Martin, Andrea Christianne Hilario
THEORY NAME AND ITS BRIEF
THEORIST NAME
1. Florence Nightingale
(May 12, 1820 – Aug. 13,
1910)
o 1st Nurse Theorist
o Founder of Modern
Nursing
o The Lady with the
Lamp
o 1st to propose nursing
required specific
education and training
2. Faye Glenn Abdellah
(March 13, 1919 –
February 24, 2017)
o 1st nurse officer to earn
the ranking of two-star
rear admiral
o 1st nurse and the 1st
woman to serve as
Deputy Surgeon
General
BSN 1-Y1-10
DISCUSSION
Environmental Theory
o Revolutionized nursing
practices to create sanitary
conditions for patients to get
care
o Patient-care theory
o 10 aspects
21 Nursing Problems
o Nursing diagnosis (not part
of their role in health care at
that time)
o Changed the focus of
nursing from disease-
centered to patient-centered
o Began to include the care of o People as having physical,
families and the elderly in
nursing care
o Human needs theory
o Formulated to be an
instrument for nursing
education
o Intended to guide care in
hospital institutions but can
also be applied to
community health nursing
o 3 categories
1. Physical, sociological, and
emotional needs of patients
2. Types of interpersonal
relationships between the
patient and nurse
3. Common elements of patient
care
o Used Henderson’s 14 basic
human needs
o Nursing research to
establish this
NURSING METAPARADIGM
PERSON
o Multidimensional
components of biological,
psychological, and spiritual
o The individual receiving
care
o Individuals and/or families
that are the recipients of
nursing
o But does not delineate her
beliefs or assumptions
about the nature of human
beings
emotional, and sociological
needs
Page 1 of 12
ENVIRONMENT
o Poor environment led to
poor health
o Could be altered to improve
health conditions
o Health of houses
o Anything that can be
manipulated to place a
patient in the best
o Possible condition for
nature to act
o Physical component:
ventilation, warmth, light,
nutrition,
o Medicine, stimulation, room
temperature and activity
o Psychological components
o Society or the planning for
optimum health on local,
state, and international
levels
HEALTH NURSING
o Not only to be well, but to o Place patient in best
be able to use well every possible conditions for
power we have nature to act activities that
o Combined result of provide health
environmental, o The act of utilizing the
psychological, and physical environment of the patient
factors, not just the to assist him in his recovery
absence of disease o Spiritual calling
o An art, and a science of
environmental management
o Requires a specific
educational base
o Distinct and separate from
medicine
o Achieved through
environmental alteration
o Purpose of nursing services o Art and Science
o Total health needs and o Mold the attitude,
healthy state of mind and intellectual competencies,
body and technical skills of the
o Dynamic pattern of individual nurse into the
functioning whereby there is desire and ability to help
a continued interaction with individuals cope with their
internal and external forces health needs, whether they
that results in the optimal are ill or well
use of necessary resources
to minimize vulnerabilities

THEORY NAME AND ITS BRIEF
THEORIST NAME
DISCUSSION
o Needs of the patients are
divided
1. Basic Needs
2. Sustenal Care Needs
3. Remedial Care Needs
4. Restorative Care Needs
3. Virginia Avenel Henderson Need Theory
(Nov 30, 1897 – Mar. 19, o Influenced by the Abraham
1996) Maslow’s Hierarchy of
o 1st Lady of Nursing Needs
o The Nightingale of o To work independently with
Modern Nursing other health care workers,
o Modern-Day Mother of assisting clients in gaining
Nursing independence as quickly as
o 20th Century Florence possible and to help client
Nightingale gain lacking strength.
Martin, Andrea Christianne Hilario
PERSON
o Patients desire to return to
health
o Mind and body are
inseparable
o Have basic needs that are
component of health
o Require assistance to
achieve health and
independence or peaceful
death
o Achieves wholeness by
maintaining physiological
and emotional balance -
someone who needs
nursing care but did not
limit nursing to illness care.
o A sum of parts with
biopsychosocial needs
Page 2 of 12
BSN 1-Y1-10
NURSING METAPARADIGM
ENVIRONMENT
o No explicit definition
o All external conditions and
influences that affect life
and development
o The responsibility of the
nurse to help the patient
manage his surroundings to
protect him from harm or
any mechanical injury
o Maintaining a supportive
environment conducive for
health is one of the
elements of her 14 activities
for client assistance
HEALTH
o No explicit definition
o Balance in all realms of
human life
o Equated with the
independence or ability to
perform activities without
any aid in the 14
components or basic
human needs.
o Good health is a challenge
because it is affected by
numerous factors such as
age, cultural background,
emotional balance,
o Quality of life and is very
basic for a person to
function fully
o Multifactor phenomenon
Prioritizing health
promotion as more
important than care for
the sick
NURSING
o “The unique function of the
nurse is to assist the
individual, sick or well, in
the performance of those
activities contributing to
health or its recovery (or to
peaceful death) that he
would perform unaided if he
had the necessary strength,
will or knowledge, . And to
do this in such a way as to
help him gain independence
as rapidly as possible.”
o Goal is to make the patient
complete, whole, or
independent.
o Collaborates with the
physician’s therapeutic plan
o Function is primarily an
independent one
o Care for patients until they
can care for themselves
o Willing to serve or devote
themselves to the patient
o Key persons in promoting
health, prevention of illness
and being able to cure.
o “The nurse is temporarily
the consciousness of the
unconscious, the love life
for the suicidal, the leg of
the amputee, the eyes of
the newly blind, a means of
locomotion for the infant,
knowledge, and confidence
of the young mother, the
mouthpiece for those too
weak or withdrawn to
speak”
 Martin, Andrea Christianne Hilario BSN 1-Y1-10
THEORY NAME AND ITS BRIEF NURSING METAPARADIGM
THEORIST NAME
DISCUSSION PERSON ENVIRONMENT HEALTH NURSING

4. Dr. Margaret Jean H.
Watson
(June 10, 1940 - present)
o Founder of Watson
Caring Science Institute
5. Patricia Sawyer Benner
(August 1942 - present)
Theory of Transpersonal Caring
or Caring Science
o Concerned on how nurses
express care to their
patients.
o Stresses humanistic aspects
of nursing as they intertwine
with scientific knowledge
and nursing practice.
o Caring can be demonstrated
and practice
1. Promotes growth
2. Accepts a person as they
are
3. Looks to what they may
become
o 10 carative factors
o Nursing process
o Watson’s hierarchy Needs
Novice to Expert Nursing Theory o Benner and Wrubel’s
o Explains that nurses develop
skills and an understanding
of patient care over time
from a combination of a
strong educational
foundation and personal
experiences.
o Could gain knowledge and
skills without learning a
theory.
o Knowing how without
knowing that
o A valued person in and of
him or herself to be cared
for, respected, nurtured,
understood, and assisted
o Fully functional integrated
self
o Greater than and different
from the sum of his or her
parts
o Unity of mind, body, spirit,
and nature
o Used the term situation
interpretation of person is
based on existential
philosophy and the oneness
or wholeness of human o Person’s engaged
beings. Benner thus
describes person as “a self-
interpreting being, that is,
the person does not come
into the world predefined
but gets defined in the
course of living a life”
(Benner & Wrubel, 1989, p.
41). A person is viewed as a
o No definition by her
o Provides the values that
determine how one should
behave and what goals one
should strive toward.
o Speaks to the nurse’s role
in the environment as
“attending to supportive,
protective, and or corrective
mental, physical, societal,
and spiritual environments
o Benner and Wrubel (1989)
because it suggests a social
environment with social
definition and meaning
interaction, interpretation
and understanding of the
situation
o High level of overall
physical, mental, and social
functioning; a general
adaptive-maintenance level
of daily functioning.
o And the absence of illness,
or the presence of efforts
leading to the absence of
illness
o Unity and harmony within
the mind, body, and soul;
health is associated with the o Focuses on health
degree of congruence
between the self as
perceived and the self as
experienced. It is defined as
a high level of overall
physical, mental, and social
functioning; a general
adaptive-maintenance level
of daily functioning; and the
absence of illness, or the
presence of efforts leading
to the absence of illness.
use Kleinman, Eisenberg,
and Good’s definition of
health as “health [is] not the
absence of illness and
illness is not identical with
disease” (p. 8). Illness is
described as the experience
of loss or dysfunction,
whereas disease is the
manifestation of aberration
at the cellular, tissue, or
organ level. All treatment for
disease and illness must
o Independent practitioner
that can make an
independent judgment
o Must be knowledgeable in
both biological and social
sciences and must have the
ability to assess basic
human needs
o “nursing is concerned with
promoting health,
preventing illness, caring for
the sick, and restoring
health.”
o A science of persons and
health-illness experience
that are mediated by
professional, personal,
scientific, and ethical care
interactions.
promotion as well as the
treatment of diseases
o Described as a relationship
based on caring in an
“enabling condition of
connection and concern”
(Benner & Wrubel, 1989, p.
4). Nursing science is
guided by the art and ethics
of care and responsibility.
“Nurses promote healing
through assisting the
patient to maintain human
ties and concerns and it is
the human connection that
gives people the courage to

Page 3 of 12

THEORY NAME AND ITS BRIEF
THEORIST NAME
DISCUSSION
o Nursing is made up of the
extension of knowledge
through research and
understanding through
clinical experience
o Five levels
1. Novice
2. Advanced beginner
3. Competent
4. Proficient
5. Expert
6. Katie Eriksson Carative Caring
(Nov. 18, 1943 - present) • Dignity
• Invitation
• Suffering
• Reconciliation
o Empiricism theory (deductive
approach)
o Inspired by Gadamer’s
concept of truth
o Develop caring science as
an independent discipline
o Caritas: Love and charity
Martin, Andrea Christianne Hilario BSN 1-Y1-10
NURSING METAPARADIGM
PERSON ENVIRONMENT HEALTH NURSING
creative, generative being make sense within the weather their illness”
who lives in the context of context of the lived human (Benner & Wrubel, 1989, p.
meaning and whose actions experience. 87). The relationship of
and understandings form a o Lived experience of being health, illness, and disease
comprehensible whole. health and ill is central to Benner and
Benner and Wrubel (1989) o Not just the absence of Wrubel’s view of nursing
characterize the person as disease and illness practice.
someone who must deal
with situations, body,
personal concerns, and the
temporary nature of events
o Participant in common
meanings
o Suffering human being, or a o AKA Caring Culture o A movement in becoming, o Aka Caring
human who suffers and o The total caring reality and being, and doing while o Makes a basic distinction
patiently endures is based on cultural striving for wholeness and between caring and the
o Entity of body, soul, and elements such as traditions, holiness, which is nursing ethics
spirit rituals, and basic values compatible with endurable o Caring ethics: care of
o Fundamentally a religious o Transmits an inner order of suffering. nursing ethics that deals
being, but all human beings value preferences or ethos, o Soundness, freshness, and with patient-nurse
have not recognized this and the different well being relationship
dimension constructions of culture o Whole in body, soul, and o Nursing ethics: ethical
o Fundamentally holy: have their basis in the spirit principles and rules that
accepting the human changes of value that ethos o Movement guide nursing decisions
obligation of serving with undergoes. o Illness, Care, and life
love and existing for the o Respect for the human
sake of others. being, his or her dignity and
o Seen as in constant holiness, forms the goal of
becoming constantly in communion and
change and therefore never participation in a caring
in a state of full completion culture.
o Understood in terms of the
dual tendencies that exist
within him, engaged in a
continued struggle and
living in a tension between
being and nonbeing.
o Conditional freedom as a
dimension of becoming
o The dual tendency of the
human being also emerges
in his effort to be unique,
while he simultaneously
longs for belonging in a
larger communion.
Page 4 of 12

THEORY NAME AND ITS BRIEF
THEORIST NAME
DISCUSSION
7. Dorothy E. Johnson Behavioral System Model of
(Aug 21,1919 – Feb. 1999) Nursing 1968
o “Each individual has
patterned, purposeful,
repetitive ways of acting that
comprises a behavioral
system specific to that
individual.”
o Advocates the fostering of
efficient and effective
behavioral functioning in the
patient to prevent illness.
o Stresses the importance of
research-based knowledge
about the effect of nursing
care on patients
o Influenced by Florence
nightingale’s book, notes on
nursing
o Man is a system that
indicates the state of the
system through behaviors
o Has 7 subsystem
8. Sister Callista L. Roy Adaptation Model of Nursing
(October 14, 1939 - o Focuses on the inter
present) relatedness of the four
adaptive systems
o Has four adaptive modes
1. Physiological-Physical
Mode
Martin, Andrea Christianne Hilario BSN 1-Y1-10
NURSING METAPARADIGM
PERSON ENVIRONMENT HEALTH NURSING
o Fundamentally dependent
on communion; he is
dependent on another, and
it is in the relationship
between a concrete and
abstract other
o Seeks a communion where
he can give and receive
love, experience faith and
hope, and be aware that his
existence here and now has
meaning
o Creative and imaginative,
has desires and wishes, and
can experience phenomena
o A behavioral system o Not directly defined o Opposite of illness o “an external regulatory
composed of seven o Implied to include all o “some degree of regularity force which acts to
behavioral subsystems: elements of the and constancy in behavior, preserve the organization
affiliative, dependency, surroundings of the human the behavioral system and integration of the
ingestive, eliminative, system and includes interior reflects adjustments and patients behaviors at an
sexual, aggressive, and stressors. adaptations that are optimum level under those
achievement. o Society relates to the successful in some way and conditions in which the
o 3 functional requirements environment in which the to some degree… behavior constitutes a
for each subsystem patient exists; a patient’s adaptation is functionally threat to the physical or
1. Protection from noxious behavior is directly efficient and effective.” social health, or in which
influences influenced by the o An elusive state that is illness is found.”
2. Provision for a nurturing environment and events affected by social, o Help the patient maintain
environment that occur in the psychological, biological, his or her equilibrium
3. Stimulation for growth environment. and physiological factors o Profession that made a
o Having two major systems: distinctive contribution to
the biological system and the welfare of society
the behavioral system o Has 4 goals to assist the
o A behavioral system that patient
strives to make continual
adjustments to achieve,
maintain, or regain balance
to the steady state that is
adaptation
o A set of interrelated o “the conditions, o “health is not freedom from o “[the goal of nursing is] the
systems who strives to circumstances and the inevitability of death, promotion of adaptation for
maintain balance between influences surrounding and disease, unhappiness, and individuals and groups in
these various stimuli. affecting the development stress, but the ability to each of the four adaptive
o Human systems have and behavior of persons or cope with them in a modes, thus contributing to
thinking and feeling groups, with particular competent way.” health, quality of life, and
capacities, rooted in consideration of the o State where humans can dying with dignity.”
consciousness and mutuality of person and continually adapt to stimuli o Facilitators of adaption
Page 5 of 12

THEORIST NAME
9. Betty Neuman
(September 11, 1924 -
present)
10. Afaf Ibrahim Meleis
(March 19, 1942 – present)
11. Nola J. Pender Health Promotion Model
(August 16, 1941 - present) o Defines health as a positive
THEORY NAME AND ITS BRIEF
DISCUSSION
2. Self-Concept Group
Identity Mode
3. Role Function Mode
4. Interdependence Mode
o Has 3 levels of Adaptation
1. Integrated Process
2. Compensatory Process
3. Compromised Process
o Six-Step Nursing Process
Neuman Systems Model
o Focuses on the different
stressors’ patients have and
ways to relieve the stress
from different stressors
o Provide unity, or a focal point
for student learning
o Teaching aid
• Stressor
• Line of defense
Transitions Theory
o Role supplementation as any
deliberate process through
which role insufficiency or
potential role insufficiency
can be identified by the role
incumbent and significant
others. Nurses role is helping
patients complete a healthy
transition.
o Seek to create conditions of
dynamic state not merely the
absence of disease. Health
Martin, Andrea Christianne Hilario
PERSON
meaning, by which they
adjust effectively to
changes in the environment
and, in turn, affect the
environment.”
o Holistic beings that are in
constant interaction with
their environment
o Uses a system of adaption,
both innate and acquires, to
respond to the
environmental stimuli they
experience
o Can be individuals or
groups
o Bio-psycho-social being
o An open system that
interacts with both internal
and external environment
forces or stressors
o In constant change, moving
toward a dynamic state of
system stability or toward
illness of varying degrees.
o Holistic and has 5 variables
o Transition involve a process
of movement and changes
in fundamental life patterns.
o Transition cause changes in
identities, roles,
relationships, abilities, and
patterns of behavior.
living through which they
express their unique human
health potential.
Page 6 of 12
BSN 1-Y1-10
NURSING METAPARADIGM
ENVIRONMENT
health resources that
includes focal, contextual
and residual stimuli.”
o Conditions, circumstances,
and influences that affect
the development and
behavior of humans as an
adaptive system.
o A stimulus or input that
requires a person to adapt
o Can be positive or negative
o Categorized into focal,
contextual, and residual
o A vital arena that is
germane to the system and
its function
o All factors that affect and
are affected by the system
o Internal, external, and
created
o Vulnerability is related to
transition experiences,
interactions, and
environmental conditions
that expose individuals to
potential damage,
problematic or extended
recovery or delayed or
unhealthy coping
o Individuals in all their
biophysical complexity
interact with the
environment, progressively
HEALTH
o The result of a process o Assess the patient’s
where health and illness can
coexist
o Eliminate ineffective coping
o Condition or degree of
system stability
o Viewed as a continuum
from wellness to illness
o Dynamic in nature and is
constantly changing
o Can be met, not satisfied, or o Interventions are aimed at
not available
o Transitions are complex and o Primary caregivers of clients
multidimensional.
o Patterns of multiplicity and
complexity.
o All transitions are
characterized by flow and
movement over time.
o Change and difference are
not interchangeable, nor
are they synonymous with
transition.
o Health professionals
constitute a part of the
interpersonal environment,
which exerts influence on
NURSING
behaviors for adaptation,
promote positive adaption
by enhancing environment
interactions and helping
patients react positively to
stimuli
mechanisms and eventually
lead to better outcomes
o To define the appropriate
action in situations that are
stress related or in relation
to possible reactions of the
client or client system to
stressors.
helping the system adapt or
adjust and to retain, restore,
or maintain some degree of
stability between and
among the client system
variables and environmental
stressors with a focus on
conserving energy
and their families who are
undergoing transitions.
Transition both result in
change and are the result of
change.
o Does not specifically define
nursing
o The role of nurse includes
raising consciousness

THEORY NAME AND ITS BRIEF
THEORIST NAME
DISCUSSION
promotion is directed at
increasing a client's level of
well being
o Complementary counterpart
to models of health
protection
12. Rosemarie Rizzo Parse Human Becoming theory
(July 28, 1938 – present) o Man is a combination of
o a founder & editor of biological, psychological,
Nursing Science Quarterly sociological, and spiritual
& the President of factors
Discovery International o Themes of the principles
1. Meaning
2. Rhythmicity
3. Transcendence
o 3 principles
1. Structural meaning
2. Configuring rhythmical
patterns
3. Cotrancending with
possible
13. Madeleine M. Leininger The Culture Care Theory
(July 13, 1925 – August 10, o Refers to a formal area of
2012) humanistic and scientific
o The Founder of knowledge and practices
Transcultural Nursing focused on holistic
o the first professional nurse Culture Care (caring)
with graduate preparation phenomena and
in nursing to hold a competencies to assist
doctorate in cultural and individuals or groups to
social anthropology maintain or regain their
health (or wellbeing) and
to deal with disabilities,
dying, or other human
conditions in culturally
congruent and beneficial
ways
o The Sunrise Enabler
14. Ramona Mercer Maternal Role Attainment –
(October 4, 1929 – Becoming a Mother
present) o Focused on the behaviors
and needs of breastfeeding
mothers, mothers with
Martin, Andrea Christianne Hilario
PERSON
o Have the capacity for
reflective self-awareness
o Value growth in directions
viewed as positive and
attempt to achieve a
personally acceptable
balance between change
and stability
o Viewed as Humanuniverse,
Humanbecoming and Living
Quality
o Human beings are holistic
persons who have multiple
interacting subsystems.
o Genetic makeup, spiritual
drive.
o Body, mind, emotion, and
spirit are a total unit, they
act together
o Refers to the families,
groups, and communities
o Self or core self
o Evolves from a cultural
context and determines
how situations are defined
and shaped
Page 7 of 12
BSN 1-Y1-10
NURSING METAPARADIGM
ENVIRONMENT
transforming the
environment and being
transformed over time
o Viewed as Humanuniverse,
Humanbecoming and Living
Quality
o Everything in the person
and his experiences.
(Culture, values, ideas and
hopes)
o Included events with
meanings and
interpretations given to
them physical, ecological,
socio-political, or cultural
setting
o Stresses and social support o Mothers and father’s
within the environment
influence both maternal and
paternal role attainment and health outlook, resistance-
the developing child
HEALTH
persons throughout their life
spans.
o Viewed as Humanuniverse,
Humanbecoming and Living
Quality
o Personal commitment,
which means, “an
individual’s way of
becoming is cocreated by
that individual, incarnating
his or her own value
priorities”
o Universal and diverse
perception of their prior
health, current health,
susceptibility to illness,
NURSING
related to health promoting
behavior, promoting self-
efficacy, enhancing the
benefits of change,
controlling the environment
to support
o Nursing as a discipline will
enjoy the recognition of
having a unique knowledge
base & the profession will
be distinct from Medicine.
o People / client will seek
nurses for nursing care, not
medical diagnosis.
o The holistic helping of
persons with their self-care
activities in relation to their
health.
o Basic science
o Care has the greatest
meaning
o Humanistic and scientific
mode of helping a client
through specific cultural
caring process to improve
or maintain health condition
o Responsible for promoting
the health of families and
children
 Martin, Andrea Christianne Hilario BSN 1-Y1-10
THEORY NAME AND ITS BRIEF NURSING METAPARADIGM
THEORIST NAME
DISCUSSION PERSON ENVIRONMENT HEALTH NURSING

postpartum illness, mothers health worry or concern,

of infants born with defects
and teenaged mothers.
o 1st book of nursing care for
parents at risk
o An interaction and
developmental process
occurring over time in which
the mother becomes
attached to her infant,
acquires competence in the
caretaking task involved in
the role and expresses
pleasure and gratification in
the role.
15. Merle H. Mishel Uncertainty in Illness Theory
(1939 – April 25,2020) o Uncertainty: the inability to
determine the meaning of
illness-related events.
16. Pamela G. Reed Self-Transcendence Theory
(1952 - present) o A natural and desired
Developed the research developmental stage, which
instruments people must reach to be
o Spiritual Perspective fulfilled and to have a sense
Scale of purpose.
o Self-Transcendence o The expansion of self-
Scale boundaries,
multidimensionally such as
following inwardly toward
greater awareness of one’s
own beliefs, values, and
goals.
o Experiences uncertainty
gradually, beginning as the
illness insidiously invades
life
o Adaption – continuity of the
persons usual
biopsychosocial behavior to
reduce uncertainty
o Uncertainty can result in a
new level of organization
and a new perspective on
life, incorporating the
growth and change that
result from uncertain
experiences.
o Impose conceptual
boundaries upon
themselves to define their
reality and to provide a
sense of wholeness and
connectedness within
themselves and their
environment
o Were conceived as
developing over their life
span in interaction with
other persons and within an
environment of changing
complexity and vibrancy
that could both positively
o Using the MUIS tool
clinicians can identify the
areas of illness that are
causing the greatest
uncertainty
o Addressing these areas and
assisting the patient to build
better coping mechanisms
will improve the patient’s
health during times of illness
o Healthcare environment
where the theory is
applicable
o Family, social networks,
physical surroundings, and
community resources were
environments that
significantly contributed to
health processes that
nurses influenced through
“managing therapeutic
interactions among people,
objects, and [nursing]
activities
sickness orientation and
rejection of the sick role.
o Uncertainty in illness has
been researched primarily
in the hospital setting
o Illness effects many aspects
of life and with increased
research it might show how
uncertainty in illness theory
can be used to help a
variety of patients in
different environments
o In the early process model,
health was defined implicitly
as a life process of both
positive and negative
experiences from which
individuals create unique
values and environments
that promote well-being.
o Well-being is a sense of
feeling whole and healthy,
according to one’s own
criteria for wholeness and
health.
o Nurses can assist the
patient by constructing a
personal scenario for the
illness which includes why
or how the illness began,
how it will progress, how the
patient can recover.
o The role of nursing activity
was to assist persons
(through interpersonal
processes and therapeutic
management of their
environments) with the skills
required for promoting
health and well-being.

Page 8 of 12

THEORY NAME AND ITS BRIEF
THEORIST NAME
DISCUSSION
17. Phil Baker The Tidal Model of Mental
Health Recovery
o Developed from a discrete
focus on psychiatric nursing
in acute settings to a more
flexible mental health
recovery and reclamation
model.
o Focus is on helping
individuals’ patients create
their own voyage of
discovery.
o By participating in these
groups, the person develops
awareness of the value of
social support, which can be
received from and given to
others.
18. Katharine Kolcaba Theory of Comfort
(December 28, 1944 – o Explains comfort as a
present) fundamental need of all
human beings for relief,
ease, or transcendence
arising from health care
situations that are stressful.
Comfort can enhance
health-seeking behaviors for
patients, family members,
and nurses
19. Cheryl Tatano Beck Postpartum Depression Theory
(1949 – present) o A nonpsychotic major
depressive disorder with
distinguishing diagnostic
criteria, postpartum
depression often begins as
early as 4 weeks after birth
20. Hildegard Elizabeth Peplau Theory of Interpersonal
(Sept. 1, 1909 – March 17, Relations
1999) o Has four phases of the
o Psychiatric Nurse of the nurse-client relationship
Century 1. Orientation
2. Identification
3. Exploitation
4. Resolution
Martin, Andrea Christianne Hilario
PERSON
and negatively contribute to
health and well-being.
o Natural philosophers and
meaning makers, devoting
much of their lives to
establishing the meaning
and value of their
experience and to
constructing explanatory
models of the world and
their place in it.
o Comfort is achieved when
the patient’s pain needs are
met.
o Ease comfort is focused on
the psychological state of
the patient
o Transcendence happens
when the patient can rise
above their challenge of
health problems and pain
o Described in terms of
wholeness with biological,
sociological, and
psychological components
o Which is a developing
organism that tries to
reduce anxiety caused by
needs
Page 9 of 12
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ENVIRONMENT
o Largely social in nature, the o Is a personal task where
context in which persons
travel within their ocean of
experience and nurses
create space for growth and
development
o A calm and comforting
environment will allow the
patient’s anxiety level to
decrease
o Includes events, situations,
culture, physicality,
ecosystems, and
sociopolitical systems.
o Which consists of existing
forces outside of the
person, and put in the
context of culture
HEALTH
success is in large part the
result of self-awareness,
self-discipline, and inner
resources by which each
person regulates his own
daily rhythm and action
o Health is optimal
functioning, as defined by
the patient, group, family, or
community
o The consequence of
women’s responses to the
context of their lives and
their environment
o Which is a word symbol that
implies forward movement
of personality and other
ongoing human processes
in the direction of creative,
constructive, productive,
personal, and community
living.
NURSING
o Is an enduring human
interpersonal activity and
involves a focus on the
promotion of growth or
development are put into
place.
o The nurse addresses the
patient’s comfort needs and
creates a care plan
o Describes as a caring
profession with caring
obligations to persons
nurses care for
o Which is a significant
therapeutic interpersonal
process that functions
cooperatively with other
human process that make
health possible for
individuals in communities.

THEORY NAME AND ITS BRIEF
THEORIST NAME
DISCUSSION
21. Imogene King Theory of Goal Attainment
(January 30, 1923 – o Describes a dynamic,
December 24, 2007) interpersonal relationship in language and other symbols
which a patient grows and
develops to attain certain lifepreserve their culture
goals.
o Explains that factors which
can affect the attainment of
goals are roles, stress,
space, and time
22. Anne Boykin & Sawina O. The Theory of Nursing as Caring o Caring by virtue of their
Schoenhofer o General or grand nursing
theory that can be used as a o Are whole or complete in
framework to guide nursing
practice.
o Grounded in several key
assumptions: persons and
personhood
23. Margaret A. Newman Health as expanding
(October 10, 1933 - consciousness
present) o Stimulated by concern for
those for whom health as the
absence of disease or
disability is not possible.
o Progressed to include the
health of all persons
regardless of the presence
or absence of disease
o Asserts that every person in
every situation, no matter
Martin, Andrea Christianne Hilario
PERSON
o Spiritual beings and have
the ability through their
to record their history and
o Individuals are unique and
holistic, of intrinsic worth, o Open systems imply that
and capable of rational
thinking and decision
making in most situations.
o Individuals differ in their
needs, wants, and goals
humanness
the moment
o Live caring, moment to
moment
o Client, individual, patient,
human-being
o Clients are viewed as
participants in the process.
o Individuals are identified by
their individual patterns of
consciousness.
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o “an understanding of the
ways that human beings
interact with their
environment to maintain
health was essential for
nurses”.
interactions occur
constantly between the
system and the system’s
environment
o “adjustments to life and
health are influenced by an
individual’s interaction with
environment. Each human
being perceives the world
as a total person in making
transactions with individuals
and things in the
environment”
o Personhood is enhanced
through participating in
nurturing relationships with
caring others. Personhood
acknowledges the potential
of persons to live caring and
is enhanced through
participation in nurturing
relationships with caring
others
o A larger whole which
contains the consciousness
of the individual.
o Client & environment are
viewed as a unitary evolving
pattern.
o Person & environment are
not key process
HEALTH
o A dynamic state in the life
cycle, while illness interferes
with that process.
o “implies continuous
adjustment to stress in the
internal and external
environment through the
optimum use of one’s
resources to achieve the
maximum potential for daily
living.”
o Personhood is a process of
living grounded in caring.
o Personhood acknowledges
the potential for unfolding
caring possibilities moment
to moment.
o The universal human call.
This implies that the fullness
of being human is
expressed in living caring
uniquely day to day and is
enhanced through
participation in caring
relationships
o Pattern of the whole
NURSING
o Is an observable behavior
found in the health care
systems in society
o The goal of nursing is to
help individuals maintain
their health so they can
function in their roles”
o Nursing is both a discipline
and profession.
o Nursing is an “exquisitely
interwoven” unity of aspects
of the discipline and
profession of nursing.
o As a discipline, nursing is a
way of knowing, being,
valuing, and living in the
world, and is envisaged as
a unity of knowledge within
a larger unity.
o The focus of nursing is the
primacy of relationship both
nurse-client relationship and
relationships within client’s
lives
 Martin, Andrea Christianne Hilario BSN 1-Y1-10
THEORY NAME AND ITS BRIEF NURSING METAPARADIGM
THEORIST NAME
DISCUSSION PERSON ENVIRONMENT HEALTH NURSING

how disordered and

hopeless it may seem, is part
of the universal process of
expanding consciousness
24. Kristen M. Swanson Theory of Caring o Unique dynamic beings with o Any context that influences o A complex process of o Caring is central to nursing
(January 13, 1953 – o Has 5 dimensions thoughts, feelings, and or is influenced by the establishing new meanings o Informed caring for the well-
present) 1. Knowing behaviors patient restoring integration and being of others
2. Being with o Situationally defined emerging into a sense of
3. Doing for renowned wholeness
4. Enabling
5. Maintain belief
o Applied to clinical setting
25. Dorothea Elizabeth Orem Self-Care and Self-care Deficit o Has the capability to reflect, o The surrounding of the o Describe living things o An art through which the
(July 15, 1914 – June 22, Theory symbolize, and use patients may affect their according to Orem, they are practitioner of nursing gives
2007) o Result of her working toward symbols. ability to perform their self- structurally and functionally specialized assistance to
her goal of improving the o When referring to humans, care activity. Includes two whole or sound, includes persons with disabilities that
quality of nursing in general Orem uses the term dimensions: that which make a person needed greater than
hospitals in her state individual, patient, multi- o A. Physical, chemical and human, she define health as ordinary assistance to meet
o Practice of activities that person, self-care agent, biologic features: "a state of physical, mental the daily needs for self-care.
individuals initiate and dependent care agent atmosphere, pollutants, and social sell-being, and o It consists of actions
perform on their own behalf o Men, women, and children weather, pets, infectious not merely the absence of deliberately selected and
in maintain life, health, and cared for either singly or as organisms disease or infirmity. performed by nurses to help
well being social units o B. Socioeconomic features: patients under their care to
o Self-care Agent and o Material object of nurses family, community, gender, maintain or change
Dependent Care agent and others who provide gender roles, cultural roles, conditions in themselves or
direct care cultural prescription of their environment.
authority o Also intelligently
participates in the medical
care the individual receives
from the physician
26. Martha Rogers Theory of Unitary Human Beings o An open system in o An irreducible, pan o Passive health to symbolize o Nursing is a learned
(May 12, 1914 – March 13, o A patient cannot be continuous process with the dimensional energy field wellness and the absence of profession and is both a
1994) separated from his or her open system that is the identified by pattern and disease and major illness. science and an art. The
environment when environment (integrality). manifesting characteristics Her promotion of positive purpose of nursing is to
addressing health and She defines unitary human different from those of the health connotes direction in promote health and well-
treatment. being as an “irreducible, parts. Each environmental helping people with being for all persons. The
indivisible, pan dimensional field is specific to its given opportunities for rhythmic art of nursing is the creative
energy field identified by human field. Both changes consistency. Later, she use of the science of
pattern and manifesting continuously and creatively wrote that wellness “is a nursing for human
characteristics that are much better term . . . betterment.
specific to the whole Because the term health is
“irreducible, indivisible, pan very ambiguous”
dimensional energy field
identified by pattern and
manifesting characteristics
that are specific to the

Page 11 of 12

THEORIST NAME
27. Lyndia Hall (Sept. 21, 1906
– February 27, 1969)
28. Joyce Travelbee
(1926 - 1973)
Martin, Andrea Christianne Hilario
THEORY NAME AND ITS BRIEF
DISCUSSION PERSON
whole “man is a unified
whole possessing his own
integrity and manifesting
characteristics that are
more than and different
from the sum of his parts”
Care, Core, Cure Theory o Patient or client as
o Core is the patient; the composed of three aspects:
cure refers to the body, pathology, and
medical and nursing person
interventions and the o Unique, capable of growth
care is the nurturing and learning and requiring a
provided by nurses. total person approach
o Nursing functions in all o Achieve their maximal
three of the circles but potential through the
shares them to different learning process
degrees with other o They need teaching as their
disciplines. chief therapy
Human-to-Human Relationship o A unique irreplaceable
o Based on Soren individual- a one time being
Kierkegaard’s philosophy of in the worldlike yet unlike
existentialism and Viktor any person who has ever
Frankl’s logotherapy lived or ever will live
o Human being
o Both the nurse and patient
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o Dealt with in relation to the
individual
o Assumed that the hospital
environment during
treatment of acute illness
creates a difficult
psychological experience
for the ill individual
o Create an environment that
is conducive to self-
development
o She defined human
conditions and life
experiences encountered
by all men as sufferings,
hope, pain, and illness
HEALTH
o State of self-awareness with
a conscious selection of
behaviors that are optimal
for that individual
o Becoming ill is a behavior
o Illness is directed by
feelings-out-of-awareness
o The enjoyment of the
highest attainable standard
without distinction
o An individually defined state
of well-being in accord with
self-appraisal of physical-
emotional-spiritual status
o Subjective and objective
NURSING
o Identified as consisting of
participation in the care,
core, and cure aspects of
patient care
o Can and should be
professional
o An interpersonal process
whereby the professional
nurse assists an individual
to prevent or cope with
illness and suffering and find
meaning in these
experiences
o Main concept is suffering,
meaning, nursing, hope,
communications, self-
therapy, and a targeted
intellectual approach