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AnswerofQuest
ion1
1.Mat
hemat
ics:I
tpr
ovi
dest
het
ool
sandt
echni
quesf
orf
ormal
i
zingandanal
yzi
ng
pr
obl
ems,suchasl
ogi
c,pr
obabi
l
ity
,gr
apht
heor
y,opt
imi
zat
ion,et
c.Someoft
he
i
mpor
tantmat
hemat
ici
anst
hatcont
ri
but
ed t
o AIar
e**
Geor
geBool
e**
,who
i
nvent
edBool
eanal
gebr
a²,*
*Got
tl
obFr
ege*
*,whodev
elopedpr
edi
cat
elogi
c,
*
*Al
anTur
ing*
*,whopr
oposedt
heTur
ingmachi
neandt
heTur
ingt
est
⁴,and
*
*Johnv
onNeumann*
*,whodesi
gnedt
hear
chi
tect
ureofmoder
ncomput
ers⁵
.

2.Phi
losophy :I
texpl
ores t
he f
undament
alquest
ions aboutt
he nat
ure of
knowl
edge,
reasoni
ng,
mind,
andet
hics.Someoft
hei
nfl
uent
ialphi
l
osopher
sthat
cont
ri
but
edt
oAIar
e**
Plat
o**
,whopr
oposedt
het
heor
yoff
orms,*
*Ar
ist
otl
e**
,
whof
ormal
i
zedr
ulesofl
ogi
candsy
ll
ogi
sms,*
*RenéDescar
tes*
*,whoar
gued
f
ort
hedi
sti
nct
ionbet
weenmi
ndandbody
,and*
*JohnMcCar
thy
**,whocoi
ned
t
het
erm"
art
if
ici
ali
ntel
l
igence"andadv
ocat
edf
ort
heuseofl
ogi
cinAI
.

3.Psy
chol
ogy:I
tst
udi
est
hebehav
iorand ment
alpr
ocessesofhumansand
ani
mal
s.Someoft
hepr
omi
nentpsy
chol
ogi
stst
hatcont
ri
but
edt
oAIar
e**
Ivan
Pav
lov
**,whodi
scov
eredcl
assi
calcondi
ti
oni
ng,B.F.Ski
nner
,whodev
eloped
oper
antcondi
ti
oni
ng,*
Jean Pi
aget
*,who pr
oposed t
he st
ages ofcogni
ti
ve
dev
elopment
,and*
*Her
ber
tSi
mon*
*,whomodel
edhumanpr
obl
em-
sol
vi
ngand
deci
sion-
maki
ng.

4.Li
ngui
sti
cs:I
tinv
est
igat
est
hest
ruct
ureandmeani
ngofnat
urall
anguages.
Someoft
hei
mpor
tantl
i
ngui
stst
hatcont
ri
but
edt
oAIar
e**
Noam Chomsky
**,
whopr
oposedt
het
heor
yofgener
ati
vegr
ammar
,**
Richar
dMont
ague*
*,who
dev
elopedaf
ormalsy
stem f
ornat
urall
anguagesemant
ics,*
*Ter
ryWi
nogr
ad*
*,
who cr
eat
ed one oft
he f
ir
stnat
urall
anguage under
standi
ng sy
stems,and
*
*JamesAl
l
en*
*,whopi
oneer
edt
hef
iel
doft
empor
all
ogi
cfornat
ural
language.
5.Neur
osci
ence:I
texami
nest
hest
ruct
ureandf
unct
ionoft
hener
voussy
stem,
especi
all
ythebr
ain.Someoft
henot
abl
eneur
osci
ent
ist
sthatcont
ri
but
edt
oAI
ar
e**
Sant
iagoRamónyCaj
al*
*,whor
eveal
edt
hecel
l
ularst
ruct
ureofneur
ons,
*
*War
renMcCul
l
och*
*and*
*Wal
terPi
tt
s**
,whopr
oposedamodelofar
ti
fi
cial
neur
ons, *
*Dav
id Hubel
** and *
*Tor
sten Wi
esel
**, who di
scov
ered t
he
or
gani
zat
ionofv
isualcor
tex
,and*
*Geof
freyHi
nton*
*,who i
nvent
edv
ari
ous
neur
alnet
wor
kal
gor
it
hms.

6.Comput
ersci
ence:I
tdeal
swi
tht
hedesi
gnandi
mpl
ement
ati
onofsof
twar
eand
har
dwar
esy
stems.Someoft
hei
nfl
uent
ialcomput
ersci
ent
ist
sthatcont
ri
but
ed
t
o AIar
e**
John McCar
thy
**(
agai
n),who i
nvent
ed Li
sp,one oft
he f
ir
st
pr
ogr
ammi
ngl
anguagesf
orAI
,**
Mar
vinMi
nsky
**,whof
oundedt
heMI
TAILab
andwr
otesev
erali
nfl
uent
ialbooksonAI
,**
All
enNewel
l
**,whocr
eat
edsev
eral
cogni
ti
vear
chi
tect
uresf
orAI
,and*
*JudeaPear
l**
,whodev
elopedaf
ramewor
k
f
orpr
obabi
l
ist
icr
easoni
ngwi
thBay
esi
annet
wor
ks.

7.Engi
neer
ing:I
tappl
i
essci
ent
if
icandmat
hemat
icalpr
inci
plest
ocr
eat
epr
act
ical
sol
uti
onsf
orv
ari
ouspr
obl
ems.Someoft
heemi
nentengi
neer
sthatcont
ri
but
ed
t
o AIar
e**
Nor
ber
tWi
ener
**,who f
ounded t
hef
iel
d ofcy
ber
net
ics,*
*John
Hol
l
and*
*,whoi
nvent
edgenet
ical
gor
it
hms,*
*RodneyBr
ooks*
*,whoadv
ocat
ed
f
orbehav
ior
-basedr
obot
ics,and*
*Sebast
ianThr
un*
*,whol
edt
hedev
elopment
ofsel
f-
dri
vi
ngcar
s.
 AnswerofQuest
ion2

 1950:Al
anTur
ingpubl
i
sheshi
spaper"
Comput
ingMachi
ner
yandI
ntel
l
igence"
,
pr
oposi
ngt
heTur
ingt
estasacr
it
eri
onf
ormachi
nei
ntel
l
igence²
.

 1956:Thet
erm"
art
if
ici
ali
ntel
l
igence"i
scoi
nedby*
*JohnMcCar
thy
**att
he
Dar
tmout
hconf
erence,
wher
esev
eralAIpi
oneer
sgat
hert
odi
scusst
hef
utur
eof
t
hef
iel
d³.

 1957:*
*Fr
ankRosenbl
att
**i
nvent
stheper
cept
ron,asi
mpl
eneur
alnet
wor
k
model
thatcanl
ear
nfr
om dat
a⁴.

 1959:JohnMcCar
thyi
nvent
sLi
sp,oneoft
hef
ir
sthi
gh-
lev
elpr
ogr
ammi
ng
l
anguagesf
orAI
⁵.

 1961:
Thef
ir
sti
ndust
ri
alr
obot
,Uni
mat
e,i
sinst
all
edataGener
alMot
orspl
ant
⁶.

 1965: JosephWei
zenbaum cr
eat
esELI
ZA,oneoft
hef
ir
stnat
urall
anguage
pr
ocessi
ngsy
stemst
hatcansi
mul
ateapsy
chot
her
api
st.

 1969 : *
*Mar
vin Mi
nsky
** and *
*Sey
mour Paper
t** publ
i
sh t
hei
r book
"
Per
cept
rons"
,whi
chshowst
hel
i
mit
ati
onsofsi
ngl
e-l
ayerneur
alnet
wor
ksand
cast
sdoubtont
hef
utur
eofconnect
ioni
sm.

 1972:Al
ainCol
mer
auerandhi
scol
l
eaguesdev
elopPr
olog,
alogi
cpr
ogr
ammi
ng
l
anguaget
hatbecomeswi
del
yusedi
nAI
.

 1973:TheLi
ght
hil
lrepor
tcr
it
ici
zest
hepr
ogr
essandpr
omi
sesofAI
,leadi
ngt
o
r
educedf
undi
ngandaper
iodknownast
he"
AIwi
nter
"int
heUKandUS.

 I
n1975,Ter
ryWi
nogr
addev
elopsSHRDLU,anat
urall
anguageunder
standi
ng
sy
stem capabl
eofmani
pul
ati
ngbl
ocksi
nav
irt
ual
wor
ld.
wor
ld

 I
n1979,HansMor
avecandhi
sst
udent
satSt
anf
ordbui
l
dthef
ir
stcomput
er-
cont
rol
l
edcar
tthatcanaut
onomousl
ynav
igat
einar
oom wi
thobst
acl
es.

 I
n 1980,Edwar
d Fei
genbaum,Br
uce Buchanan,and t
hei
rcol
l
eagues cr
eat
e
 DENDRAL,oneoft
heear
lyexper
tsy
stemst
hatcandeducechemi
calst
ruct
ures
f
rom massspect
ra.

 I
n1983,JohnHopf
iel
dint
roducesHopf
iel
dnet
wor
ks,at
ypeofr
ecur
rentneur
al
net
wor
kthatcanst
oreandr
ecal
lpat
ter
nsasat
tr
act
ors.

 I
n1985,Ger
aldSussmanandhi
sst
udent
satMI
Tdev
elopt
heDi
git
alOr
rer
y,a
pr
ogr
am t
hatcandi
scov
erKepl
er'
slawsofpl
anet
arymot
ionf
rom ast
ronomi
cal
dat
a.

 I
n1986,t
hebook"
Par
all
elDi
str
ibut
edPr
ocessi
ng"byDav
idRumel
har
t,James
McCl
ell
and,
andot
her
srev
ivesi
nter
esti
nneur
alnet
wor
ksandconnect
ioni
sm.

 I
n 1987,t
he f
ir
stI
nter
nat
ionalConf
erence on Genet
ic Al
gor
it
hms i
s hel
d,
popul
ari
zi
ngt
hef
iel
dofev
olut
ionar
ycomput
ati
on.

 I
n1989,DeanPomer
leaut
rai
nsALVI
NN,aneur
alnet
wor
kcapabl
eofst
eer
inga
caronpubl
i
croadsusi
ngv
ideoi
nput
.

 I
n1991,t
heUSmi
l
itar
ydepl
oysDART,anexper
tsy
stem f
orl
ogi
sti
cspl
anni
ng
t
hatsav
esmi
l
li
onsofdol
l
arsdur
ingt
heGul
fWar
.

 I
n1993,t
heAmer
icanAssoci
ati
onf
orAr
ti
fi
cialI
ntel
l
igence(
AAAI
)or
gani
zesi
ts
f
ir
stMobi
l
eRobotCompet
it
ion,pr
omot
ingr
esear
chi
nrobot
icsandcomput
er
v
isi
on.

 I
n1995,I
BM'
sDeepBl
uedef
eat
swor
ldchesschampi
onGar
ryKaspar
ovi
none
game,
butl
osest
heov
eral
lmat
ch.I
twi
l
lwi
nther
emat
chi
n1997.

 I
n1996,Hondaunv
eil
sP3,t
hef
ir
sthumanoi
drobotcapabl
eofwal
ki
ngand
ascendi
ngst
air
s.

 I
n1997,AARON,anar
t-
gener
ati
ngpr
ogr
am cr
eat
edbyHar
oldCohen,hasi
ts
pai
nti
ngsexhi
bit
edatLondon'
sTat
eGal
l
ery
.

 I
n1998,Googl
eisf
oundedbyLar
ryPageandSer
geyBr
in,whout
il
izet
hei
r
 PageRankal
gor
it
hm t
oenhancewebsear
chr
esul
ts.

 I
n1999,Sonyl
aunchesAI
BO,ar
obot
icdogt
hatcani
nter
actwi
thhumansand
l
ear
nfr
om f
eedback.

I
n 2000,Ki
smet
,a r
obot
ic head dev
eloped by Cy
nthi
a Br
eazealatMI
T,
demonst
rat
esemot
ional
expr
essi
onsandsoci
ali
nter
act
ionswi
thhumans.

AnswerofQuest
ion3

1.Di
agnosi
s:AIsy
stemscanhel
pdi
agnosedi
seases,i
dent
if
yfaul
ts,andsuggest
r
epai
rs.Exampl
esi
ncl
udeMYCI
N,amedi
calexper
tsy
stem t
hatcandi
agnose
i
nfect
ions²
,andDART,al
ogi
sti
cspl
anni
ngsy
stem t
hatwasusedbyt
heUS
mi
l
itar
ydur
ingt
heGul
fWar
³.

2.Pl
anni
ng and schedul
ing :AIsy
stemscan hel
p pl
an and schedul
etasks,
r
esour
ces,andact
ivi
ti
es.Exampl
esi
ncl
udeSTRI
PS,apl
annert
hatcangener
ate
sequences ofact
ions t
o achi
eve goal
s⁴,and ASPEN,a schedul
ert
hatcan
al
l
ocat
eresour
cesf
orNASAmi
ssi
ons⁵
.

3.Gamepl
ayi
ng:AIsy
stemscanpl
aygamesagai
nsthumanopponent
sorot
herAI
sy
stems.Exampl
esi
ncl
udeDeepBl
ue,achesspr
ogr
am t
hatdef
eat
edwor
ld
champi
onGar
ryKaspar
ovi
n1997⁶
,andAl
phaGo,aGopr
ogr
am t
hatdef
eat
ed
wor
ldchampi
onLeeSedol
in2016.

4.Nat
urall
anguagepr
ocessi
ng:AIsy
stemscanunder
standandgener
atenat
ural
l
anguaget
ext
sandspeech.Exampl
esi
ncl
udeELI
ZA,
achat
bott
hatcansi
mul
ate
apsy
chot
her
api
st,
andGPT-
3,al
anguagemodelt
hatcanpr
oducecoher
entt
ext
s
onv
ari
oust
opi
cs.

5.Comput
erv
isi
on:AIsy
stemscanper
cei
veandi
nter
pretv
isuali
nfor
mat
ionf
rom
i
magesandv
ideos.Exampl
esi
ncl
udeAARON,anar
t-
gener
ati
ngpr
ogr
am t
hat
cancr
eat
epai
nti
ngs,andYOLO,anobj
ectdet
ect
ionsy
stem t
hatcanr
ecogni
ze
 andl
ocat
eobj
ect
sinr
eal
time.

6.Robot
ics:AIsy
stemscancont
rolphy
sicalmachi
nest
hatcansenseandacti
n
t
heenv
ironment
.Exampl
esi
ncl
udeShakey
,thef
ir
stmobi
l
erobott
hatcanr
eason
abouti
tsact
ions,
andSpot
,aquadr
upedr
obott
hatcannav
igat
ecompl
ext
err
ains.

7.Machi
ne l
ear
ning :AIsy
stems can l
ear
nfr
om dat
a and i
mpr
ovet
hei
r
per
for
manceov
ert
ime.Exampl
esi
ncl
udeI
D3,anal
gor
it
hm t
hatcani
nduce
deci
siont
reesf
rom exampl
es,andBERT,aneur
alnet
wor
kthatcanl
ear
nfr
om
l
argeamount
soft
extdat
a.