We generally use beneatll i n idiomatic phrases:

Your bel1Qviour towards my new Ilusband was really beneath contempt.'

P re p o s i t i o n s horizontal relationships agaillst. alollg . alollgside. aroulld, at. beside. betweell. by. ill,
Prepositions are a common cause of confusion for learners, often because each .- -4 n ear next to, on, on tile left/righ t of
,

preposition has a n u mber of different uses. This u nit looks at the uses o f a range
of We use at with a point in space, e .g. at the bus stop , at 8 Baker Street; we use on with
prep� sitions, and the difficulties they can present. (For prepositional and p hrasa l
verbs a surface or a li ne, e.g. on the table, on the river, on Oxford Street; a n d we use in with
"" UllIt 1 4: for prepositions dependent on nouns, verbs and adjectives ",. Unit 1 5 .)
something that surrounds. e . g. in the wood. We use different prepositions depending o n

The group will meet at 7.30 at the sports centre. ( = either inside or outside)
how we see a place . Compare:

The group will meet at 7.30 in tile sports centre. ( = inside)

I NTRODUCT I O N

2 9. 1 A A preposition describes t h e relationship between two or more things. It can l i n k nou n S, o Also: at tile corner of the street (= a point) but in the comer of tile room (= inside).
Basic verbs or adjectives before the preposition with a noun or pro n o u n after it: We usually use in with countries, cities o r towns. We use on with streets, roads,
information Now. let 's move on to � on Ithe agendaj . avenues. etc . . a n d we use at with the n ames of squares if we think of the ' a d d ress ' .

X Fhe -ftJm-PFemieFe ihis-ye£lF will-t£lke pla€e ·on -l:eic-es�er Squ£lre-'£It Lelleen,

j
a n d in i f w e think o f the square a s ' surrou nding' us:
j j
Be careful. The hem of your dress is dragging along the floor j.
John 's got an appraisal tomorrow He 's really lanxiousj about EB . v The film premiere tllis year will take place at Leicester Square in London.
Prepositions can be one word only, e.g. of, throughout, or more words, e.g. because of: TIle trees in Leicester Square don't look very healtlly.
We got fewer dollars this week because of the drop in the exchange rate. We use at when we refer to gatherings of people: at a party . at a conference.
We use beside a n d alongside to express proxim ity along a line:
2 9. 1 B There is no difference in form between prepositions a n d many adverbs, but there is a
Ware/louses were built beside/alongside the motorway.
Prepositions difference in use: a preposition has an object but an adverb does not. Compare:
across, after,
and adverbs Did you ever travel before the war, Dad? (preposition)
'facing' relationships before, behind, facillg. in front of. opposite,
.. .-
I Ilave a strange feeling tllat I 've been here before. (adverb)
- over
We can modify prepositions with adverbs (the adverbs in the example are in bold):
Tile pub is almost at the end of the street, just before the traffic lights. We use in front of or behind to front

describe the spatial relationship 0i

of two things, one after the other back
M EAN I N G AN D U S E
front
A is in front of B. B is behind A
o n a line and facing the same way:
29.2A
vertical relationships [!] i
back
n
above, a fter, below, beneath, down.. on, on top of, over,
Position In front of and bellind can also be used for
under. underneath, up
metaphorical, not literal. position:
Above a n d over have similar meanings, as d o below a n d under. We usually use above or Christopher is really behind his brother in terms of academic development.
below: Before a n d after can refer to position i n some contexts:
Tile refuge is in the Ilills above the town. Karen 's nepllew appears beforelin front of the magistrates this afternoon.
The temperature was below freezing last night. You '1/ be called first as my name is after yours on the list.
But we use over or under in the following cases: Opposite , facing , across a n d over have the meaning of ' o n the other side of' but with

I 'll meet you in the cafe opposite/facing the theatre. (= on the other side of the road)
When one thing covers a n other: across and over we have to state o n the other side of what, e . g. a roa d , a river:
The clouds hung low over tile hills. He disappeared under the water<

o The
When horizontal movement is suggested: / '/1 meet you in tile cafe across/over tile road from tile tIleatre.
difference between
back
Are we going to fly over the Alps?
With prices, ages, speeds, distances a nd quantities, where we mea n more than or oppositelfacing and in front of
is that the items on the 'line' are 01
front
fewerlless tllan :
not facing i n tile same directi o n ,
v Tile conference was very badly attended: under two IlUndred people came.
X T-he-c-onferenc-e-W£ls-veFy-·tJeeIY·-f/t;tenlieG-: -below-twe-RtlooFeG-people-£f1me.
as i n the diagram above, but are front

We use above or below to tal k about ' level' or ' ra n k' : facing each other: [!] i
A is facing/opposite B. A and B are back
Is tile pOSition of Managing Editor above or below that of Editorial Director?
It is also possible to use after in this sense: facing/opposite each other.

His opinion is second only after the Managing Director's.

Note the use of up and down :
Jollll lives a few houses further up/down the Ilill from us.

280 281
 29.2B vertical movement down (to). off. all. OlltO. over. up (to) I n US English and informal British Englis h , we can also omit on before days:
all

We do not use the prepositions at, on or ill immediately before adverbs or adverbial
Movement Great news! The travel agellt can get us a flight that leaves Wednesday.
and direction We lise these prepositions for movement u p or down:
Keep to the right as you go down the stairs.
phrases such as today, tomorrow, last/this/next week :
Look at Jol1!lny's knee - h e 's just fal/en off his bike.
X Fhe-new-5fJ(JfrfJp€Fe-OFl--BBf.2 -;s.--steffing-Ofl--telOOFFOW,
We get on or off a bus. plane. tra i n . boat and bike but into and out of a car.
v' The new soap opera on BBC2 is starting tomorrow.
We can lise over for a movement up and then down a n obstacle:
The burglar leapt over the garden fence as he ran away from us. before or after after, before, by. past

passing movement across. along. down. over. past. through. up We can use after or past to mean ' Iater tha n ' :
There 's n o point ill going to the party now; it's after/past eleven o 'clock.
We lise along for movement i n a l i n e . e . g. along a river/road:

Applications must b e submitted before 30th November. ( = on the 29th or earlier)

We use before to mean ' before a time ' , and we Lise by to mean ' before or at a time':
You can spend a pleasant afternoon strolling along the canals in Amsterdam.
We also often use up and down with roads and rivers ( m ea n i ng 'along ' ) :

.. The adverbial p h rases in time (with time to spare) and on time (at the right time.
Applications must be submitted by 30th November. [= on t h e 30th o r earlier)
G o up tile road to the corner. a n d the cinema i s on the left.
We use across for movement from one side to the other of something on a 'surface'

The wedding car arrived in time but the bride wasn't ready. ( = time to spare)
' often fixed) have different meanings:
e.g. across the riverlroad/field. We use through for movement inside something,
e.g. through a room/tunnel:

the groom. ( = not early or late)

I want to arrive right on time at the churcll. It 's not done for the bride to arrive before
You walk across the playing field to the wood then you go through the wood . . .
Over is similar to across (one side to the other) but i t incorporates the idea of above:
Are we going to fly over the Alps on the way to Italy ?
duration as from/of, between, during, for, from . . till/until/up to, in. inside, since,
We use past for a movement from one side to the other of something, next to it: through{outj, until/till. up to, within
I was stwtled by a IlUge bird that flew past my window this afternoon.
We can use a n u mber of different prepositions to tal k about d u ratio n :
movement in one direction around. at, away from, dOWII, down to, from, into, onto, A s o f next Monday, we will have to suspend flexible working arrangements until
out of, to, towards, up, up to further notice.
The long flowing style - of hair and clothes - was fashionable duringlthrough(outJ
We can use both to and at after certain verbs, e.g. throw, shout. To suggests that the
much of the seventies.

Can you throw that book to me, please? (I am willing.)

recipient of the action is willing but at that he/she is not w i l l i ng:
This volcano hasn 't erupted since 1 935.
The motorway widening was successfully completed witllin/inlinside four months.
Don 't tiJrow stones at the cat' (The cat is unwilling . )
British English uses from . . . to to express the start and end points of a period of t i m e ,
W e can u s e up t o or towards w h e n we approach someone or something, but we use
b u t U S English u s e s tlwough :

X Do you thiNk I can go towards.. /jilfHffle 6-5k for his aut-egmph?

only up to if we actually reach the person/thing:
I 'll be staying at the Hilton from Friday to Monday.

v' Do you think I can go up to him and ask for his autograph ?
I 'll be staying at the Hilton Friday through Monday.

v' The scientist moved quietly towards the group of grazing animals. 29.20 reason because of, due to, for, from, out of, owing to, through
We can use up (to) a n d down (to) for movement north or south within a country: Other
We 've just come down to Canberra from Darwin. The 1 0 . 00 service to Bath has been cancelled due t% wing to staff shortage.
meanings
Huge numbers of people in the Third World die from starvation every day.
We can express a circular move m e nt with (a)round:
We drove (a)round the roundabout three times before we took the correct exit. Many parents sacrifice their own material wealth out of the desire to give tlleir

We can also use the prepositions of movement in a less literal way: children everything.
A system of charges has been introduced into the Healtll Service. Tile fire started through careless disposal of a cigarette end.

all
means by, by means of, in. via. wit/I
29.2C point in time at, in
Time We use by or with to introduce an instrument:
We use at with times, special periods [e.g. celebrations) a n d in some phrases:
Negotiations were held by phone between the client and his solicitor.
at five to seven, at Christmas, a t nigflt, at the weekend (US English on the weekend)
Tile victim was killed by a bullet to the head/with a sawn-off shotgun.
We use in with parts of the day, months, seasons, years, centuries, etc . :
We also use by for the agent (or originator) of someth ing:
i n tbe evening, i n December, in 1 999. in the willter, in the twentieth century
It's a painting by Van Gogh. He completed it during his stay in Aries.
We use on with days a n d dates, i n cluding special days:
Note the difference between by and of here:
on Thursday , on (the morning of) the 31 st of October, on Cilristmas Day
It's a painting of Van Gogh. It's actually not a very good likeness of him.
We sometimes omit tile preposition if we Lise about or around, to be less speCific:
We use in when we refer to the means we use to achieve something:
We can supply the materials (all) around Thursday next week.
Let's meet at tile station (at) about six; there 's a train at ten past.
Complete the form in pencil. He prefers to paint in watercolour.

�82 283
 purpose for, towards We use with when we refer to a fi l l i ng or an i ngredient:
vine leaves stuffed with rice rice pudding made with cream
I want an opener tllOt can be used for opening bottles of beer as well as wine,
We use of in metaphorical phrases
We 're saving all of this extra income towards a round-the-world trip next year,
a man of iron a heart of gold

comparison against, as, beside, between, contrary to, than, {un)like

benefit for, for the sake of, on behalf of

We use against, beside and contrary to to make a contrast: On behalf of our shareholders. I 'd like to thank all of you who voted in favour o f the
Look at this year's sales figures against last year's ; they 're so much better, merger.
Beside her sister, Laura was positively plain. I think we should move to the country for the sake of the children.
The Davis Cup final was won by the French team, contrary to expectations,
We use between to d i fferentiate (usua l ly the difference between): reporting according to
You won't be able to tell the difference between butter and tllis spread,
We do not use according to to report our own feelings or opinions:
We can use like to make a comparison, but we use as to express a role:

V According to many art critics. holograms aren 't a real art form,
)( HelegrmIJS eFen:t a - real· ort feFm; . a€€oFding· to-me,
She behaves like a director, but she 's really only a secretary,
Speaking as a director of the company, I believe we should sell the shares,
v Holograms aren 't a real art form, ill my opinion.
inclusion and exclusion among, as well as, besides, between, beyond, inside,
instead of, out of, olltside, under, within, without P R EPOS ITIO NAL P H RASES

We usually use between with only two objects and among with more than two: 29.3A A prepositional phrase consists of a preposition and the word(s) that follow it, The
For women, the distinction between work and leisure is less cleor-cut. Form most common words that follow prepositions are nouns and pronouns:
The terminals are among the biggest single development sites in Europe,
I
sleep o n the floor l l
comparisons be tween C/inton and Kennedy I I
it 's for you l
Note the uses of the following prepositions which have the meaning of exclusion :
We can also use -ing forms, adverbs or wh- clauses after prepositions:
Are there any issues remaining besides that o f the roof repairs?
I 'm a fraid that changes to the curriculwlJ are beyond/outside/out of our control. I I
As well as helping us to move into the house, John bought us a great present,

I
Please don 't interfere in any way with what I /Jove written in the introduction I '

exception apart from, barring, but tor, except (for), save

A prepositional phrase can include a determiner before the noun or -ing form :
Everyone is invited to the conference dinner, except (for}/apart from/save tllose who I
The head teacher doesn 't approve of his arrangements with a local band. I
have bought 'day' tickets only.
We can't use a that clause after a preposition:
Except and except for can both be used after phrases containing determiners such as
)( The- gevefllFRent managed t& {Xfss the ·bill thr.eugll Parliament, despite·thaHt llad
all, every , no:

v The government managed to pass tile bill through Parliament, despite its low
a-lew-mBjerity;
JulialJ did very well in all his exams except (for) geography,
Except for OlJe question on calculus, Julian got all tile matlls questions right.
majority /despite 110ving a low majority /despite the fact that it Ilad a low majority,
However, when the prepositional phrase contradicts the main idea of the sentence, we
Nor can we use an infinitive phrase, except with the prepositions except, but a n d save:
use except for .
Please come straight home - don't s top except to phone us,
Trulli emerged from the wreckage of the car uninjured except for a broken thumb,
We use but for to mean 'if not for': 29,3B A 'stranded preposition' is a preposition on its own at the end of a clause or sentence,
The house would have been destroyed but for the quick thinking of the firefighters, St.randed Engl ish commonly uses stranded prepositions in:
prepositions Questions: Who are you coming to the party with?
contrast ... 32,2 despite, for all, i n spite of Relative c l auses: I 've been offered the job in London that I applied for'

17 is
The passive: What is your coat made from?
Despitelln spite of/For all grand ways, he was really no better off thall tile rest
I nfinitive clauses: TilOt man is impossible to work with '
of us.
We sometimes keep the preposition and object together in for l11al language :
We have been unable to offer you tile position for which you applied.
o We
material from, of, out of, with
do not precede the relative pronoun that with a preposition:
We use different prepositions when we describe the material from which something is )( We-have· been ufieble to &ffeF you-tlle-positielt-foF that you applied,
made (made (out) of, made from, made with !> 1 5 . 4C) ,
We use of when the original material is stil l visible:
a dress made of silk a Jacket made of leatller a table of the finest mahogany
We use from when the original material has been transformed:
ice cream made from strawberries toilet rolls made from recycled paper

284 285
 29. 2 �

P ra ct i c e The .key to rhese exercises is on poqe 567 .....n D llete the

following article with the most appropriate prepositions. The preposition may
of more than one word. The exercise begins with a n example (0).

1
E nd of th e ro ad
Rewrite the sentences. Put the words in brackets in the correct order.
The people in the earthquake zone were encouraged to [area/away/from/getltlle] while there was stili

en we drove (0) . i!!!f? . the little town. We had drive n

time . . . .
.:,
It was late a ftern oon wh .
t of It had be n ( 2 ) . . . . . . . .
�
2 Water will b e made available [and/crisis/for/Ilospitals/schools/the/throughout].

('j) . . . . . . . . 400 kilom

etres in the mor ning and mos
t know how
ded to find a hotel - we dldn
di: k fog We were tired and . deci
f�\
3 Tile acting and the costumes were excellent. [as/butlfor/plotlth e J . it was ridiculousl
. . . . . the ca r and
We park ed, got ( 3 ) . . .
mi�ht be to the next town.
4 It m ust have been raining really hard. All [a re/through/passers-by/soaked/the].
. · welcome. We left our lugg age ( 4 ) . . . . . . . . t h e>
suetch e d - a waI·k would
be very
k to a narrow but
. . . . . . . . . the alread}' empty car par
car boot an d wa Ik'e d ( 5 )
. . . . . . . . a tree d avenue (7) ...... . .
m. A five-minute stro ll (6)
5 This year's award for excellence in the i n dustry will b e collected [behalf/of/on/win n e r/theJ by the
-line
IllS r -f1oWI' ng strea
L. .
chairman of the Design Foundation . . . .
b eaun ' f.uI 0Id squa , re
a
,t.he stream toOk us (8) . . . . . . . . the
6 T h e rescuers pul led t h e d o g [ a/by/from/meanslof/rope/t h e/well ! . : . . . town squa . re. t was I
three SI
, . d es. W e
'.. '. ' ( 9 ) . . . . . . . . the midd . le and arca des ( 1 0) . . . . . .
.
. .
.. wIth a f oun.tam ) . . . . . t Ile a ca d es
esting-Iooki�g resta rant s ( 1 � . . . "
7 C a n you pass me the pasta pan? It's [cupboard/of/on/rightlthe/top J .
�
looked up at terraces of inter ) ........ t
�em.
little shop s ( 1 2
ance s to fasc mat mg
and th en ba ck down at entr
.m th'15 5I eepy town ,
8 The jou rney time h a s b e e n reduced [hours/ju stlthree/to/underJ.
.
'. · d ·
ea w h e re to look for a hotel or a pens IOn
. We h a d no I
011
( 1 4 ) . . . . . . . . a benc h b y th e
an old man sitting
so we wa Ike d ( 1 3 ) . , . . . . . .
9 'You 're late. You weren't the train til at was dera i le d , were you?' ' No. lone/after/the/mine/justlwas].

narr ow alley way and toI (I us

ction of a
'f·ount
:... .,
. am.. I-Ie pointed us in the dire
un I l' keI y, b ut we
. seem e d
1 0 D i d n 't you recognise her? S h e was sitting lalm ostlbeard/ma n/opposite/the/the/with ] .
· · · the little road
we'd f' . m d the b est h 0te I ( 1 5 ) · · · · ·
It
( 1 6) . . . . . . . the ot Iler e nd of t h e alleyw . ay,
. . . -followed . his advice and sure enough, .
.

2 '_ . s, was a sign sayin g 'hot el'. Just

(17) ...... .. two pIcturesque 0 Id h ouse
29.2
e
r side of the street, was a hous
(18) the hoteI , ( 1. 9) .... .... the othe . ht
I imm edia tely hope d that we mig
U nderline the best alternative in italics.
the most colourful flowers, and
o e '''d'i� .... .... . the hote l
our bedroom window. (20)
. · f;b· �
1 Our son, J a m es C h ristopher. was born in/on the morning of 2 n d March.
e�a � e to see the house from abou t
. . . . . . 0n. e corne r, we asked
2 Don 't forget that your final assignment must be handed to your tutor - Ion next Monday.
. a b ar ( 2 .
1 ) . . .
.' e . n a cool dark room wIth
best
3 The soldiers d i d n ' t arrive at the village on/in time - the rebels had already burned the remaining
n we reali sed that even the
h o uses.
: �:�: OUf satisfact ion was complete whe
. . . . . . . . $50 .
. room in the hote l was (22)
4 Don't be late for the Philharmonia concert - you know they always start dead on/in time.

ded to take it and wen t dow

n to t e lounge, �
We look ed at the room , deci
5 There has been no sign of tile b i rds until/since nightfall.
6 David M amet's latest play will be showing on Broadway October up to/through December.
where we stopped for a delic
ious cappuccino. Soon dusk
w�s fal ng, so we �
hIm we d be back
7 Payment of your electricity bill is now four weeks overd ue. I f we d o not receive payment on/by 31 st
· · · · .... the receptionist and told
han ded the roo m key ( 2 3 )
. . . the narrow streets,
J uly. we shall refer t h e matter to the court.
nutes . .As we walked ( 24 ) . . . . . .
with our Iuggage ill 'te n. ml.' .
8 As he opened the shop at 7 . 30 i n the morning, M r Charles was attacked by/with a baseball bat.
long we ' d stay 111 . the
l Id'd o the next day and how
.

.
we dlSCllssed wh at we WOl
9 The definitive photograph of/by Marilyn M o n roe is the one where she i s sta nding over a n a ir vent.
to
. (25) ..... . . . the car p ark
littl e town. 1magm ' horror when we arnved
' e 0 ur
1 0 Alexander Graham Bell worked asllike a teacher for much of his life. •
,

age had b een sto I en '.

our car and all of our lugg
1 1 I t was i mpossible to find anything of i m portance between/among the dead m a n 's papers.
1 2 It is the duty of govern ments today to take seriously the th reat of global warming. in spite oflfor the find it completely empty -
sake of future generations.
1 3 Except/Apart for a few less experienced individ uals. all of the recent applicants were taken on.
1 4 This p u b lication is made oflfrom paper from sustainable forests.
1 5 Letters of appl ication for this post should be completed in/with handwriting.

86 287
 I n most of the lines of the following text, there is one word or phrase missing. For each line 1 - 1 4 : Prepositions are missing from the following three stories. Use the prepositions i n the box above
i ndicate where the word should be (use l ) and write the missing word in the spaces on the right.
' . each story to fill the gaps.
Some lines are correct. Indicate these lines with a tick (v). The exercise begins with two
examples (0 and 00). acc o rding to across betwe e n by fro m in on to

A BAD EXPLORER
o One of the changes i n entertai n ment i n recent years has been the arrival of v
00 alternative comedy. In this type of comedy, performers work with l is considered �;;¢ A man ( I ) . . . . . . . . Kentucky, USA, had u dream thaI would take him away from the rolling
hills of his home state. The dream: to row (2) . . . . . . . . the icy Bering Strait (3) . . . . . . . . Alaskil and
1 to be taboo or controversial. It's a very strong kind of h u mour. the main aim

3 Russia. (4) . . . . . . . a bathtub! Unfortunately. the dream was n ot c om plet.ely fulfilled. ( 5 ) . . .

2 which is the desire to shock people out their comfortable complacent lives and
make them think about is i m portant i n life today. Some of the most common
subject areas tllat alternative comedians work are politics, sex and re l ig i on .
fourth day. it had gone solid. (7) . . . . . . . . late afternoon. al th o ugh the sun was sti ll high. the sea
4 the ex pl ore r, ' I took four gallons of peanut butter along, but (6) . . . . . . . . the morn ing of the

wellt rather thick. Next morning I was frozen in.' No proble m . He abandoned the bathwb
because of the that it questions and threatens the establish ment, p ublic TV
5 Alternative comedy takes place mainly in a dult clubs and comedy venues;

and walked (8) ..... l a nd .

7
6
channels have been reluctant to give it much air time, except try to boost ratings

comedy has appeared 011 plime time TV, viewers with chi ldren have complained
8 occasionally a mong certain aud ience sectors. I n fact, wllenever alternative
9 at behind in instead of i nt o like u n de r wi th
10 about being somehow corrupted by the nature of the humour. Of course, this

12
1 1 kind o f comedy is not intended for children at all, nor is i t really the older,
Some stupid thieves
(9) . . . . . . . . the town of Yang. Norway, a group o f professional thieves were carrying out a
established families with ch ildren that it is aimed. Fortunately for alternative

carefully planned robbery. Everything was going ( J 0) . . . . . .. . clockwork. They broke into
13 comed ians, the section of society it is intended - younger people who themselves
a
company ( J I ) . . . . . . . . night, located rhe safe and scr up some explosives thar would blow rhe
14 question the values and priorities of society - continue to support it.

10
ran ( I 2) . .. .. . . . the next 100m, crouched ( 1 3) . . . . . . . . the wall and waited for the explo s i o n .
door of rhe safe ofl allowing them get ro the money inside. After setting the fuse, rhey

building collapsed. trapping the robbers, still crouching in the next office , ( 1 4) . . . . . . . . the
It came a few seconds later. The safe door was blown off. So was the roof In fact, rhe entire
Underline the correct word or phrase i n italics. In some cases, both may be correct.
rubble of the destroyed build i n g. There had been just one problem they had not foreseen:
( J 5) . . . . . . .. money, rhe safe had been filled ( 1 6) . . . . . . . . dynamite.
N o, you ' re not looking at a scene ( 1 J from/out of a James
Bond movie I Tile futuristic buildings i n this photo really
exist. They are part of the Eden Project - one of the
most spectacular (2) in/of the Millennium projects. a bout aga i nst a long at betwee n d uring in in i n to
The Eden Project is located (3J at/in Cornwa l l , of off on on on on with
England, in a former c l a y p i t (4) above/over 50 metres
deep. It consists of two enormous domes, a large open
area and a visitor centre. The Eden Project functions
Self-help crime prevention
(5J asllike a 'storeroom' for a h uge n u m ber of plants A Western businessman living (1 7) ........ Japan had been warned (18) ........ pickpockets in
from (6J across/all over the world. The two collections of the Tokyo subways. These notorious thieves operated (19) . . . . . . . . the crowded rush hour.
They had a habit (20) . . . . . . . . grabbing wallets just as the subway doors were closing, leaving
domes house plants and trees (7J fromltor the tropical
the victim helpless (2 1 ) ........ the train while they disappeared with the loot.
and temperate regions (8J oflin the world, while the open
One morning the businessman was (22) ........ his usual subway stop when the train pulled
area accommodates more local species.
in. He got on, and sure enough, just as the train doors were about to close, he felt a man
The Eden Project is much mo re (9) as/than a
rub (23) ........ him. In a panic, the businessman reached for his wallet. It was gone! He
storeroom , however. It is a centre ( 1 OJ for/on education,
looked up as the doors began to close and saw that a man had just got (24) . . . . . . . . the train.
art and science, showing u s ways i n ( 1 1 J which/that plants are vital to the world's existence, and
The man was looking at him triumphantly.
promoting understanding of the delicate balance ( 1 2J between /among using and co n servi ng plant life.
Thinking fast, the businessman pushed his hands (25) ........ the closing doors and
As well as ( 1 3) offer/offering a visitor attraction ( 1 4) toffor people of all ages, the Eden Project provides
grabbed the thief's jacket. The doors closed, with the thief still (26) ........ the platform but
a focus both for scientific research and for education , ( 1 5) including/inside exciting experiences for
(27) ........ the lapels of his jacket trapped (28) . . . . . . . . the tight grip of the businessman. As the
c h ildren , such as walking ( 1 6) t/Jrough/in a rainforest ( 1 7 J outside/ without leavi ng Engla nd . train began to pull away, the expression (29) ......... the thief's face changed. He began
I n the year 2000, the Eden Project was in the final stages ( 1 8J at/of construction. ( 1 9J Contrary screaming as he ran (30) ........ the platform with the train. Finally. he held onto a post and
to/Unlike IllOSt projects of this scale. the Eden Project opened its doors to visitors (20J for/during that his lapels tore away from his jacket. As the train moved (31 ) . . . . . . . . the tunnel. the
building stage. ( 2 1 J For/Since several months visitors were able to experience the challenges that l i e bUSinessman was satisfied that at least he had frightened the thief.

(24) Fromfln spring 200 1 this living tlleatre opened fu lly to the public and for ( 2 5J underfbelow £ 1 0.
( 2 2 J under/behind the buil d ing of such a project and get a taste of ( 2 3 J what/which was to come.
eve r yo ne can now experience the diversity of the world's plants.
288
When he reached his office, he called his wife to get his credit card numbers so he could
cancel them. 'But honey ,' she said, 'I've been waiting to call you. You left your wallet
(32) . . . . . . . . the dressing table when you went to work today.'
289