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<十二使徒遗训>

未分卷 十二使徒遗训

《十二使徒遗训》

(本文转载自《基督教历代名着集成─基督教早期文献集》)

主藉十二使徒向外邦人的训话

第一章

世人有两条道路可走:一是生命之路,一是死亡之路;二者大不相同。生命之路是:「第一,你要爱那创造
你的上帝,第二,爱人如己(太廿二 37 一 39;可十二 30,31;利十九 18);凡你不愿人怎样待你的,你也不
要这样待人」(太七 12;路六 31)。上面这些话的遗训是如下述:「要为那咒诅你们的祝福,为你们的仇敌祷告,
为逼迫你们的禁食。你们若单爱那爱你们的人,有什么赏赐呢?就是外邦人不也是这样行吗?(太五
44,46,47;路六 32,33)但是,就你们来说,「要爱那恨恶你们的,这样,你们就没有仇敌了。」「要禁戒
肉体的私欲。」(彼前二 11;多二 12)「有人打你的右睑,连左脸也转过来由他打,」(太五 39)这样,你们
将成为完全了。(太五 39)「有人强逼你走一里路,你就同他走二里;有人要拿你的外衣,连内衣也由他拿去。
有人夺你的东西去,不用再要回来(路六 30),甚至可能的也不要它。有求你的就给他,不要拒绝,因为天父的
旨意是要我们从所得的当中分给众人。那顺从命令而施舍的人有福了;因为他是无罪的。那接受的人有祸了,因
为接受私人的施舍,若是真有缺乏而接受,他就没有罪,但若没有缺乏而接受,他必受严厉的究问,为什么取它,
他要坐监而被查究有何缺乏,而「若有一文钱没有还清,他断不能从那里出来。(太五 26)但在另一方面,论到
这种事,曾有古训说:「你绸济人的财物,当在你手里发过汗,直到你知道应该给谁。』

第二章

遗训的第二条诫命如下:「不可杀人,不可奸淫」(太十九 18),不可亲男色,不可宿娼,不可偷盗,不可
行邪术,不可用迷蒙药,不可打胎,不可杀害婴孩,「不可贪图邻舍的财物」(出廿 17),「不可背誓,」(太
五 33);「不可作假见证」(太十 18);不可口说恶言,不可心存狠毒。不可犹豫不定,不可口是心非,因为口
是心非便是死亡的网。勿谎言或虚假,总要用行为来证明。不可贪婪或强夺,不可假冒为善或怨恨或骄傲。不可
用奸计陷害邻舍。不可对人怀恨,但对待人有应当责备的,有应当为之祷告的,有应当爱之胜过爱你自己性命的。

第三章

我的孩子哪,你要躲避所有恶人及一切相类的人。不可暴躁,因为暴躁是杀人的引线,也不可嫉妒,不可纷
争,不可生气,因为这些都足以酿戍凶杀。我的孩子哪,不可放纵情欲,因为情欲是淫乱之媒。不可出言轻薄,
不可眼角传情,因为奸淫的事都是由此而生的。我的孩子哪,不可听星相的话,因为这将引你去拜偶像,你也不
可行魔法,不可观天象,不可作一巫术家,这等事不要乐意去看,因为它们都会引致拜偶像。我的孩子哪,不可
说谎,因为说谎是偷盗的开端,不可贪财或蹈虚荣,因为偷盗的行为都是由此而起。我的孩子哪,不可发怨言,
因为它引致亵渎,不可固执,不可生恶念,因为这些事也都使亵渎产生。你要温柔,因为温柔必承受地土(太五
5)。你要恒忍,要怜恤人,没有诡诈。要沉静,善良,当因着所听见这些话而畏惧。你不可自大自高,勿浮夸成
性。不可任你的性情趋于高傲,却应与义人及谦卑的人相来往。凡你所遇见的,都当以为美事,要知道,万事都
靠赖上帝而发生。

第四章
我的孩子哪,你要早晚记住那向你讲说上帝道理的人,你要尊敬他如同尊敬主,因为凡在讲论主治的地方,
主就临在。你要每日寻求众圣徒之所在,这样你可在他们的话襄得安宁。你不要分党派,却要劝戒纷争的彼此和
睦。你要按公义判断;不可凭着外貌定人的罪(申一 16;箴三 9;约七 24)。你不可三心两意,犹豫不定。不可
伸着手领受,却缩着手施舍。将你手里所得的给人一份,好赎你的罪。你不可迟疑于施舍,于施舍时也不可发怨
言,因为知道好的酬劳者是谁。你不要拒绝贫穷的人,凡物都要与弟兄相共,不可说这是你自己的,你若能在不
朽坏的当中有分,何况在那能朽坏的当中呢?你不要从你的儿女离开手,要从小教导他们敬畏上帝。你不可以发
怒去吩咐仆婢,因为你的仆婢也是仰望这同一的上帝,这样,免得他们不敬畏那在你们双方上头的上帝了;上帝
召人不是凭着外貌,却是那些为圣灵所预备了的人。你们做仆婢的,应顺服你们的主人,视之为上帝的代表,要
予以恭敬和畏惧。你要恨恶一切虚伪,和一切为主所不喜悦的事。不可背弃主的诫命,却要持守你所领受的,
「不可加添,也不可减少。」(申四 2;十二 32)要在会众面前承认你的罪,如觉良心有愧时,切不可上前去作
祷告,这是生命的道路。

第五章

反之,死亡的道路是如下述:第一,它是作恶,充满咒诅,凶杀,奸淫,放纵情欲,徇私,偷盗,拜偶像,
行邪术,施蒙药,抢劫,作假见证,假冒为善,三心两意,诡诈,骄傲,邪恶,顽固,贪婪,怨语,妒忌,胆大
妄为,傲慢,夸张,迫害善人,恨恶真理,好说谎话,不知公义的赏赐,不与良善相合,不符公平的判断,夜里
不睡觉,不是为要行善,乃是想去作恶,远离温柔与忍耐,好虚荣,图报复,不怜恤穷人,不扶持那些因劳苦受
压迫的人,不认识那创造他们的主,杀戮婴孩,毁灭上帝的造像(译者按:即指人类),弃绝穷乏的人,虐待受
苦的人,为富足的人作辩护,对穷人作不公正的审判,全面犯罪。我的孩子们哪,惟愿你们能从以上所说的一切
罪恶得蒙拯救。

第六章

当留意「免得有入迷惑你们」(太廿四 4)使你背弃这教训的道路,因为他的教训是缺乏了上帝。你若能负
起主的全轭,你将成为完全,即或不然,也当尽力去行。至于食物,要按着你的能力担任,但切不可吃那祭偶像
的东西,因为这是崇拜死神。

第七章

论到洗礼,当这样做:先将以上所说的一切事学习过了,然后到流动的水里「奉圣父圣子圣灵的名施行洗
礼」(太廿八 19);但如没有流动的水,也可以用别的水施洗,若是不能用冷水,热水也可以。若是凉水和温水
都没有,就可以三次用水注在头上,奉圣父圣子圣灵的名去做。而在洗礼之前,施洗者与受洗者都当禁食,有别
人能同行此,亦好。你要嘱咐受洗的人,在受洗前一两天禁食。

第八章

你们禁食的日期,不可定在与那假冒为善的人一起,他们常在礼拜一和礼拜四禁食,你们禁食要定在礼拜三
和礼拜五。你们祷告不要像那假冒为善的人(太六 5),却要依从主福音中所吩咐的这样祷告:「我们在天上的父,
愿人都尊你的名为圣,愿你的国降临,愿你的旨意行在地上如同行在天上。我们日用的饮食今日赐给我们,免我
们的债,如同我们免了人的债,不叫我们遇见试探,救我们脱离凶恶者。因为国度权柄荣耀都是你的,世世无
穷。」(太六 9-13)应当一天三次这样祷告。

第九章

关于圣餐(或作「献感谢祭」),当这样地祝谢:先拿起杯来说:「我们的父,我们感谢你,为了你仆人戴
维的圣葡萄树之故,它是你借着你仆人耶稣向我们表明了的;愿荣耀归于你,直到永远。」再对着所擘的饼说:
「我们的父,我们感谢你,为了生命和智慧之故,它是你借着你仆人耶稣向我们表明了的;愿荣耀归于你,直到
永远。这所擘的饼,当初是麦子,曾散满在山岗,而后团合成为一个,同样,但愿你的教会也从地极聚合起来,
进入你的国,因为荣耀权柄靠着耶稣基督归于你,直到永远。」除了奉主的名受过洗的之外,无论什么人不许领
受圣餐。因为关于这事,主曾说过:「不要把圣物给狗。』(太七 6)

第十章

你们吃饱之后,应这样地感谢,说:「圣父啊,我们感谢你,因为你赐你的圣名住在我们心里,并且因为你
将知识,信心与永生,借着你仆人耶稣向我们表明;愿荣耀归于你,直到永远。全能的上帝啊,称你为了你圣名
之故,创造了万有,将饮食赐给世人,使他们享受,而感谢你,但对于我们,你借着你的仆人使我们得了属灵的
饮食和永恒的光。我们特别感谢你,因为你是有能力的。愿荣耀归于你,直到永远。主啊,求你记念你的教会,
救它脱离所有凶恶,用你的爱使它完全,使它合而成圣,从四方的风引它到你的国里,就是你为它所预备了的国
(太廿四 31)。因为权柄荣耀都属于你,直到永远。但愿恩典降下,并愿这个世界过去。戴维的上帝和散那(太
廿一 9,15),凡圣洁的,可以来!不洁净的,要悔改。「主必要来!阿们!」(林前十六 22),你们应让众先
知照他们的意思施圣餐。

第十一章

凡本着以上所说的事来教你们的,你们要接待他。但若有教师自己叛离真道,用别的教义来教你们,破坏以
上的事,你们不可听他。如果他的教言能使你们增加公义,更明白主,你们更接待他如接待主一样。关于使徒和
先知,你们应按福音上的规例而行。凡有使徒到你们那里去,接待他如接待主,但他只得在你们处住一天,如必
要时,住两天也可;然若住三天,他便是假先知了。使徒出门的时候,不可受人的礼物,只可领取饼食,够他所
要到的当晚宿地便是;若他索取银钱,便是一个假先知了。凡藉灵的话作先知的,你们不可试验或查问他,「一
切的罪都得赦免,惟有这个罪不得赦免。」(太十二 31)不过,未必所有藉灵说话的都是先知,惟有遵主行为的
才是先知。所以看他的行为就可以分辨是真或假的先知。凡先知借着灵吩咐摆设筵席,他自己必不吃它,否则他
便是假先知。凡先知教训真理,若他不照所教而行,便是假先知。凡受过考验的真先知,将一个属世的奥妙表白
在教会中(或例如何一 2 以下),他若不教训人,依从他的行为去行,你们就不可审问他;因为他要在上帝面前
受审刊,在古时的先知也是如此。凡借着灵说:「给我金钱或别的东西,你们不要听他;但若他叫你们施舍别人,
就不应审问他。」

第十二章

凡奉主名而来的人(太廿一 9),你们要接待;当你们考验了他之后,你们必将知道他,因为你们必有分辨
真假的知力。若是来的人是个旅客,你们当尽量帮助他,但他只应停留你们处不多过两天,或者于必要时,三天
也可。倘若他想长住在你们当中,而有一技之长,他应自食其力。他若不会手艺,你们就按照你们的了解,为他
准备,不要任一人为了他是一个基督徒之故而闲住在你们中间。但若他不愿意这样做,他是在售卖基督了;你们
要防备这等人。

第十三章

凡真先知而愿同你们住的,他的饮食是值得你们供给的(太十 10。路十 7;林前九 13,14;提前五


17,18)。真教师,像工人一样,赚得饭食是应当的。所以无论是酿酒,田场,或牛羊等产物,你们应取出初熟
之物供给先知,因为他们是你们的祭司长。要是你们没有先知,就当舍给穷人。你们若制饼,当遵从规则,将第
一个舍给人。同样,你们若开一?酒或一?油,当将第一杯奉给先知。银钱,衣物,以及一切产业,将第一份像初
热果子一样依照规定行施舍。

弟十四章
在主日,你们当聚集擘饼祝谢,承认你们的罪,而后你们的祭物方得洁净。凡向同伴争吵的,当禁止他们与
大家集会,直到他们重新和好为止(参太五 23,24)。这样你们的祭物就不致污染。因为这是主所吩咐过的,祂
说:「无论何时何地,要用洁净的祭物到我面前来,因为我是大君王,在外邦人中,我名是奇妙的。」(玛一
11,14)

第十五章

所以你们当为自己推举配作主门徒的人为主教与执事,即温柔的,不贪财的,诚实可靠,而被试验过无误的。
因为他们是事奉你们,如同先知和教师所担任的一样。所以不可轻视他们,因为他们连同先知和教师都是你们当
中有荣誉的人。你们要互相责备,但不可动怒,要和平,如你们在福音书中所见的一样(太五 22-26;十八 15
-35),凡不好好待其邻舍的,就不要和他讲话,并且不可让他听你们讲话,直到他悔改为止。你们的祷告和赒
济,以及一切行为,都要遵从我们主的福音书去做。

第十六章

你们要为自己的生命儆醒(太廿四 42),不叫你们的灯熄灭,你们的腰里要束上带,不可放松,因为你们不
知道我们的主什么时候来(路十二 35,太廿四 44)。当时常聚会,追求那于你们灵魂有益的事,因为无论你们相
信的时问多么长久,若是末日到了的时候,你们还没有成为完全人,那么你们的信仰也于你们毫无益处。因为到
末后的时期,假先知与腐化人必将增多,羊将变为豺狼,爱将变成恨恶;不法之事也要加增,人将彼此相仇,逼
迫和出卖,世上必将出现冒充为上帝的儿子来欺哄世界,要行奇事异迹,全地要交在他手里(大廿四 24;帖后二
9),他要犯那有世以来从不曾有的罪恶。那时,受造的人类必将进入试炼的火,要有许多的人跌倒灭亡(太廿四
10),但凡有忍耐,有信心的人必将甚至从咒诅本身得救(太十 22;廿四 13)。而后真理的异象必要显明。先
有兆头展开在天上,而后号筒吹响的记号,再后就死人复活(太廿四 30,31);但并不是一切的死人都复活,却
是如经上所说:「主必降临,所有他的圣徒也与祂同来。」(帖前四 16;亚十四 5)然后世上的人必将看见主驾
着天上的云降临(太廿四 30;廿六 64)。

未分卷 十二宗徒训诲录

十二宗徒训诲录——

这是一篇属于第一世纪晚期或二世纪初的作品,作者不详,内容主要包括一些基督徒行为准则,以及教会传
统方面的训诲。当时只有一小部分教会领导阶层曾经考虑将其列为“正经”。

第一章生活之路:忠怒之道

(1)人生知道有两条,生路一条,死路一条。两条之间分别之大。(2)生活之路就是下面这一条;[首先
应敬爱造生你的天主;其次应爱邻者,爱人如己。不拘在什么事上,己所不欲,勿施于人。]

福音的精神,经济互助

(3)这些训辞的意思是说:[人家咒你灾殃,你应祝福他吉祥;人家仇恨你为他祈祷;人家迫害你,你为他
守斋。以德报德,(人之常情),教外人都能做到,那算是你们的什么功德?但是你们以德报怨,恩爱仇人你们
就没有仇人了。(4)凡是形色物欲,血气肉情,都应严加戒防。有人打你右脸,你将左脸也给他打,这样可以修
成至德。人如强迫你伴行千里路,你就伴他行两千;人如掠夺你的外氅,你连你的内衣也脱给他。东西被人夺取,
不必要人归还,即便要也要不回来!(5)有人如求你施给,你就施给他不必要他偿还,因为天主圣父的旨意是给
一总人分施他的恩宠。遵守天主的规戒施给,无罪无咎,乃是真福的人。受施给人没有真福。他如只得所需,还
算无罪无咎。否则不需而得,为何而得,有何目的,将来都要交代清楚。甚且所作和事,都要受人鞫迅,然后锁
链加身,带下监狱,非至分文偿清,不得获释。(6)常有名言说:[手有恩物施人,需待手暖汗流,未识领受者
谁,切莫轻易放手!]
第二章戒防诸罪,互相规劝

(1)第二条诫命如下:(2)勿杀人。勿淫污以婚者。勿淫污幼童。勿淫污未婚者。勿偷盗。勿行妖法魔术。
勿卖鬼物治病。勿堕胎。勿杀婴。(3)勿贪他人财物。勿发虚誓。勿妄证。勿以语言害人,勿记仇怀恨。(4)
勿怀二心。勿两面二舌。勿二心二舌。因为那是自陷死亡的罗网。(5)勿谎言。勿空言。但应言行一致,功德饱
满。(6)勿爱财。勿贪霸。勿假善欺人。勿傲世凌人。勿性情险并未人祈恶。勿心存歹意谋害人。(7)勿恨任
何人,但要规劝人,怜悯祷人,甚至为爱人牺牲自己的性命。

第三章戒防恶念,破处迷信

(1)吾子!一切邪恶及近似邪恶之事你应概远避。(2)勿愤怒,愤怒引人相杀。勿嫉妒、勿争吵,勿急躁
勿急躁,这些都是人间互相残杀的原因。(3)勿生淫心,淫心是淫行之源。勿道淫秽之言,勿寻视淫秽之色:淫
言淫视乃是邪淫之母。(4)勿占卜飞鸟,勿行妖法魔术,勿占卜星象气数,勿行和迷信。(5)勿说谎话,撒谎
引人偷盗。勿贪爱钱财,勿贪爱虚荣,这些贪心都是盗窃之母。洗灵礼:凡是这些事,不但不去作,而且不观看,
也不去旁听,因为这些是引人陷入从拜偶像之母。(6)勿出怨言怨言引人辱骂天主。勿傲慢,勿险恶,因为这都
引人辱骂天主。

谦和谨慎,敬主常乐。

(7)品性要温和,温和的人领受土地的继承权。(8)心胸要宽宏大量,慈善则隐,忠信正直,和平安祥,
善良厚道,谨小慎微,敬听人言。(9)勿骄傲自大,慢暴之气勿人心中,勿交结骄傲人,但和正直谦逊的人交往。
(10)须知没有天主圣意,人和事也不能发生,为此凡有一切遭遇,都要视如福祥。

第四章精神与的生活:合作互助

吾子!你要怀念给你讲述天主圣言的人,日夜不要忘记他,敬重他就是恭敬天主。传达主言者的心胸,是天
主居住地所在。(2)每天找寻良善的人,观赏他们的风采,聆听他们的言谈,为增进生活的乐趣。(3)勿制造
团体的分裂,但要调解纷争,促进和平,评判事理要公平正直。劝善戒恶,勿看顾私情。(4)未来的事情可有可
无,勿为此疑惧或惊扰。(5)勿轻易伸手受人施舍,施物于人勿手紧。(6)手工劳动如有所得,施人可赎己罪。
(7)施物于人,勿迟疑、勿愁苦,因为你知道谁是赏报的主宰。(8)勿躲避贫苦者。教友要通财互助,勿分彼
此。天国不是朽之福即宜同享,斯世易朽之物,何必相分?岂不更宜同享?公教家庭:教育子女,礼待劳工(9)
教养子女,切莫离手。趁他们的儿童时期,教导他们敬畏天主。(10)你家中的男女劳工也知信望天主,你要和
他们一同事奉天主,待他们不要苛刻,免得你们因而失掉敬畏天主的心。天主将来就人,大公无私,不看人身分
的尊卑,但召选圣神培育的人。(11)同时你们作劳工的,要本着主管者的意思服务,敬畏主管者,因为主管者
是天主的肖像。(12)假善欺人的行为及一切天主不喜悦的事情,都要从心弃绝。(13)凡是主之劝诫都应逐条
遵守,一条不可放弃。信守师傅,勿加勿减。(14)教友聚会时,即应前往参加,并自讼自承,明告所犯诸罪。
自觉良心有过,不可同时进献祷词。以上是生活之路。

第五章死亡之路:罪恶

(1)下面是死亡之路:这条路恶劣至极,充满了可咒骂的事情。杀人伤人,淫污已婚或未婚者,贪吝,盗
窃,迷信偶像,从事巫祝巫婆等等妖法魔术,非类恶霸,撒谎,妄证,倾害无辜,假善欺人,两面二心,奸诈,
骄傲,险恶,贪财,语言淫秽,嫉妒善良,轻浮放纵,傲世凌人,自夸自大。(2)走这死路的人迫害善良,妒恨
真理,嗜爱诳谝,不赏识义德的赏报,不专务善良的事,断事不公平,彻夜不寝,不思好事但想作恶。不忍让,
不温良,爱好虚伪狂妄,为利是图。预见贫苦者,不肯矜怜恻隐;遇着遭难者,不愿意分劳分忧,不承认造生他
们的天主残杀新生的婴儿,败坏天主朔造的成品。拒绝贫穷者,迫害遭难者,谄媚富足者。判断事理不公平,陷
害贫弱者,万罪万恶无所不作。凡上面所述一切,均宜深戒而远避之。
第六章真道,宗徒们的传授

(1)务必留神防范,勿受欺骗而失离宗徒们传授的真道;不顺从宗徒们的真道,便是远离天主的正路。
(2)你如有能力全部担负吾主的重任,便可成一位圣德齐全的人,如无力全部担负,就应尽力而为,(勿稍退
怯)。(3)关于食品,也应尽力遵守主诫。或绝祭肉,祭祀偶像,乃是敬拜无生命的邪神。

第七章圣洗

(1)为行领洗圣事,应遵行的礼节如下:诸端教理讲授以后,取活水因父及子及圣神的名字给人授洗。
(2)没有活水,就用别的水,没有凉水就用热水。(3)凉热水多没有,(就用别的水),因父及子及圣神的名
字,三次倾流在领洗人的头上。(4)举行领洗圣事以前,领洗者和授洗者要一同守斋。别的参加洗礼的人要尽力
守斋,但领洗者本人守斋一天或二天,然后才得领洗。

第八章守斋,祈祷,天主经

(1)假善人每瞻礼二和瞻礼七守斋,你们应在瞻礼四及守备日守斋,不和假善人在相同的日期守斋。(2)
你们祈祷,不要模仿假善人,但只应遵照福音中吾主的遗训祈祷如下:天主经在天我等父者,我等愿尔名显圣,
尔国临格,尔旨承行于地,如与天焉。我等望尔、今日与我、我日用粮,尔免我债,如我亦免负我债者,又不我
许陷于诱感乃就我与凶恶。权能光荣归于尔,至与万世。(3)念这段祈祷,每天三次。

第九章谢恩礼:即圣体圣事

(1)举行谢恩礼应遵守礼节如下:(2)先奉献圣爵念下面这篇经:[我等之大父,尔曾以达味圣裔而仆耶
稣,显示以我等,我等为此感谢而,光荣归于而,至于万世!合一的祷词(3)然后分开面饼,举起奉献,念下面
这段经:[我等之大父,尔曾藉尔仆耶稣,以生命与知识,显示于我等。我等为此感谢而,光荣归于尔,至于万世。
(4)又如我等分而共食之面饼,原是许多麦粒,散生诸山之上;然后收聚一起,和成一饼;照此,我等祈祷求尔,
赐给地上之教会,起于万方,连合一致,结成一体,组成而国。因耶稣基利斯督,光荣全能归于尔,至于万世!
(5)非因主名已领洗礼者,不得参加你们的谢恩礼,即不许他分食圣体或分饮圣血。吾主曾说;[勿投圣物于猪
犬。]

第十章谢恩礼后:合一的祷词

(1)饱餐圣筵毕后,行礼感恩念经如下:(2)[圣父!而使尔之圣名驻扎于我心中;而又藉尔仆耶酥,以
知识,信德,于生长,显示于我等;为此我等感谢尔,至于万世。](3)[全能主宰,而为显扬尔名,造生万有,
赐人饮食之筵享,赏人行礼感谢尔,又藉尔仆耶稣,赐我等神灵之饮食与常生。(4)尔乃大能者,我等感谢而,
敬尔在万有之上。光荣归于尔,至于万世。](5)主,祈尔怀念而之教会,救免于诸凶恶,爱之成之,使之全善
全美,起之于四方,集之成一体,祝圣之使成尔之国,俾获尔诸倍之恩宠。全能与光荣归于尔,至于万世。]
(6)主宠降临,尘世不久存,贺三纳,达味之天主。有圣德者请上前,无圣德者速自新,主其临格,是所祝祷。
(7)先知们可以随意举行时间较长的感恩礼。你们不必限制他们。傅油礼,举行傅油礼礼,献诵谢经文如下:
[我等之大父,我等感谢尔,尔曾以而仆耶稣以傅油之圣事显示我等,光荣归于尔,至与无穷世。]

第十一章使徒,先知,与信徒的合作

(1)不拘谁,前来讲道,与上述的正道相合,你们就收留他。(2)如果讲道大师本人离了正道,将受异端,
破坏你们的安全,你们就不要听从他,他如果申张吾主的义德与知识,你们就收留他如同是收留吾主。(3)应遵
照福音的诫命待遇使徒、与先知。(4)使徒来,待之以敬,如敬吾主。(5)他可以逗留一天,或必要时两天。
两天不走,就是假先知。(6)使徒辞行,之可取纳所需的路费,为能达到前程第一站,不可多取,多取就是假先
知。(7)先知因圣神的灵感,替天主发言,你们不可试探他或考验他,也不可审断他。诸罪皆赦,此罪不赦。
(8)因圣神的灵感替天主发言者并不都是先知。但应考察他的行为是否符合上主的模范。先的真假,察其行为即
可辨认。(9)先知感于圣神提议倍餐,自己不餐,自己进餐,就是假先知。(10)讲授真理只口讲而不躬行,必
是假先知。(11)如己证实他是真先知,他同时从事于教会与尘世有关的奥迹或事物,但不教导人效法他,你们
就不必审断他,让他自己去受天主的审断,古代曾先知有过同样的作风。(12)先知感于圣神而发言,为自己讨
索钱币或物品,你们不必听信他。他如索物济贫,就不必审断他。

第十二章旅行与职业的合作

(1)旅行的人因主名而来,你们要收留他。然后,关察他的行为可以认识他的人格,考察他的左右,就可
认识他。(2)过客投宿,应尽力款待。他不可逗留两天或必要时至多三天以上。(3)他如再愿久留又有技艺,
就应操技以糊口。(4)如无一技之长,你们也应尽力照料他,但勿许基督的信徒闲懒偷生。(5)他如不接受此
项条件,乃自证是假托基督诈取私利。对此等人,应加以戒防。

第十三章先知,教师,信众,经济合作

(1)真先知,愿九留,有权利得其日需。(2)真教师及有技艺的人也有同样的权利。(3)因此,凡有牛
羊田禾酒酿之类,都应抽取最早成熟的收获,奉献给先知,因为先知乃是你们的司祭长。(4)你们如果没有先知,
就应将那些物品施给贫者。(5)你们搅面作饼,也应择取最先熟的一部分,遵照规诫施给。(6)每次打开酒桶
油灌,就提取第一部分,献给先知。(70 所有钱财衣服及其它物品,也应提取你们认为最好的一部分,依照规诫
施给。

第十四章主日的祭典

(1)每逢上主的主日,召集开会,分裂祭饼,举行感恩礼你们先要明告诸罪,免得玷污祭礼,你们的祭礼
务需是圣洁的。(2)凡与邻者争吵不睦者,须先和解。否则,不得参加祭典,玷污祭礼。(3)因为吾主亲有遗
训说:[任何地方,任何时间,都应给我举献圣洁的祭祀,我是伟大的君王,我的名字神奥,万民称颂歌杨。

第十五章选举监护与侍员

(1)举手选举监护和侍员,应当本着上主的神意选举合格的人才:忠信基督,性情温和,不贪钱财,正直
成实,身经磨练,德行着称,始可当选,他们的职责是尽先知和教师的任务给你们服务。(2)为此不可轻视他们,
他们和众先知及教师在你们当中都是有可尊敬的职务的人。

合作的规劝

(3)彼此互相规劝,互相纠正,须本和平的精神,遵照福音的训诲,不可稍怀愤怒。伤害或得罪了旁人的
人,如不先自悔悟,你们不要给他交谈,也不听他的言谈。(4)做其它任何事,都应该遵守吾主的福音。

第十六章世界末日

(1)醒悟度日,时时戒防,[灯火常然],束装紧扎,勿松懈,因不知吾主何时降来。(2)教友聚会曾宜勤,
研讨救灵事。信教事主,百年无益,除非最后一刻,德行无亏缺。(3)世界末日临到时,假先知,其民者,数目
增多,绵羊化为豺狼,友爱变成仇恨。(4)罪恶高涨,圣道沉沦,人类自相仇恨、自相残虐、自相负买。然后,
欺世者,出现世间,赫赫如天主子,作奇迹,显大能,席卷大地,入其掌握,所犯罪过,及凶及重,太古以来无
先例。(5)然后,举凡受造之人,尽受大火熬炼,失足而丧亡者,数目众多。恒心坚定,不失信德者,获得被辱
骂者的救援,保全性命。(6)其后,真理出现,迹象昭彰,第一、天门打开;第二、号筒长鸣;第三、死者复活。
(7)不是一总的人都要复活,因为先知预言说:[主降临时,列圣陪之。](8)最后,世人将见吾主从天上乘云
降来。(训诲录终)
未分卷 THE DIDACHE

THEDIDACHE——

(TheTeaching)

withcommentsby

BenH.Swett

30January1998

TheGreekworddidachemeans"teaching."TheDidacheistheshorttitleofanancientdocumentthat
containssomeveryearlyChristiandoctrines.Althoughadocumentofthatnameisreferredtobyse
veralancientwriters,itapparentlywaslost.Itwasre-
discoveredinConstantinoplein1875,inamanuscriptdated1056thatalsoincludedseveralother
documentseitherknownorreferredtoashavingbeenwrittenbeforeAD150.

TheDidacheseemstoconsistoffiveparts,hereshownaschaptersalthoughthesedivisionsarenot
inthedocument.ThefirstpartshowswhatagenuineteacherofChristianrighteousnesswillsayan
dhowheorshewillgoaboutteaching.Thesecondpartdealswiththequestionofcleananduncleanfo
ods,andoutlinesproceduresforbaptism,fasting,prayer,theEucharistandthelove-
feast.Thethirdsetspoliciesonthetreatmentofapostlesandprophetsbymembersofthecongrega
tion.Thefourthorganizesthechurch,andthefifthbrieflysummarizesteachingsconcerningthe
secondcomingofChristatendoftheage.

ThistranslationoftheDidacheisnotcopyrighted.

ChapterI——OnRighteousness

1:1Therearetwoways,oneoflifeandoneofdeath,andthedifferencebetweenthetwowaysisgreat.

"Thetwoways"isanancientteaching.InhisfarewelladdresstothechildrenofIsrael,Mosessaid
,"Ihavesetbeforeyoulifeanddeath,blessingandcurse;thereforechoselife,thatyouandyourd
escendantsmaylive."(Deuteronomy30:19)ThesametwowaysarefoundinJeremiah21:8andMatthew
7:13-14.

TheEpistleofBarnabasstatesitthisway:"Therearetwowaysofteachingandofpower,oneoflight
andoneofdarkness,andthereisagreatdifferencebetweenthesetwoways.Forontheonearestatio
nedthelight-
givingangelsofGod;ontheothertheangelsofSatan.AndtheoneisLordfromalleternityandtoall
eternity,whereastheotherisLordoftheseasonofiniquitythatnowis."(Barnabas18:1-2)

1:2Thewayoflifeisthis:first,youshalllovetheGodwhomadeyou;second,yourneighborasyours
elf,andwhateveryouwouldnothavedonetoyou,donotdotoanother.

Thesearethetwogreatcommandments(Deuteronomy6:4-
5andLeviticus19:18)accordingtoJesus(Matthew22:37-40,Mark12:29-31,Luke10:25-
28),plusthenegativeformoftheGoldenRule,"Donotdotoanotherwhatyouwouldnotwantdonetoyo
u."

ThenegativeformoftheGoldenRuleisnotintheNewTestament,althoughthethoughtisinRomans13
:10.Itisfoundintheliteratureofmanyreligionsandphilosophies:Hindu,Buddhist,Confucian
,Jewish,Greek,Roman,Islamic.Itprovidesabasisforself-
restraint;andinpractice,itcanchangeapersonfromharmfultoharmless(fromnegativetoneutr
alintermsofeffectonothers).

JesustaughtthepositiveformoftheGoldenRule:"Doforanotherwhatyouwouldwantdoneforyou"(
Matthew7:12,Luke6:31).Itprovidesabasisforpersonalinitiative;andinpractice,itcanchan
geapersonfromharmlesstohelpful(fromneutraltopositiveintermsofeffectonothers).Thus,b
ytheresultitproduces,thepositiveformoftheGoldenRuleisahigherethic,properlyseenasbui
ldinguponandgoingbeyondthenegativeformoftheGoldenRule.

1:3Andtheteachingofthesemaximsisthis:blessthosewhocurseyou,andprayforyourenemies,an
dfastonbehalfofthosewhopersecuteyou;forwhatthanksisthere,ifyoulovethemthatloveyou?
DonotevenGentilesdothesame?Butlovethosewhohateyou,andyouwillnothaveanenemy.

Matthew5:43-47,Luke6:27-35,Romans12:14

1:4Abstainfromfleshlyandbodilylusts.Ifanyonegivesyouablowonyourrightcheek,turntohim
theotheralso,andyouwillbeperfect[full-grown,fully-
mature].Ifanyonecompelsyoutogoamile,gowithhimtwo;ifanyonetakesyourcloak,givehimyour
coatalso;ifanyonetakesfromyouwhatisyours,donotaskforitbacknortrytouseforce.

"Abstainfromfleshlyandbodilylusts"isaverytersesummaryofnumerousteachingsthroughoutt
heNewTestament.(e.g.,Matthew5:27-30,Ephesians4:22,IThessalonians4:3-5,IJohn2:16-
17)."Turntheothercheek,gothesecondmile,andgiveyourcoatalso"areinMatthew5:39-
41andLuke6:29.

1:5Givetoeveryonewhoasksofyou,anddonotdemanditback;fortheFatherwantssomethingfromhi
sownfreegiftstobegiventoall.Blessedishewhogivesaccordingtothecommandment,forheisgui
ltless;butwoetohimwhoreceives;forifonewhoreceivesisactuallyinneed,heisguiltless;but
whoeverreceiveswhennotinneedwillhavetoexplainwhyhereceivedandforwhatpurpose;inpriso
nhewillbeinterrogatedconcerningthethingshehasdone,andhewillnotdepartfromthereuntilh
ehaspaidthelastpenny.

"Givetoeveryonewhoasksofyou"isinMatthew5:42andLuke6:30.PaulquotedJesusassaying,"Iti
smoreblessedtogivethanreceive."(Acts20:35)"Untilyouhavepaidthelastpenny"isinMatthew
5:26butnotinthiscontext.

1:6Yes,trulyithasbeensaidaboutthis:"Letyouralmssweatinyourhandsuntilyouknowtowhomto
give."

AsfarasIcantell,thissayingisnotanywhereintheBible.

2:1Andtheteachingofthesecondcommandmentisthis:2Youshallnotmurder.Youshallnotcommita
dultery;youshallnotseduceboys;youshallnotfornicate.Youshallnotsteal.Youshallnotbeaf
ortune-
teller;youshallnotpracticesorcery.Youshallnotkillachildbyabortionnorslayitwhenborn.
Youshallnotcovetanythingthatbelongstoyourneighbor.3Youshallnotcommitperjury;youshal
lnotgivefalsetestimony;youshallnotspeakevil;youshallnotbearmalice;4youshallnotbedou
ble-mindedordouble-tongued,foradouble-
tongueisasnareofdeath.5Yourwordshallnotbefalseorempty,butconfirmedbydeeds.6Youshall
notbegreedyorrapaciousorhypocriticalormaliciousorarrogant.Youshallnottakeupanevilpl
otagainstyourneighbor.7Youshallnothateanyone,butsomeyoushallrebuke,andsomeyoushallp
rayfor,andsomeyoushalllovemorethanyourownsoul.

Thisteacherstartsmoststatementsofmoralinstructionwith"Youshallnot"Almosteverythough
tinthisparagraphisinBarnabas19,sometimesverbatim,althoughnotinthissequence.

3:1Mychild,fleefromeverythingthatisevilandeverythingthatislikeit.2Donotbewrathful,f
orwrathleadstomurder,norjealousnorcontentiousnorquarrelsome,forfromallthesemurderen
sues.3Mychild,donotbelustful,forlustleadstofornication,norafilthy-talkernoralewd-
looker,forfromalltheseadulteriesensue.4Mychild,donotbeaninterpreterofomens,sinceitl
eadstoidolatry,noranenchanternoranastrologernoramagicalpurifier,norwishtoseethem,fo
rfromalltheseidolatryarises.5Mychild,donotbealiar,forlyingleadstotheft,noravariciou
snorconceited,forfromallthesetheftsareproduced.6Mychild,donotbeacomplainer,sinceitl
eadstoblasphemy,norself-willednorevil-
minded,forfromalltheseblasphemiesareproduced.7Bemeek,forthemeekwillinherittheearth.
8Belong-
sufferingandmercifulandguilelessandpeaceableandgood,andreverealwaysthewordsyouhaveh
eard.

Thisisadifferentteacher.Hehabituallyaddressespeopleas"Mychild"andheincludescause-
and-
effectexplanationswithhismoralinstructions."Themeekshallinherittheearth"isinPsalm37
:11andMatthew5:5.

3:9Youshallnotexaltyourself,norletyoursoulbepresumptuous.Yoursoulshallnotbejoinedwi
ththelofty,butwiththerighteousandhumbleyoushallwalk.10Youshallacceptwhatbefallsyoua
sgood,knowingthatwithoutGodnothinghappens.

Oops,thefirstteacherinterruptsthesecond.ThesethoughtsarefoundalmostverbatiminBarnab
as(19:3,19:6).

4:1Mychild,remembernightanddayhimwhospeaksthewordofGodtoyou;honorhimastheLord,forwh
erehislordshipisproclaimed,thereistheLord.2Seekoutdailythefacesofthesaints,thatyoum
ayrestintheirwords.

Thesecondteacheragain.Thisdocumentcapturesspecificstylesofteachingsothoroughlyitinv
okesthe"voice"oftheteacher.Whotaughtlikethis?
SeethefirstepistleattributedtoJohn.Althoughtheauthorshipofthatletterisindoubt,whoev
eritwascertainlysoundslikethis.

4:3Youshallnotdesireschism,butshallsetatpeacethosewhocontend.Youshalljudgerighteous
ly;youshallnotshowpartialitywhenrebukingfortransgressions.4Youshallnotvacillateabou
twhetherathingwillbeorwillnotbe.5Youshallnotbeonewhostretchesouthishandstoreceivebu
tonewhodrawsthembackwhensomeoneisgiving.

Thefirstteacher.AllthesethoughtsareinBarnabas(19:12,19:11,19:4,19:7,19:9).

4:6Ifyouhaveanythinginyourhands,givearansomforyoursins.7Youshallnothesitatetogive;n
eithershallyougrumblewhengiving,foryouknowwhoisthefairpaymasterofyourreward.8Yousha
llnotturnawayfromhimwhoisactuallyinneed,butsharewithyourbrotherinallthingsandnotsay
thingsareyourown,forifyouarepartnersinwhatisimperishable,howmuchmoresoinperishablet
hings?

Barnabas19:11,19:8

4:9Youshallnotremoveyourhandfromyoursonoryourdaughter,butfromtheiryouthteachthemthe
fearofGod.

Barnabas19:6

4:10YoushallnotcommandinyourbitternessyourslaveoryourmaidwhohopeinthesameGodasyours
elf,lesttheyceasetofeartheGodwhoisoveryouboth;forhecomesnotwithregardforreputation,
buttothosewhomtheSpirithasprepared.11Andyouslaves,subordinateyourselvestoyourmaster
sinshameandfear,astoanimageofGod.

Barnabas19:7——withthetwosentencesintheoppositeorder.

4:12Youshallhateallhypocrisy,andeverythingthatisnotpleasingtotheLord.13Youshallnota
bandonthecommandmentsoftheLord,butguardwhatyouhavereceived,neitheraddingnorsubtract
inganything.14Youshallconfessyourtransgressionsinthecongregation;andyoushallnotcome
toprayerwithanevilconscience.Thisisthewayoflife.

Barnabas19:2b,19:11b,19:12b

5:1Butthisisthewayofdeath:firstofall,itisevilandfullofcurses,murders,adulteries,lus
ts,fornications,thefts,idolatries,fortune-
tellings,sorceries,robberies;falsetestimony,hypocrisy,duplicity,deception,arrogance
,malice,stubbornness,greed,filthy-talking,jealousy,audacity,pride,boastfulness;

Barnabas20:1reads,"Butthewayoftheblackoneiscrookedandcompletelycursed.Foritisawayof
eternaldeathandpunishment,inwhichliethingsthatdestroymen-
ssouls:idolatry,audacity,exaltationofpower,hypocrisy"followedbyalistofsinsverysimil
artothoseintheDidache,butnotinthesamesequence.

5:2persecutinggoodmen,hatingtruth,lovingfalsehood,notknowingtherewardofrighteousnes
s,notadheringtowhatisgoodnortorighteousjudgment;watchingnotforthatwhichisgoodbutfor
thatwhichisevil;farfromgentlenessandpatience,lovingworthlessthings,pursuingrecompen
se,havingnomercyfortheneedy,notworkingforhimthatisdistressed,notrecognizinghimwhoma
dethem;murderersofchildren,corruptersoftheimageofGod,turningawayfromhimthatisinneed
,oppressinghimthatisdistressed,advocatesoftherich,unjustjudgesofthepoor,utterlysinf
ul.Mayyoubedelivered,mychildren,fromallthese!

Barnabas20:2hasthisparagraphalmostverbatimandinthesamesequence,butitdoesnothavethel
astsentence.Thelastsentencesoundslikeaspontaneousendorsementbythesecondteacher.

6:1Takeheedlestanyoneleadyouastrayfromthiswayofteaching,forhewhodoessoteachesyouawa
yfromGod.

ThissentencesumsupthethemeofChapterI.
6:2IfyoucancarrythewholeyokeoftheLord,youwillbeperfect[full-grown,fully-
mature];butifyoucannot,thendowhatyoucan.

"Beyethereforeperfect"isinLeviticus19:2andMatthew5:48.Therestofthissentenceisapoint
ofdeparture:thereisnosuchallowanceforcompromiseintheteachingsofJesus.Indeed,histeac
hingsarenotablyuncompromising.

6:3Concerningfood,bearwhatyoucan,butcarefullykeepawayfromfoodsacrificedtoidols,fori
tisaworship-servicetogodsfromtherealmofthedead.

TheprohibitionagainsteatingfoodsacrificedtoidolswasonepartofthedecisionoftheCouncil
ofJerusaleminAD49.Theentiredecisionwassentasalettertoallthechurches(Acts15:20-
29,21:25),sowhydoesn-ttheDidacheincludeallofit?

ChapterII——OnPiety

7:1Concerningbaptism,baptizethus:havingfirstrecitedalltheseprecepts,baptizeinthenam
eoftheFatherandoftheSonandoftheHolySpirit,inrunningwater.2Butifyouhavenorunningwate
r,baptizeinotherwater,andifyoucannotbaptizeincoldwater,thenwarmwater;3butifyouhaven
either,pourwaterontheheadthreetimesinthenameoftheFatherandoftheSonandoftheHolySpiri
t.4Beforeabaptism,lethimwhobaptizesandhimwhoisbaptizedfast,andanyotherswhomaybeable
todoso.Andcommandhimwhoisbaptizedtofastoneortwodaysbeforehand.

TheTrinityformula"InthenameoftheFatherandoftheSonandoftheHolySpirit"appearsonlyonce
intheNewTestament(Matthew28:19).Itisprobablyalaterinsert(redaction)inboththeDidache
andMatthew-
sGospel,becausetheTrinitywasnotdefineduntilAD362.Theoriginalreadingwasprobably"Inth
enameoftheLord"(seetheDidache9:5).Fastingbeforebaptismdroppedoutofourtraditionsomew
herealongtheline.

8:1Donotletyourfastingbewiththehypocrites,fortheyfastontheseconddayandthefifthdayof
theweek[MondayandThursday],butyoushallfastonthefourthdayandthedayofpreparation[Wedn
esdayandFriday].

Theword"hypocrite"occurs21timesintheNewTestament.Markusesitonce.Lukeusesitfourtimes
.Inadditiontoparallels,Matthewusesiteleventimesinpassagesthatarefoundonlyinhisgospe
l.AllthesearesayingsofJesusinwhich"hypocrite"referstothemostreligiousJewsofhisday.I
nterestinglyenough,thiswordisnotfoundinActsoranyoftheepistles.

8:2Neitherprayasthehypocrites,butastheLordcommandedinhisgospel:"OurFatherinheaven,h
allowedbeyourname.Yourkingdomcome.Yourwillbedone,asinheaven,soalsoonearth.Giveustod
ayourdailybread.Andforgiveusourdebt,aswealsoforgiveourdebtors.Andleadusnotintotempt
ation,butdeliverusfromevil,foryoursisthepowerandtheglory,forever."3Praythiswaythree
timesaday.

WhichGospelisreferredtohere?TheLord-
sPrayerisnotinMarkorJohn.ItiswordedthiswayinMatthew(6:9-13)butnotinLuke(11:2-4).

9:1Andconcerningthethanks-
giving[Eucharist],givethanksthus:2first,concerningthecup:"Wethankyou,ourFather,fort
heholyvineofyoursonDavid,whichyouhavemadeknowntousthroughyoursonJesus;toyoubetheglo
ryforever."

Directcomparisonof"yoursonDavid"and"yoursonJesus"mustbeaveryearlydoctrine,predating
thedoctrinethatJesusistheonlysonofGodandthedoctrinesetforthbyAthanasiusinAD318thatJ
esuswasGodIncarnate.ThisisprobablyonereasonwhyAthanasiusexcludedtheDidachewhenhefin
alizedthelistofNewTestamentbooksinAD367.PaulcomparedDavidandJesus(Acts13:16-
41,Romans5:15-17,ITimothy2:5).

9:3Andconcerningthebrokenbread:"Wethankyou,ourFather,forthelifeandknowledgewhichyou
havemadeknowntousthroughyoursonJesus;toyoubethegloryforever.4Asthisbrokenbreadwason
cescatteredonthemountains,andgatheredtogetherbecameone,somayyourcongregationbegathe
redtogetherfromtheendsoftheearthintoyourkingdom;foryoursisthegloryandthepower,throu
ghJesusChrist,forever."5Butletnooneeatordrinkofyourthanks-
givingexceptthosewhohavebeenbaptizedinthenameoftheLord,fortheLordhassaid,"Donotgive
thatwhichisholytothedogs."

ThereisnothinglikethisintheNewTestament.Paul-sinstructionsconcerningtheLord-
sSupperdonotincludeamodelprayer(ICorinthians11:20-
34)."Givenotthatwhichisholytothedogs"isinMatthew(7:6),butnotinthiscontext.

10:1Andafteryouarefilled,givethanksthus:2"Wethankyou,holyFather,foryourholyname,whi
chyouhavecausedtodwellinourhearts,andfortheknowledgeandfaithandimmortalitywhichyouh
avemadeknowntousthroughyoursonJesus;toyoubethegloryforever.3You,AlmightyMaster,crea
tedallthingsforthesakeofyourname,andgivemenfoodanddrinktoenjoy,thattheymightgivetha
nkstoyou,buttousyougivespiritualfoodanddrinkandeternallifethroughyourson.4Aboveall,
wegivethanksthatyouarepowerful;toyoubethegloryforever.5Rememberyourcongregation,Lor
d,toredeemitfromallevilandperfectitinyourlove;andgatherittogether,theonethathasbeen
sanctified,fromthefourwindsintoyourkingdomwhichyouhavepreparedforit;foryoursistheki
ngdomandthegloryforever.6Maygracecome,andmaythisworldpassaway.HosannatotheGodofDavi
d!
Ifanyoneisholylethimcome;ifanyoneisnot,lethimrepent.Maranatha.Amen."7Butlettheproph
etsgivethankshowevertheywish.

Thephrase"theone(church)thathasbeensanctified"isprobablyaveryclumsyredactioninserte
dsometimeaftertheRomanEmperorTheodosiusdeclaredtheNicenesectofChristianitytheonlysa
nctifiedChurchinAD380.

Paulprayed,"Yoursbethegloryforever."(Romans11:36,16:27,Galatians1:5,Ephesians3:20-
21).

PaulusedtheSyrianexpressionmaran-
athawhichmeans"OurLordcontinuestocome."ItappearsonlyonceintheBible(ICorinthians16:2
2).Paul-shome(Tarsus)wasintheSyrian-speakingpartofCilicia.Thus,maran-
athamayverywellhavebeenPaul-ssignature——
hispersonaltestimonythatJesuscontinuedtocometohimafterhisconversionontheroadtoDamas
cus.

ChapterIII——OnApostlesandProphets

11:1Therefore,whoevercomesandteachesyouallthesethingsaforesaid,receivehim.2Ifthetea
cherhimselfispervertedandteachesadifferentdoctrinetothesubversionthereof,donotliste
ntohim;butifheincreasesyourrighteousnessandknowledgeoftheLord,receivehimasyouwouldt
heLord.3Andconcerningtheapostlesandprophets,doaccordingtothecommandoftheGospel.4Let
everyapostlewhocomestoyoubereceivedasyouwouldtheLord.5Hewillstayoneday,andifnecessa
ry,asecondday,butifhestaysthreedays,heisafalseprophet.6Lettheapostlewhendepartingta
kenothingexceptbreaduntilhearrivesathisnextlodging.Butifheasksformoney,heisafalsepr
ophet.

ThisclearlyindicatesthatatleastsomeoftheapostleswerestilllivingwhentheDidachewaswri
tten.ItreflectswhatJesussaidwhenhetoldhisapostlesnottoprovideforthemselvesontheirjo
urneys(Matthew10:10-
11),anditsuggeststhatsupportingapostlescouldbeaburdenonthepeoplewithwhomtheystayed.

Matthewusestheword"apostle"once(10:2),Markusesitonce(6:30),andLukeusesitsixtimesinh
isgospel,butnoneofthesepassagescontainanycommand.Paulusedthephrase"apostlesandproph
ets"(Ephesians3:4-6).

"LeteveryapostlethatcomestoyoubereceivedastheLord"isakintosomethingJesussaid:"Hewho
receivesyoureceivesme,andhewhoreceivesmereceiveshimwhosentme.Hewhoreceivesaprophetb
ecauseheisaprophetshallreceiveaprophet-sreward."(Matthew10:40-41)

11:7Donottemptordisputewithanyprophetwhospeaksinspirit,foreverysinwillbeforgiven,bu
tthissinwillnotbeforgiven.8However,noteveryonewhospeaksinspiritisaprophet,butonlyhe
whohasthedispositionoftheLord;therefore,bytheirdispositionsthefalseprophetandthepro
phetshallbeknown.

TheunforgivablesinistoseetheworkofGodandsay,"ThatistheworkoftheDevil"(Matthew12:31-
32,Mark3:29,Luke12:10)."Bytheirfruitsyoushallknowthem"referstodiscernmentoftrueandf
alseprophetsinMatthew(7:15-20),buttheparallelinLuke(6:43-
45)referstoagoodmanratherthanaprophet.

11:9Anyprophetwhoordersamealinspiritshallnoteatofit;ifhedoes,heisafalseprophet.10If
anyprophetwhoteachesthetruthdoesnotdowhatheteaches,heisafalseprophet.11Andanyprophe
t,trueandapproved,whoperformsritestoasecretcosmicassembly,butdoesnotteachotherstope
rformwhatheperforms,shallnotbejudgedbyyou,forhisjudgmentiswithGod;forlikewisealsodi
dtheprophetsofold.12Ifanyonesaysinspirit,"Givemesilver,"orwhateverelse,donotlistent
ohim;butifhetellsyouaboutothersinneed,thatyoushouldgivetothem,letnoonecondemnhim.

Theremusthavebeenaproblemwithfalseprophetswhotriedtogetthingsforthemselves.Severalc
ommentariesnotethatDidache11:11isdifficulttointerpret.Thephrase"performsritestoasec
retcosmicassembly"ismyliteraltranslation.Itprobablymeantthatthecongregationshouldno
tbealarmediftheysawandheardaprophetconversingwithinvisiblemembersoftheKingdomofGod.
PaulwrotetothechurchatCorinth:"Lettwoorthreeprophetsspeakandtheothersweighwhatissai
d"(ICorinthians14:29-32).

12:1LeteveryonewhocomesinthenameoftheLordbereceived,andthenexaminehimjudiciously——
rightandleft——
fortheopinionsheholds.2Iftheonewhocomesisatraveler,assisthimasmuchasyoucan,buthesha
llnotstaywithyoumorethantwoorthreedays,unlessthereisanecessity.3Ifhewishestosettlew
ithyouandisacraftsman,lethimworkforhisliving.4Ifheisnotacraftsman,decideaccordingto
yourownjudgmenthowheshallliveasaChristianamongyou,butnotinidleness.5Ifhewillnotdoth
is,heisonewhomakesgainfromChrist.Fromsuchkeepaloof.

Paultaughtagainstlivinginidleness,inAD50or51(IIThessalonians3:6-12).
Theword"Christian"appearsonlythreetimesintheBible.ThediscipleswerefirstcalledChrist
iansatAntiochofSyriaaboutAD43(Acts11:26);KingHerodAgrippaIIsaidtoPaul,"Inashorttime
youthinktomakemeaChristian!"aboutAD59(Acts26:28);andSimonPeterwrote,"Ifonesuffersas
aChristian,lethimnotbeashamed"nolaterthanAD64or65(IPeter4:16).

ChapterIV——OnOrganization

13:1Everytrueprophetwhodesirestosettleamongyouisworthyofhisfood.2Likewise,atrueteac
heralsoisworthy,butlikethecraftsman,heworksforhisliving.3Therefore,takethefirst-
fruitsofeveryproductofthewine-pressandthreshing-
floor,ofoxenandsheep,andgiveittotheprophets,fortheyareyourchiefpriests.4Andifyouhav
enoprophet,giveittothepoor.5Ifyoumakebread,takethefirst-
fruitsandgiveaccordingtothecommandment.6Inlikemanner,whenyouopenajarofwineoroil,tak
ethefirst-
fruitsandgiveittotheprophets.7Yes,andofmoneyandclothingandeverypossession,takethefi
rst-fruits,asseemsgoodtoyou,andgiveaccordingtothecommandment.

Therewere"prophetsandteachers"inthechurchatAntioch(Acts13:1-
3).Paulwrote,"Godhasappointedinthechurch,firstapostles,secondprophets,thirdteachers
,thenworkersofmiracles,healers,helpers,administrators,speakersinvariouskindsoftongu
es."(ICorinthians12:28-31)

PaulandBarnabasearnedtheirownliving,butPeterdidnot——
andPauldidnotpreachwhathepracticedinthatregard.Onthecontrary,hestronglymaintainedth
attheworkmanisworthyofhiswage(ICorinthians9:1-
27).However,IfindnothingintheNewTestamentaboutgivingthefirst-
fruitstothelocalprophets.

14:1GathertogetherontheLord-
sday,breakbreadandgivethanks,havingfirstconfessedyoursinssothatyoursacrificemaybepu
re.2Butdonotletanyonewhohasaquarrelwithacompanionjoinwithyouuntiltheyhavebeenreconc
iled,sothatyoursacrificemaynotbepolluted;3forthiswasspokenbytheLord:"Ineveryplacean
dtimeoffermeapuresacrifice,forIamagreatking,saystheLord,andmynameiswonderfulamongth
eGentiles."

TheLord-
sDaywasestablishedasthefirstdayoftheweek(Sunday)veryearlyinthehistoryofthechurch."R
econcilebeforecomingtothealtar"isinMatthew5:23-
24.ThequoteonpuresacrificeisslightlyparaphrasedfromMalachi1:11.

15:1Therefore,electforyourselvesbishopsanddeaconsworthyoftheLord,menwhoaremeekandno
tloversofmoney,trueandapproved,fortheyalsoperformforyoutheministryoftheprophetsandt
eachers.2Therefore,donotdespisethem,fortheyareyourhonorablemen,alongwiththeprophets
andteachers.

Paulused"bishop"asequivalentto"elder"(Philippians1:1,ITimothy3:1-18,Titus1:5-
14).InGreek,bishopmeans"overseer"anddeaconmeans"servant".

"Electforyourselves"isinstarkcontrasttothedoctrinethatbishopsmustonlybeconsecratedb
ybishops,andthedoctrineof"apostolicsuccession".Thefactthatitincludesthisdemocraticd
octrine,laterreplacedbythehierarchy,wasprobablyanotherreasonwhyAthanasiusexcludedth
eDidachewhenhefinalizedthelistof27NewTestamentbooksinAD367.
15:3Andreproveoneanother,notinangerbutpeaceably,asyouhaveitintheGospel,andletnoones
peaktoanyonewhowrongshisbrother,neitherlistentohim,untilherepents.4Andyourprayersan
dalmsgivingandallyourdeeds,doasyoufinditintheGospelofourLord.

ThisisJesus-sprocedureforreprovingabrother(Matthew18:15-
17).Whenyougivealmsandwhenyoupray:(Matthew6:2-8).Whenyoufast:(Matthew6:16-17).

ChapterV——OntheFuture

16:1Bewatchfulforyourlife;donotletyourlampsbequenchedoryourloinsbeungirded,butberea
dy,foryoudonotknowthehourinwhichourLordcomes.2Beoftengatheredtogether,seekingwhatis
fitforyoursouls,forthewholetimeofyourfaithwillnotprofityouifyouarenotperfect[full-
grown,fully-
mature]attheendoftheseason.3Forinthelastdaysfalseprophetsandseducerswillbemultiplie
d,andthesheepwillbeturnedintowolves,andlovewillbeturnedintohate.4Foraslawlessnessin
creases,theywillhateandpersecuteandbetrayoneanother.Andthenthedeceiveroftheworldwil
lappearasasonofGod,andhewilldosignsandwonders,andtheearthwillbedeliveredintohishand
s,andhewilldounlawfulthingssuchasneverhappenedsincetheworldbegan.5Thenthecreationof
manwillcometothefierytrialoftesting,andmanywillstumbleandperish,butthosewhoendurein
thefaithwillbesavedalivefromunderthecurse.6Andthenwillappearthesignsofthetruth:firs
tthesignofanopeningintheheavens,thenthesignofthesoundofthetrumpet,andthirdlyaresurr
ectionofthedead:7notofall,butasitissaid:"TheLordwillcomeandallhissaintswithhim."8Th
entheworldwillseetheLordcomingonthecloudsofheaven.

ThisabbreviatedversionoftheapocalypseisthesimplestandclearestIhaveeverseen,butitdoe
snotcopyanyotherversionoftheapocalypseIcanfind.Alsoworthnoting:nothingintheDidachei
ndicatesanyawarenessoftheJewishrebellioninAD66orthedestructionofJerusaleminAD70.

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

ContentAnalysis

TheDidachecontainssomematerialthatisalsoinMatthewandLuke,ratheralotthatisonlyinMatt
hew,andmuchthatisnotinanyofthecanonizedgospels,but——andthisisremarkable——
itcontainsvirtuallynothingthatisfoundinMark.

Howcouldthathavehappened?
IftheDidachewasbasedonMatthew,asmostNewTestamentscholarsassume,howdidthewritermanag
etoexcludevirtuallyeverythingthatMatthewcopiedfromMark?
Andevenifhehadbothofthosegospelsopeninfrontofhim,whywouldhewanttodothat?

Amorelikelyhypothesisis:

SayingsofJesuswereprobablyinwidecirculationinbothoralandwrittenform.TheDidacherefer
stoacollectionofthesayingsofJesusknownas"TheGospeloftheLord"butnoneofthefourcanoniz
edgospels.MarkwrotehisGospelbasedonthepreachingofPeter,asmostNewTestamentscholarsma
intain.MatthewhadtheDidacheandcopiedfromitashedidfromMark:thatwouldexplaintheorigin
ofthepassagesthatareonlyintheDidacheandMatthew.LukecompiledhisGospelfromseveralsour
ces,includingMark,buthedidnothavetheDidache.

MuchofthematerialintheDidacheisalsoinActsand/ortheEpistlesofPaul.Thestyleofthesepar
tsistypicalofPaul.
ThecommonsourceforpartsoftheDidacheandtheEpistleofBarnabasisnotverydifficulttoascer
tain.IfweweretocomparetwosermonsbyBillyGraham,onegiveninthe1950sandtheotherinthe199
0s,manyphrasesandevenwholesentenceswouldbevirtuallyidentical,butnotinthesamesequenc
e——
whichispreciselywhatwefindintheDidacheandtheEpistleofBarnabas.Therefore,themostprob
ablesourceisBarnabashimself,earlyandlateinhiscareer.

TheDidacheshowsseveralabruptchangesinvocabulary,phrasing,andwaysofaddressinganaudie
ncethatcapturethe"voices"ofthreedifferentspeakers.Insum,itreadslikeasetoflecturenot
estakenbysomeonelisteningtothreepeople.

HistoricalContext

ManystrongparallelspointtoPaulandBarnabasastheapostlesinvolvedinthisteaching.Ifso,w
hatweknowaboutthemfromothersourcesbracketsthetimeandplaceinwhichtheDidachewaswritte
n.

ThefollowersofJesusfirstpreachedthegospelonlytoJews.Afterseveralyears,someofthemsta
rtedpreachingtoGentilesinAntiochofSyria,manyofwhomwereconverted.Whentheleadersofthe
churchinJerusalemheardaboutthis,theysentBarnabastoAntioch.Hefoundasizablecongregati
onandmanymorepeopleeagertohearaboutJesus.SoBarnabaswenttoTarsusandbroughtPaultoAnti
och.Theytaughttheretogetherforayear.(Acts11:19-26)

NowinthesedaysprophetscamedownfromJerusalemtoAntioch.AndoneofthemnamedAgabusstoodup
andforetoldbythespiritthattherewouldbeagreatfamineoveralltheworld,andthistookplacei
nthedaysofClaudius.Andthedisciplesdetermined,everyoneaccordingtohisability,tosendre
lieftothebrethrenwholivedinJudea;andtheydidso,sendingittotheeldersbythehandofBarnab
asandPaul.(Acts11:27-30)

HistoricalsourcessaytherewasagreatfamineinJudeainAD47.Therefore,Acts12:1-
23maybemisplacedinLuke-
sotherwisechronologicalreport."Aboutthattime"KingHerodkilledJamesthebrotherofJohnan
darrestedPeter;butPeterescapedfromprison,andKingHeroddiedatCaesarea.Therearehistori
calrecordsthatKingHerod(AgrippaI)diedduringafestivalatCaesareainAD44.Lukeaddsatime-
space:"ButthewordofGodgrewandmultiplied"(Acts12:24).

InhisepistletotheGalatians,Paulwrote:

Thenafterfourteenyears,IwentupagaintoJerusalemwithBarnabas,takingTitusalongwithme.I
wentupbyrevelation;andIlaidbeforethem(butprivatelybeforethosewhowereofrepute)thegos
pelwhichIpreachamongtheGentiles,lestsomehowIshouldberunningorhadruninvain.
(Galatians2:1-2)

FourteenyearsafterPaul-
sfirstvisittoJerusalemprobablyequatestoAD47.TheDidachemaybewhatPaullaidbeforethelea
dersinJerusalem——asummarydocumentpreparedinadvanceforjustthatpurpose——
ormorelikelyfromthewayitsounds,asetoflecturenotestakenwhileBarnabasandPaulandTitusw
erespeaking.IneithercaseitisworthnotingthatintheDidacheandinActs15:12Barnabasspeaks
first.HewastheleaderatAntioch.Paulwashisassistant.

whentheyperceivedthegracethatwasgiventome,JamesandPeterandJohn,whowerereputedtobepi
llars,gavetomeandBarnabastherighthandoffellowship,thatweshouldgototheGentilesandthe
ytothecircumcised.(Galatians2:9)
ThiswaswhenBarnabasandPaulreceivedtheircharteras"TheApostlestotheGentiles."Theyretu
rnedfromJerusalemtoAntioch,bringingMarkwiththem.
(Acts12:25)Shortlythereafter,allthreeofthemsetoutonPaul-
sfirstmissionaryjourney,whichscholarsdateinAD47.(Acts13:1-4)

TheywentfromAntiochtoandthroughtheislandofCyprus,andthennorthtowhatisnowthesouthern
coastofTurkey.ThereMarkleftthemandwentbacktoJerusalem.PaulandBarnabaswentonestablis
hingnewchurchesintheRomanprovinceofGalatia.Theyreturnedtothecoastbythewaytheycame,s
ailedbacktoAntiochofSyria,and"remainednolittletimewiththedisciples."(Acts13-14)

ButsomemencamedownfromJerusalem[toAntioch]andwereteachingthebrethren,"Unlessyouarec
ircumcisedaccordingtothecustomofMoses,youcannotbesaved."(Acts15:1)

Paul-
slettertotheGalatianswasprobablywrittenatthistime.Nodoubt,menfromJerusalemalsotoldh
isconvertsinGalatiathattheyhadtobecircumcised.PaulwasangrybecausetheleadersinJerusa
lemhadbrokentheiragreementbysendingmentotheGentiles.Thus,hislettertotheGalatianswas
writteninlateAD48orearlyAD49.

PaulandBarnabasandsomeoftheotherswereappointedtogo[fromAntioch]uptoJerusalemtotheap
ostlesandtheeldersaboutthisquestion.(Acts15:2b)

ScholarsdatetheApostolicCouncilofJerusaleminAD49.ThecontroversywasnotbetweenPauland
Peter.Afterall,PeterwastheonewhofirstpreachedthegospeltoGentiles(Acts11:1-
3).ItwasbetweenPauland"thecircumcisionparty"ledbyJamesofJerusalem,thebrotherofJesus
(Galatians2:12).

Peterspokefirst,infavorofpreachingthegospeltoGentiles.ThenBarnabasandPaulpresentedt
heircase.Finally,JamesofJerusalemyielded.ThedecisionwasthatGentilesdidnothavetobeco
meJewsinordertobeChristians,buttheymust:"Abstainfromwhathasbeensacrificedtoidolsand
frombloodandfromwhatisstrangledandfromunchastity."(Acts15:6-
21,29)ThefirstpartofthisdecisionisintheDidache(6:3);theotherthreeprovisionsapparent
lywereaddedtoitbythe"apostlesandelders"inJerusalem.

Withtheircharterthusreaffirmed,PaulandBarnabaswerereadytocarrythedecisionoftheApost
olicCouncilbacktothechurchestheyestablished.BarnabaswantedtotakeMarkwiththemagain,b
utPaulobjectedbecauseMarkleftthemduringtheirpreviousjourney.PaulandBarnabasquarrele
d.Finally,BarnabastookMarkwithhimandwentbacktoCyprus(Acts15:36-
39).ThisisthelastwehearofBarnabasintheNewTestament,exceptforanindicationthathewasst
illpreachingthegospelseveralyearslater(ICorinthians9:6).

ThelongtitleoftheDidacheinthemanuscriptdated1056reads:"TheTeachingoftheLordbytheTwe
lveApostlestotheGentiles"butIbelievetheoriginaltitlewas"TheTeachingoftheApostlestot
heGentiles"andtherestwasinsertedlater.

CertainlyBarnabasandPaulwere"TheApostlestotheGentiles."IftheDidacheisasampleoftheir
teaching,asitcertainlyseemstobe,thenitmustbedatednolaterthanAD49becausethatwaswhent
heywenttheirseparateways.ThemostprobabledateiseitherAD44orAD47.Ineithercase,thoseda
tesareearlierthananythingintheNewTestament.Therefore,IbelievetheDidacheistheearlies
tChristiandocumentwehave.AlthoughrightlyregardedasachurchhandbookandnotaGospelorabs
olutelybasedontheteachingsofJesus,itprovidesvaluableinsightsconcerningthemoraldoctr
ines,theology,rituals,esotericoperationsandcongregationaltestingofapostlesandprophe
ts,andthebasicorganizationofFirstCenturyChristianity.

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