https://www.youtube.com/watch?

v=guCRUeI_kF8
Metals and Periodic Table
Uses of metals
Metals Uses
Sodium (Na) Fertilizer, glass and soap-making
Potassium (K) Fertilizer, glass-making, gunpowder
Magnesium(Mg) Aeroplanes, cars
Aluminium (Al) Cooking utensils, Aeroplanes, kitchen
foil
Copper (Cu) Electrical wires, water pipes, cooking
pans
Iron (Fe) Bridges, cars, steel, pots
Gold (Au) Jewelries
Silver (Ag) Jewelries, Cutleries

Non-metals Uses
Carbon Graphite in pencils, diamond in
jewelries, carbon fibre
Nitrogen Fertilizer, explosive, medication, food-
processing, cleaners
Oxygen Welding, in many foods, respiration
Phosphorus Matches, fertilizer, detergents
Sulphur Gun powder, matches, rubber
Fluorine Toothpaste, etching
Chlorine Disinfectant, bleach
Iodine Dye, medicine, antiseptic
 Identifying groups and periods

1. The vertical columns in the periodic table are called groups

The groups are numbered from one (I) to eight (VIII) using roman numerals. The
group number tells you the number of electrons on the outer shell of the atoms
found in that group.

 Group I elements are called the alkali metals

 Group II elements are called the alkali earth metals
 Group VII elements are called the halogens
 Group VIII (Group 0) elements are called the inert gases or noble
gases

2. The horizontal rows in the periodic table are called periods

 The period number tells the number of shells possessed by the atoms
of elements. Therefore, all the elements in period 1 have only one
shell, Period 2 elements have two shells, and so on.
*Nitrogen would be in Group 5 and Period 2

*Calcium would be in Group 2 and Period 4

*Phosphorus would be in 5 and Period 3
*Helium would be in Group 1 and Group 8. But why is helium in group 8 and
not group 2? Even though it only has two electrons, it is grouped with elements
that have eight valence electrons. Helium is still happy because its outermost shell
is completely full making it extremely stable. The noble gases are happy with their
completely filled valence shells.
The atomic number is the number of protons in the nucleus of an atom.
The mass number/atomic mass is total number of protons + neutrons in the
nucleus of an atom.

Arrangements of electrons on the electron shells

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=p9u0cUAq82g
The arrangement of the electrons on the shells of an atom is called electronic
configuration and denoted e.c. The shells are also known as energy levels.

Each energy level (shell) holds a specific number of electrons. The capacity of the
shells increases with volume. The further away the energy level (shell) is from the
nucleus, the greater its volume.

Some atoms have many energy levels. The electrons of the first 20 elements fill the
shells according to the following rules.

 The first energy level or shell (The one nearest to the nucleus) can hold a
maximum of two (2) electrons
 The second shell can hold a maximum of eight electrons. Any remaining
electrons they will go on the third shell.
 The third shell holds a maximum of 18 electrons.
 The shells closest to the nucleus (the inner shells) must contain their
maximum number of electrons before attempting to fill the shells of the
higher energy.