Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Accounting for
Governmental &
Nonprofit Entities
INNOVATIVE PEDAGOGY
For state and local government accounting, the authors have found that dual-track
accounting is an effective approach in showing the juxtaposition of government-wide
and fund financial statements in GASB’s integrated model of basic financial state-
ments. It allows students to see that each transaction has an effect on the fund financial
statements (that are designed to show fiscal compliance with the annual budget), on
the government-wide financial statements (that demonstrate accountability for opera-
tional performance of the government as a whole), or both. This approach better serves
students who will design and use accounting information systems, such as enterprise
systems, to allow information to be captured once and used for several purposes.
Accounting for federal agencies as well as nongovernmental, not-for-profit entities
closely parallels this approach as traditional fund accounting may be appropriate for
keeping track of resources with restricted purposes, but citizens and donors also need
to see the larger picture provided by the entity as a whole. The dual-track approach is
further described inside the front cover of this text.
viii Preface
TARGET AUDIENCE
The text continues to be best suited for senior and graduate accounting majors who
plan to sit for the certified public accountant (CPA) exam and then audit governmental
or not-for-profit entities. Public administration and other students who plan to provide
financial management or consulting services to government and not-for-profit entities
report that the text provides a more comprehensive set of competencies than tradi-
tional public budgeting texts. Students in not-for-profit management education pro-
grams find that the coverage of accounting, financial reporting, auditing, taxation, and
information systems for both governmental and not-for-profit entities provides the ex-
posure they need to work across disciplines and sectors. Finally, students preparing for
the certified government financial manager (CGFM) exam will also find Chapters 1
through 11 useful for Examination 2. We encourage all students who use this book to
consider the challenges and rewards of careers in public service—in federal, state, and
local governments as well as not-for-profit organizations.
SUPPLEMENT PACKAGE
The following ancillary materials are prepared by the authors to ensure consistency
and accuracy and are available on the textbook’s Web site, www.mhhe.com/reck17e.
• Instructor’s Guide and Solutions Manual.
• PowerPoint lecture presentations.
• Test Bank (including a computerized version using EZ Test software).
• McGraw-Hill’s Connect online homework system and LearnSmart adaptive
study tool.
• The City of Bingham and City of Smithville Continuous Computerized Problems––
general ledger practice sets, downloadable from the publisher’s Web site.
• The City of Bingham and City of Smithville Instructor’s Version software, provid-
ing guidance for instructors, solution data files, and solution page image (.pdf) files
for all required financial statements, schedules, and reports.
Students can also access the PowerPoint lecture presentations for each chapter at the
Online Learning Center on the text’s Web site, www.mhhe.com/reck17e.
Acknowledgments
We are thankful for the encouragement, suggestions, and counsel provided by many
instructors, professionals, and students in writing this book. They include the follow-
ing professionals and educators who read portions of this book and previous editions
in various forms and provided valuable comments and suggestions:
encounter such, we urge them to let us know, so that corrections can be made. We also
invite every user of this edition who has suggestions or comments about the material
in the chapters to share them with one of the authors, either by regular mail or e-mail.
The authors will continue the service of issuing Update Bulletins to adopters of this
text that describe changes after the book is in print. These bulletins can be downloaded
from the text Web site at www.mhhe.com/reck17e.
Dr. Jacqueline L. Reck
School of Accountancy
University of South Florida
4202 East Fowler Avenue, BSN 3403
Tampa, FL 33620
jreck@usf.edu
Dr. Suzanne Lowensohn
Colorado State University
College of Business
257 Rockwell Hall
Fort Collins, Colorado 80523-1271
Suzanne.Lowensohn@colostate.edu
Brief Contents
Preface vi 12 Budgeting and Performance
1 Introduction to Accounting and Financial Measurement 479
Reporting for Governmental and Not-for-
Profit Entities 1 PART THREE
Accounting and Financial Reporting for
PART ONE Not-for-Profit Organizations and the
State and Local Governments 21 Federal Government 521
2 Principles of Accounting and Financial 13 Accounting for Not-for-Profit
Reporting for State and Local Organizations 523
Governments 23 14 Not-for-Profit Organizations—
3 Governmental Operating Statement Regulatory, Taxation, and Performance
Accounts; Budgetary Accounting 67 Issues 575
4 Accounting for Governmental Operating 15 Accounting for Colleges and
Activities—Illustrative Transactions and Universities 605
Financial Statements 111 16 Accounting for Health Care
5 Accounting for General Capital Assets Organizations 647
and Capital Projects 167 17 Accounting and Reporting for the Federal
6 Accounting for General Long-term Government 685
Liabilities and Debt Service 205
7 Accounting for the Business-type GLOSSARY 731
Activities of State and Local
Governments 253 GOVERNMENTAL AND NOT-FOR-
8 Accounting for Fiduciary Activities— PROFIT ORGANIZATIONS 760
Agency and Trust Funds 303
9 Financial Reporting of State and Local
INDEX 765
Governments 351
PART TWO
Accountability for Public Funds 405
10 Analysis of Governmental Financial
Performance 407
11 Auditing of Governmental and Not-for-
Profit Organizations 441
xi
Table of Contents
Preface vi Activities of Government 24
Financial Reporting Model 25
Chapter 1 Elements and Measurement 25
Introduction to Accounting and Financial Government-wide Financial Statements 27
Reporting for Governmental and Not-for- Fund Financial Statements 29
Profit Entities 1 Fund Reporting 31
Fund Categories 31
Welcome to Governmental and Not-for-Profit
Accounting 1 Classification of Fund Balances 35
What Are Governmental and Not-for-Profit Major Fund Reporting 36
Organizations? 2 Summary of Government-wide and Fund
Distinguishing Characteristics of Governmental and Characteristics 38
Not-for-Profit Organizations 3 Appendix A: Illustrative Financial Statements for
Sources of Financial Reporting Standards 4 City and County of Denver, Colorado 40
Objectives of Financial Reporting 5 Appendix B: Summary Statement of Governmental
Overview of Financial Reporting for State and Accounting and Financial Reporting Principles 54
Local Governments, the Federal Government, and Key Terms 58
Not-for-Profit Organizations 7 Selected References 59
Financial Reporting of State and Local Questions 59
Governments 7 Cases 59
Exercises and Problems 62
Financial Reporting of the Federal Government 10
Financial Reporting of Not-for-Profit Organizations
(NFPs) 11
Chapter 3
Expanding the Scope of Accountability
Reporting 12 Governmental Operating Statement
Overview of Chapters 2 through 17 12 Accounts; Budgetary Accounting 67
GASB Principles, Standards, and Financial Classification and Reporting of Expenses and
Reporting 12 Revenues at the Government-wide Level 68
Accountability for Public Funds 13 Reporting Direct and Indirect Expenses 68
Not-for-Profit Organizations and the Federal Program Revenues and General Revenues 70
Government 13 Reporting Special Items and Transfers 71
A Caveat 13 Structure and Characteristics of the General Fund
Key Terms 14 and Other Governmental Funds 72
Questions 14 Governmental Fund Balance Sheet and Operating
Cases 15 Statement Accounts 72
Exercises and Problems 16 Reporting Budgeted and Actual Results 75
Terminology and Classification for Budgetary and
PART ONE Operating Statement Accounts 78
State and Local Governments 21 Classification of Appropriations and
Expenditures 78
Chapter 2 Classification of Estimated Revenues and
Principles of Accounting and Financial Revenues 81
Reporting for State and Local Budgetary Accounting 86
Governments 23 Recording the Budget 86
xii
Contents xiii
Generally Accepted Accounting Principles for the Agency Head Message 698
Federal Government 689 Management’s Discussion and Analysis 698
Hierarchy of Accounting Principles Annual Performance Reports (APR) 698
and Standards 690 Annual Financial Statements (AFR) 698
Conceptual Framework 691 Other Accompanying Information 708
Objectives 691 Dual-track Accounting System 708
Reporting Entity 692 Illustrative Transactions and Entries 710
Management’s Discussion and Analysis (MD&A) 692 Adjusting Entries 716
Intended Audience 693 Illustrative Financial Statements 717
Elements and Recognition Criteria 693 Summary of Accounting and Reporting for Federal
Communicating Information 693 Government Agencies 721
Measurement of Elements after Initial Recording 693 Key Terms 722
Funds Used in Federal Accounting 693 Selected References 722
General Fund 694 Questions 722
Special Funds 694 Cases 723
Revolving Funds 694 Exercises and Problems 724
Trust Funds 694
Deposit Funds 695 Glossary 731
Required Financial Reporting—U.S. Government-
Governmental and Not-for-Profit
wide 695
Required Financial Reporting—Government
Organizations 760
Agencies 697 Index 765
City of Bingham and City
of Smithville Continuous
Computerized Problems
Note: To download the City of Bingham or City of Smithville computerized problem, visit
the Student Edition of the Web site for this textbook: www.mhhe.com/reck17e.
A great way to understand the GASB financial report- can easily toggle among the journals for each fund and
ing model is to be actively engaged in learning governmental activity. Drop-down menus make it easy
through these “hands-on” continuous problems for to decide which revenue account should be increased
small governmental entities. The City of Bingham or decreased, as the chart of accounts is embedded in
and City of Smithville web supplement is general led- the software. Journal entries must balance before one
ger software in which students record transactions in can proceed. When the government records its budget
the appropriate general journals of each city. Transac- or encumbers items related to purchase orders, how-
tion analysis is the first and most important step in the ever, these journal entries affect only the governmental
accounting cycle of any organization. After journal funds. Budgetary account titles are available for selec-
entries have been recorded, the software conveniently tion in the governmental funds general journals but not
posts changes to all accounts in general and to subsid- in the governmental activities general journal because
iary ledgers. From this point, students can preview funds, not governmental activities, capture informa-
trial balances, export them to a Microsoft Excel file, tion to show compliance with the short-term, legally
and then prepare financial statements from those data. approved budget. Conversely, depreciation expense of
This instructional supplement substantially aids stu- general capital assets is recorded only in the general
dents’ learning by requiring them to decide whether journal of governmental activities because the accrual
each transaction has an effect on the fund financial basis of accounting captures and matches the cost of
statements, the government-wide financial statements, using up the utility of capital assets with the time period
or both. The City of Bingham and City of Smithville are in which the assets generate revenues.
built on the dual-track approach described on the adja-
cent page. Students can apply the conceptual framework INSTRUCTORS
that connects the government-wide financial statements This software can be used in several ways. You can proj-
(that report on the flow of total economic resources of ect it each day as part of the classroom experience and
the government using the accrual basis of accounting) discuss transactions that are keyed to the chapter under
and the fund financial statements (that report on the discussion. Depending on your objectives, you can re-
flow of current financial resources using the modified quire a small set of the transactions be recorded for each
accrual or near-cash basis of accounting). fund or governmental activity or you can assign either
of the full problems as a semester-long case. Regardless
STUDENTS of how you choose to use the cases, we recommend that
Several examples are provided here to show how the students work on the City of Bingham or City of Smith-
software facilitates learning. When a government ville problem as they are studying the related chapter in
sends out property tax bills for the year, this transac- the text and turn in each chapter as they go along. You
tion is recorded in the General Fund general journal may find that small student work groups provide an
because it impacts the governmental funds statement efficient way for students to learn from each other.
of revenues, expenditures, and changes in fund bal- We continue to be encouraged by our students’
ance and in the governmental activities general journal positive reaction as they learn by doing the City of
because it has an impact on the government-wide Bingham and City of Smithville Continuous Com-
statement of activities. Within each practice set, you puterized Problems.
xix
The Dual‐Track
Accounting Approach
The GASB reporting model requires government- The dual-track approach helps students under-
wide, accrual-based financial statements to provide stand how two different sets of accounting records
information that goes beyond the familiar fund are used to collect financial data as transactions
accounting information. Analysts increasingly use occur. One set of records collects information using
government-wide “big picture” information in perfor- the short-term measurement focus and near-cash
mance analysis, and some council members find that, basis of accounting traditionally used in governmen-
relative to fund accounting information, accrual-based tal fund accounting. This set of records includes a
statements are better suited to demonstrate account- chart of accounts, general journal, general ledger,
ability for interperiod equity. For example, these state- trial balances, and financial statements for each fund.
ments provide the information necessary to explore The other set of records collects the same underlying
critical questions such as, Has the government shifted information using a long-term measurement focus
the liability for current services to future generations? similar to that used by business; that is, the accrual
However, to date, governmental accounting software basis of accounting. The second set of records assists
vendors have not provided governments with systems in preparing statements for governmental activities
that can directly produce government-wide financial and business-type activities. Each time we illustrate
statements on the required accrual basis, particularly or explain what, if any, effect a transaction will have
on an interim basis, such as monthly. on the fund and governmental activities record.
Beginning with the 12th edition of this text in 2001, The text does illustrate the reclassification
the authors committed themselves to the importance of approach in Chapter 9 because that approach is used
providing government-wide and fund accounting in practice by most governments. Governments that
information by introducing a dual-track approach to continue to release only fund financial information
recording governmental transactions. The dual-track throughout the year and must then convert (or
approach captures both government-wide and fund reclassify) the data to government-wide information
accounting information at the same time an event is for the purposes of the financial statement prepara-
recognized, thereby allowing for the direct produc- tion and year-end audit are not as accountable or
tion of both government-wide and fund financial transparent as governments that make GAAP-based
statements. As students will learn, some transactions information available throughout the year.
affect the government-wide statements only (e.g., Governments, even small ones, are complex enti-
depreciation expense) and others affect the fund ties and there is no easy approach to learning the
financial statements only (e.g., budgetary entries). external governmental financial model. But the
However, the majority affect both types of state- authors believe that the dual-track approach is con-
ments, although in different ways (e.g., expensing ceptually superior to the reclassification approach
versus capitalizing long-lived assets). The fund finan- in that it gives students the tools to understand
cial statements reflect a short-term measurement “why” and “how” financial statements are prepared
focus that is intended to assist statement users in and used. A greater conceptual understanding of
assessing fiscal accountability––how financial governmental financial statements also makes it
resources were raised and spent. The government- easier for students to understand the reclassification
wide financial statements reflect a medium- to long- approach when it is encountered. The dual-track
term measurement focus intended to assist users in pedagogy can help students see the short- and long-
assessing operational accountability––whether term effects of the decisions made by government
governmental services were efficiently and effec- managers and oversight bodies from the perspec-
tively provided. Both perspectives are important. tive of all stakeholders.
xx
Chapter One
Introduction to
Accounting and
Financial Reporting
for Governmental and
Not‐for‐Profit Entities
Learning Objectives
After studying this chapter, you should be able to:
1-1 Identify and explain the characteristics that distinguish government and
not-for-profit entities from for-profit entities.
1-2 Identify the authoritative bodies responsible for setting financial reporting
standards for (1) state and local governments, (2) the federal government, and
(3) not-for-profit organizations.
1-3 Contrast and compare the objectives of financial reporting for (1) state and local
governments, (2) the federal government, and (3) not-for-profit organizations.
1-4 Explain the minimum requirements for general purpose external financial
reporting for state and local governments and how they relate to comprehensive
annual financial reports.
1-5 Identify and describe the required financial statements for the federal
government and not-for-profit organizations.
1
2 Accounting for Governmental and Nonprofit Entities
As you read this first chapter of the text, the reasons for the differences between gov-
ernmental and not-for-profit accounting and for-profit accounting should become appar-
ent. Specifically, government and not-for-profit organizations serve entirely different
purposes in society than do business entities. Because such organizations are largely
financed by taxpayers, donors, and others who do not expect benefits proportional to
the resources they provide, management has a special duty to be accountable for how
those resources are used in providing services. Thus, the need for managers to be account-
able to citizens, creditors, oversight bodies, and others has played a central role in shaping
the accounting and reporting practices of governmental and not-for-profit organizations.
This first chapter will give you a basic conceptual understanding of the unique
characteristics of governmental and not-for-profit organizations and how their ac-
counting and financial reporting concepts and practices differ from those of for-profit
organizations. By the time you finish subsequent chapters assigned for your course,
you should have an in-depth practical knowledge of government and not-for-profit
accounting and financial reporting.
1
U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census, 2012 Census of Governments, Table 2, http://
www.census.gov/govs/cog2012/.
2
The National Center for Charitable Statistics reports that there were 1.6 million registered not-for-profit
organizations in the U.S. as of 2010 (Amy S. Blackwood, Katie L. Roeger, and Sarah L. Pettijohn, The
Nonprofit Sector in Brief: Public Charities, Giving and Volunteering, 2012, Washington, D.C: Urban
Institute Press, p. 1). Also reported by the National Center for Charitable Statistics were 325,421 religious
congregations as of November 2013. (Urban Institute, National Center for Charitable Statistics Web site,
http://nccs.urban.org/statistics/quickfacts.cfm).
Chapter 1 Introduction to Accounting and Financial Reporting for Governmental and Not‐for‐Profit Entities 3
3
Financial Accounting Standards Board, Statement of Financial Accounting Concepts No. 4, “Objectives
of Financial Reporting by Nonbusiness Organizations” (Norwalk, CT, 1980 as amended), par. 6. In
1985 the FASB replaced the term nonbusiness with the term not-for-profit. Other organizations use
the term nonprofit as a synonym for not-for-profit. The term not-for-profit is predominantly used in
this text.
4
Based on discussion in GASB Concepts Statement No. 1, pars. 14–18. Governmental Accounting Stan-
dards Board, Codification of Governmental Accounting and Financial Reporting Standards as of June 30,
2010 (Norwalk, CT, 2010), Appendix B.
4 Accounting for Governmental and Nonprofit Entities
virtually no threat of liquidation, and do not have equity owners.”5 The white paper
further states:
Governmental accounting and financial reporting standards aim to address [the] need for
public accountability information by helping stakeholders assess how public resources
were acquired and either used during the period or are expected to be used. Such reporting
also helps users to assess whether current resources were sufficient to meet current service
costs (or whether some costs were shifted to future taxpayers) and whether the
government’s ability to provide services improved or declined from the previous year.6
ILLUSTRATION 1–1 Primary Sources of Accounting and Financial Reporting Standards for Businesses,
Governments, and Not-for-Profit Organizations
• Comptroller General
Financial
• Director of the Office of
Accounting
Management and Budget
Foundation
• Secretary of the Treasury
5
Governmental Accounting Standards Board, White Paper “Why Governmental Accounting and Financial
Reporting Is—and Should Be—Different” (Norwalk, CT, 2013, revised), Executive Summary, p. ii.
6
Ibid.
Another random document with
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„Wat nu gedaan?
„De pastor kreeg een gedacht. Koster! riep hij, ’k en kan [75]ik volstrekt in
de kerke niet gaan, ge zult gij moeten de kruiskes geven.
„De koster, die zijnen pastor gewend was, verstond dat nog al wel.
„Ge weet wat ge moet zeggen, binst dat ge de kruiskes geeft: Memento,
homo! quia pulvis es et in pulverum reverteris (Herinner, mensch! dat gij
stof zijt en in stof zult wederkeeren).
„De pastor herhaalde ’t latijn, maar de koster en verstond het nog niet.
„Ja, Mijnheer Pastor, zei de koster, en hij trok de kerke binnen, peinzende
in zijn eigen dat ze toch aardige dingen zeggen aan de menschen in ’t
latijn.
„En hij begon maar kruiskes te geven en te herhalen dat hij schuimde:
„De menschen keken wat aardig en dat wierd beklapt en besproken als zij
buiten de kerke kwamen.
„Onverdiend!”
Hier voren (op bladzijde 70) heb ik reeds met een enkel woord
vermeld de verzen van eenen Vlaming uit den ouden tijd, waarin al
de spotnamen van Vlaamsche steden en dorpen zijn opgenoemd.
Op dat hoogst merkwaardige stuk wil ik hier nader terug komen.
Sommigen van deze oude namen leven nog heden in den mond des
volks. De H e e r e n van Gent, de K i n d e r e n van Yperen, de
P a s t e i - e t e r s van Kortrijk, de M a k e l - e t e r s van
Dendermonde, de W i t v o e t e n van Aalst, en anderen zijn nog
heden ten dage zoo goed bekend als tijdens Eduwaert den Dene.
Daarentegen zijn de rijke en machtige P o o r t e r s van Brugge uit
de zestiende eeuw in onze negentiende eeuw tot Z o t t e n
vernederd, zijn de oude L e d i g g a n g e r s van Oudenaarde thans
B o o n e n k n o o p e r s , de H u i d e v e t t e r s van Geeraartsbergen
thans B e r g k r u i p e r s , de K a n d e e l e t e r s van Meenen thans
Ta a r t e b a k k e r s , de R o o m e t e r s van Moerbeke thans
S m e e r k o e k e t e r s (de hedendaagsche lieden van Meenen en
van Moerbeke zijn toch liefhebbers van lekkernij gebleven, zoo als
hunne oud-eeuwsche voorvaders reeds waren); de
V a c h t p l u k k e r s van Poperinge heeten thans K e i k o p p e n , de
O v e r m o e d i g e n van Ronse zijn tot Z o t t e n ,
V l i e g e n v a n g e r s en S l e k k e n t r e k k e r s geworden, en de
zestiende-eeuwsche B u e t e r - e t e r s van Diksmude thans, min
hoffelijk, tot B o t e r - k o p p e n .
Uit een taalkundig oogpunt zijn eenigen van deze namen zeer
merkwaardig; b.v. de D a r y n c b a r n e r s van ’t Land van den Vrijen
van Brugge (eene gouw in ’t Noorden van West-Vlaanderen), die in ’t
hedendaagsche Hollandsche Nederduitsch T u r f b r a n d e r s
zouden moeten genoemd worden. Darync, Darink, Daring,
hedendaags in West-Vlaanderen als dèring of derring uitgesproken,
is de oorspronkelijke vorm van ons hedendaagsch Noord-
Nederlandsche woord derrie.—Verder de H u d e v e t t e r s
(Lederbereiders) van Geeraartsbergen, de D r o o g h a e r t s
(Droogscheerders) van Werveke, de T h o o l n a e r s (Tollenaars of,
zoo als de verbasterde Hollanders zeggen, „Douanen”) van
Rupelmonde, enz.
Daar zijn nog oudere Vlaamsche spotnamen bekend, dan dezen van
1560. In de Anzeiger für Kunde der Teutschen Vorzeit, jaargang
1835, bladzijde 299 vindt men een lijstje van die namen
medegedeeld, ’t welk volgens de meening van sommige geleerden
tusschen de jaren 1347 en 1414 moet zijn opgesteld. Deze
middeleeuwsche spotnamen zijn in hoofdzaak de zelfden als die
men in „den langhen Adieu” vindt opgesomd. Sommigen echter
wijken in meerdere of mindere mate af van de namen in dat [81]rijm
voorkomende. Zoo heeten in dit middeleeuwsche lijstje de
ingezetenen van Poperingen V a c h t p l o t e r s , terwijl Eduwaert
de Dene ze V a c h t p l u c k e r s noemt; die van Meenen
P e l s m a k e r s , tegenover de C a n d e e l e t e r s van de Dene; die
van Werveke V e r w a t e n l i e d e n , tegenover de
D r o o g h a e r t s van de Dene; die van Deinse G a r e n c o e p e r s
tegenover de C a e r d e m a e c k e r s van de Dene. En er worden in
het oude lijstje ook eenigen genoemd, die de Dene niet heeft; bij
voorbeeld de W a f e l e t e r s van Bethune, de U t r e c h t s c h e
V l a m i n g e n van de Vier-Ambachten, de P l a t t e G e s e l l e n
van Sleedingen (hedendaags Sleidinge), de D a n s e r s van
Everghem, de S c i p h e e r e n van der Sluus, de T u u s c h e r s van
Theemsche (hedendaags Temseke), en anderen.
De Engelschman J o h n B u l l , de Franschman J e a n
P o t a g e e n zijn wijf M a r i a n n e , J a n t j e - K a a s de Hollander
(door Vlamingen en Brabanders zoo genoemd) en de Duitsche
M i c h e l of H a n s - M i c h e l zijn overbekend. Overbekend is ook in
onze dagen de spotnaam R o o i n e k en R o o i b a a i t j i e , dien
onze Zuid-Afrikaansche stamgenooten den Engelschman geven. De
Hollanders in ’t bijzonder hebben ook nog eenen bijzonderen
spotnaam voor den Duitscher, dien ze M o f noemen. Naar den
oorsprong van dezen naam is door velen vruchteloos gezocht.
Opmerkelijk is het dat de Duitschers, die langs onze oostelijke
grenzen wonen, dien spotnaam M o f (zij zeggen M u f ) wederkeerig
op de Nederlanders toepassen, en ons H o l l a n d e r - M u f
noemen; zie Ten Doornkaat Koolman, Wörterbuch der
Ostfriesischen Sprache, waar almede eene verklaring van dit woord
Muf of Mof te vinden is. De Nederlanders noemen geheel
Duitschland wel M o f f r i k a , maar de Duitschers zelven geven dien
naam M u f f r i k a in ’t bijzonder aan eene kleine gouw, langs onze
grenzen zich uitstrekkende, aan het zoogenoemde Nedersticht van
Munster, tusschen Oost-Friesland en Bentheim gelegen, en de
stadjes Meppen en Lingen met omstreken omvattende.
Opmerkelijk is het, dat men dit woord P o e p als spotnaam ook hier
en daar elders in de Nederlanden terug vindt. De ingezetenen van
Deventer toch dragen bij de andere Overijsselaars en bij de
Gelderschen in hunne nabuurschap ook dezen naam. En ook de
Zeeuwen noemen hunne Vlaamsche en Brabantsche naburen
P o e p e n . Zoo hoorde ik in 1869 door een paar burgers van Goes
zeggen, van een gezelschap boeren en boerinnen uit de polders van
Zandvliet bij Antwerpen, die door ’t stadje Goes ronddwaalden: „’t
zijn maar P o e p e n ,” eenigszins minachtender wijze, juist zoo als
de Friezen spreken van de Duitschers. Volgens van Dale (zelf een
Zeeuwsche Vlaming), Nieuw Woordenboek der Nederlandsche taal,
is p o e p een scheldnaam dien de bewoners van Zuid-Beveland aan
de bewoners van Zeeuwsch-Vlaanderen geven. En volgens De Bo’s
Westvlaamsch Idioticon noemt men in West-Vlaanderen „iemand die
weinig verstand of weinig moed heeft,” een „dwazerik” dus, of een
„lafaard”, een „p o e p g a a i .”
In der daad, de stad Dokkum dagteekent reeds uit zeer ouden tijd;
reeds ten jare 754 verkondigde Sint-Bonifacius daar het Evangelie.
Het Dokkumer taai, eene soort van grof Sint-Nicolaasgebak, is in
geheel Friesland vermaard. En wat de Dokkumer garnaten
(garnalen) aangaat, daar moet men maar niet te luide van spreken,
als er Dokkumers bij zijn (zie bladzijde 21 en vervolgens). [87]
Zeer aardig kenschetsend zijn deze twee rijmkes, van een
Utrechtsch en van een Noordbrabantsch dorp:
Neêr-Langbroek,
Die schrale hoek!
Daar wonen niets dan edellui
En bedellui,
Ridders
En broodbidders;
Daar staan anders niet als kasteelen en nesten,
Sterkenburg is het beste.
Loon-op-Zand,
Licht volk, licht land;
Ze schooien den kost.
En ze stelen den brand. 16
De Bressianen
Zijn hanen,
Maar voor Schoondijke
Moeten ze wijken,
En komen die van de Groe,
Dan houden ze beter hun deuren maar toe!
[88]
Van groote ingenomenheid met zich zelven getuigt het volgende rijm
van sommige Noordhollandsche steden, dat bij de
Monnikendammers in zwang is:
Ten slotte kan ik nog een zeer bijzonder rijm hier mede deelen, dat
betrekking heeft op de Friesche eilandenreeks die zich uitstrekt
tusschen de Weser en het Marsdiep, en dat door mij is
opgeschreven uit den mond van eenen Frieschen schipperszoon,
die met de tjalk van zijnen vader wel oostwaarts naar Emden,
Bremen en Hamburg, en wel zuidwaarts naar Amsterdam,
Rotterdam, Dordrecht en Antwerpen voer. Het rijm is niet in de
eigenlijke Friesche taal opgesteld, maar in het zoogenoemde Stad-
Friesch of „Stêdsk”, dat is Oud-Dietsch met Friesche woorden en
woordvormen vermengd, en met eenen Frieschen mond
uitgesproken.
Wrangero de skoone,
Spikeroog de krone,
Langeroog is ’n butterfat
En Baltrum is ’n sangat.
En de Norderneyers frete har mar half sat
Juust dat is ’n rooverland;
En Borkum is ’n tooverland;
Rottumeroog is ’n klein land,
Mar Skiermonnikoog is sterk bemand:
De Amelander skalken
Hewwe stolen drie balken,
Avons in ’e maneskijn,
Daarom sal ’t har wapen sijn. [89]
Skilingen het ’n hooge toren,
Flielan het siin naam ferloren,
Tessel is mar ’n seegat,
De Helderse T r a a n b o k k e n segge dat.
Dit is het einde van mijn opstel over spotnamen, spotrijmen, enz.
Mogen anderen hierin aanleiding vinden dit belangrijke onderwerp
nog eens beter en uitvoeriger te behandelen. [90]
[Inhoud]