Measuring time and distance

Position – location or place where an object is

- A position answer the question ‘’where is the object?’’

Motion – a change in the position

Measuring distance by Using Standard Units

Distance - the measure of how far oh the location is to another while distance is the course on which
something is moving, pointing, or forcing.

Distance is also the length travelled by an object and can be measured with measuring device, like a
ruler.

System of units - used to communicate these measurements clearly.

International system of units, or in french, systeme interrational d' unites (SI) - system of measurement.

meter - the SI unit conversions

1 centimeter (cm) = 10 millimeters (mm)

1 meter (m) = 100 centimeters (cm)

1 kilometer (km) = 1000 meters (m)

kilometers (km) - used for measuring very large distances

meter scale - used for measuring length

speed - is how fast the position an object changes every time

fastest - in a race means running with the greatest speed

time - can be measured in a variety of ways, usually with a watch or clock

- can be measured in seconds (s), minutes (mn), hours (h), days, weeks, etc. an hour converted to
minutes by multiplying the hour by 60. a minute can be converted into seconds by multiplying it also by
60

1 hour = 60 minutes

1 minute = 60 seconds

1 day = 24 hours

1 week = 7 days

1 year = 12 months
speed - is measured by using units of distance per unit of time, such as meters per second (m/s) or
kilometers per hour (km/h or kmp)

- you divide distance by time to find speed.

speed = distance/time

s = d/t

time = distance/speed

t = d/s

distance = speed/time

d = s/t

velocity - is the measurement that combines both speed and the direction of a moving object

speed and direction determine the velocity of an object

- you can describe direction using words such as east, west, south, north, left, right, up and down.

velocity changes as objects move in different directions

velocity formula

d=v×t

v=d÷t

t=d×v

acceleration - the change in velocity overtime for an object

change in velocity - the difference between the finishing velocity and the starting velocity

- and object accelerated whenever there is a change in direction when you travel in a curved path, the
direction of your velocity changes even if hour speed does not change

calculating acceleration

given = change in speed = 140m/s

time = 4s

acceleration= change in speed ÷ time

= (140m/s - 0m/s) ÷ 4s

= 35 (m/s)/s

force - a push of a pull

motion - change in position from one place go another

energy - the ability to do work

inertia - the tendency of an object to stay at rest or to remain at motion unless an outside force causes a
change

gravity - the attraction between an object and earth

grid - a framework if spaced bars that ate parallel it that across one another

point of frame if reference - the background or object that is used for comparison

forces in pairs

reaction force - the force acting in the opposite direction

action force - the force reacting in one direction

example of action and force

action - a swimmer pushes the water with his/her arms

reaction - the water pushes the swimmer back

LIGHT, HEAT, SOUND

Heat - the transfer of thermal energy between objects with different temperature

thermal energy -

temperatures - measurement of the average kinetic energy of particles in an object.

→ used to measure temperature

conduction - transfer of heat energy into another from one object directly

semiconductor> material that is neither a good conductor nor

a good insulator of heat & electricity.

Thermal conductivity – ability of a material to transfer heat

Thermal insulator – material that does not conduct heat

Semiconductors – material with electrical properties of both insulators = conductors

Semiconductors are insulators

Silicon is an example of a semiconductor

Computer board is made out of conductor, insulator, and semiconductors

Convector – movement of fluid like liquids or glasses

Example of heat transfer through convection is its effect on air. Air that touches the ground warms up
through conduction. The warm air rises as it pushed by cooler. Denser air at the top. As the air rises it
cools, becomes denser and sinks.

Light – form of energy that can be seen when it interacts with matter

- It travels in waves

Transverse waves – light waves that vibrate in the direction perpendicular to the direction of their
motion

Three different ways the light wave behave

1) reflected

2) refracted

3) absorbed

Reflection – bouncing light

- Produced when a light wave bounces off a surface

- Organized scattering of a wave of light

Image – a picture of a light source that light makes when it bounces off a shiny surface