. We
usually use these strategies to avoid
embarrassing someone or making them
feel uncomfortable. Brown and Levinson
outline the four politeness strategies as
follows: Bald on-record, Positive
politeness, Negative politeness, and Off-
record (indirect).
Schema Theory  The schema theory was one of the
leading cognitivist learning theories and
was introduced by Bartlett in 1932 and
further developed in the '70s by Richard
Anderson.
 The model of schema theory states all of
our knowledge is organised into mental
frameworks. Schemas are a higher-level
cognitive function organising memories
stored in long-term memory. They are
used as reference templates when
encountering new information.
 Piaget's theory states that as our brains
mature, we build schemas or mental
moulds into which we save our
experiences.
  Different types of schema create the
wireframe for the world that we
experience individually: self-schema,
event schema, object schema, role
schema, gender schema, and persona
schema.
 As we are compiling schemas through
learning and experiencing life, we used
what Piaget referred to as assimilation
and accommodation.
 Assimilation allows us to take our new
experiences and understand them
according to the current schemas
already filed in our brains.
Accommodation modifies existing
schemas to fit in new information.

Figure and Ground Theory o Grounded Theory (GT) was first

developed by Sociologist Barney Glaser
and Anselm Strauss while working
together on a study called the
Awareness of Dying in 1965.
o In 1967 Glaser and Strauss's ‘‘The
Discovery of Grounded Theory;
Strategies for Qualitative Research’’ was
published and represented a
breakthrough in qualitative research; it
offered methodological consensus and
systematic strategies for qualitative
research practice.
The defining characteristics of grounded
theory include:
-simultaneous involvement in data
collection and analysis,
-construction of analytic codes and
categories from data (not from
preconceived logical hypotheses),
-use of the constant comparative
method/analysis that involves making
comparisons during all steps of the
analysis,
-developing theory during each step of
data collection and analysis,
-memo-writing to elaborate categories,
etc., theoretical sampling aiming toward
theory construction (not
representativeness),
 -and conducting a literature review after
performing the analysis and developing
theory.

https://www.studysmarter.co.uk/explanations/english/pragmatics/politeness-theory/

https://teachonline.asu.edu/2018/07/instructional-design-models-theories-schema-theory/

https://delvetool.com/blog/history-gt