Mathematics 9

Quarter 3 – Module 5: Ratio and Proportion

Lesson 1: Proportion
At the end of the lesson, you are expected to:
● describe a proportion; and

● determine whether a given equation is a proportion or not.

Let us recall first an important concept that will help us understand what proportion is. This concept is
the ratio. Ratio is used to compare two or more quantities. Quantities involved in ratio are of the same kind so
that ratio does not make use of units. However, when quantities are of different kinds, the comparison of
quantities that consider the units is called rate.
Examples:
Ratios (same kind) Rates (different kinds)
1 m:100 cm (units of length) 1 kg :10 km (mass and distance)
2 3
1 min :60 sec (units of time) 10 cm :30 cm (area and volume)
The figures that follow show ratios or rates that are proportional.
Ratios or Rates Proportional Quantities
Feet : Inches 3 ft :36∈¿ 4 ft : 48∈¿
Minutes (of walking) : Meters (distance covered) 3 min :60 m=6 min :120 m
Kilograms (of mango) : Pesos (amount paid) 1 kg :80 pesos=3 kg :240 pesos

Recall the parts of a proportion. The inner values are called means while the outer values are called
extremes.
means

3 ft :36∈¿ 4 ft : 48∈¿

extremes
Let us verify the accuracy of the given proportions by checking the equality of the ratios. Let’s try to
check the first proportion.
Proportional Quantities Checking the equality of ratios or rates in the cited proportions
3 ft :36∈¿ 4 ft : 48∈¿ Solution 1: Simplifying Ratios
3 4 3 4 1 1
? → ? → =
36 48 3(12) 4(12) 12 12

Solution 2: Simplifying Cross Multiplied Factors

3 4
? → 3 ( 48 ) ? 36 ( 4 ) →3 ( 4 ) ( 12 )=3(12)(4)
36 48

Solution 3: Cross Products

3 4
? → 3 ( 48 ) ? 36 ( 4 ) →144=144
36 48

Solution 4: Products of Means and Extremes

 3 ft :36∈¿ 4 ft : 48∈¿

144

144

Any of the four solutions illustrated in the preceding table can be used to check the equality of the ratios
or rates in the other given proportions, whichever is/are applicable. The solutions show that corresponding
quantities are proportional. In short, they form a proportion because the ratios are equal.
With the explanation, we can define proportion as the equality of two or more ratios.

What’s More?
Directions: On your answer sheet, write P if the given equation is a proportion. If not, then write NP.
1. 4 cm : 40 dm = 6 cm : 60 dm 3. 200 cm : 3 m = 800 cm : 8 m
2. 2 hrs : 120 mins = 5 hrs : 240 mins. 4. 10 mins : 400 m = 40 mins : 1600 m

Lesson 2: Fundamental Theorems of Proportion

Learning Competency: Applies the fundamental theorems of proportionality to solve problems involving proportions.
(M9GE-IIIf-2)

At the end of the lesson, you are expected to:

● identify the different properties of proportion; and

● solve problems involving proportions by applying the fundamental theorems of proportionality.

The properties that follow show several ways of rewriting proportions that do not alter the meaning of their
values.
Fundamental Rule of Proportion
w y
If w : x = y : z , then = provided that x ≠ 0 ; z ≠0 .
x z
Properties of Proportion
w y
Cross Multiplication Property If = , then wz=xy ; x ≠ 0 , z ≠ 0.
x z
w y w x
Alternation Property If = , then = ; x ≠ 0 , y ≠0 , z ≠ 0 .
x z y z
w y x z
Inverse Property If = , then = ; w ≠0 , x ≠ 0 , y ≠ 0 , z ≠ 0.
x z w y
w y w+ x y + z
Addition Property If = , then = ; x ≠ 0 , z ≠ 0.
x z x z
w y w−x y−z
Subtraction Property If = , then = ; x ≠ 0 , z ≠ 0.
x z x z
u w y u w y u+w+ y
If = = , then = = = =k ;
Sum Property v x z v x z v+ x + z
where k is a constant at proportionality and v ≠ 0 , x ≠ 0 , z ≠ 0.
 What’s More?
Directions: Study the examples on how to determine indicated quantities from a given proportion, then solve the items
labelled as Your Task..
Examples Your Task
1. If m :n=4 :3, find 3 m−2 n :3 m+ n. y
Solution Find if
s
m 4 4n 5 y−2 s :10=3 y−s :7 .
= → m=
n 3 3
4n 3 m−2 n
Using m= .
3 3 m+ n
4n
Substitute m with and simplify.
3

¿
3
4n
3 ( )
−2 n
=
4 n−2 n 2 n 2
= =
3
4n
3 ( )
+n
4 n+n 5 n 5

Therefore, 3 m−2 n :3 m+ n=2 :5

2. If e and b represent two non-zero numbers, find the ratio e : b if Solve for the ratio u :v if
2 2 2 2
2 e + eb−3 b =0 . u +3 uv−10 v =0.
Solution
2 2
2 e + eb−3 b =0
By factoring, we get
( 2e+3 b )( e−b )=0
Equating each factor to 0: 2e+3 b=0 or e−b=0
Hence, e : b=−3:2 or 1 :1.
3. If r, s, and t represent three positive numbers such that If g :h=3: 4 , evaluate
r :s :t=4 :3 :2 and r 2−s 2−t 2=27, find the values of r, s, and t. 4 g +h :8 g+h.
Solution
r s t Notice that we need to
Let = = =k , k ≠ 0 reject -3 because r, s, and t
4 3 2
Equate each ratio to k. are positive numbers.
r s t Therefore:
=k ; =k ; =k
4 3 2
Express each variable in terms of k.
So, r =4 k ; s=3 k ; t=2 k
Substitute these values in the given equation.
2 2 2
r −s −t =27
2 2 2
( 4 k ) −( 3 k ) −(2 k ) =27
2 2 2
16 k −9 k −4 k =27
2
3 k =27
q r s 5 q−6 r −7 s Find the value of m if
4. If = = = , find x. e f g 5e-6 f −2 g
2 3 4 x = = =
Solution 1 2 3 m
q r s 5 q−6 r −7 s
Let = = = =k .
2 3 4 x
Equate each ratio to k.
 q r s 5 q−6 r−7 s
=k ; =k ; =k ; =k .
2 3 4 x
Express each variable in terms of k .
q=2 k , r=3 k , s=4 k , and 5 q−6 r−7 s=kx .
Substitute the values of q , r , and s in the equation
5 q−6 r−7 s=kx
5 ( 2 k )−6 (3 k )−7 ( 4 k ) =kx
10 k −18 k−28 k=kx
−36 k =kx
x=−36

Assessment
Directions: Read and analyze each item carefully then write on your answer sheet the letter that
corresponds to your answer.
1. It is used to compare two quantities.
A. ratio B. proportion C. rate D. equal
2. This refers to the comparison of two quantities of different kinds.
A. ratio B. proportion C. rate D. equal
3. Proportion is the ________________ of two ratios.
A. comparison B. equality C. difference D. similarity
4. These are the inner values of a proportion.
A. means B. extremes C. ratio D. rates
5. These are the outer values of a proportion.
A. means B. extremes C. ratio D. rates
6. Which of the following is a proportion?
A. 2:6 = 3:12 C. 4:6 = 12:18
B. 5:2 = 7:4 D. 1:10 = 10:1
7. All the following are fundamental theorems of proportionality EXCEPT:
A. Cross Multiplication Property C. Inverse Property
B. Addition Property D. Closure Property
8. Which fundamental theorem of proportionality is being illustrated below?
w y
If x = z , then wz=xy ; x ≠ 0 ; z ≠ 0 .
A. Cross Multiplication Property C. Inverse Property
B. Addition Property D. Subtraction Property
9. If y :3=a: 4 , what is the value of y :a ?
A. 3:4 B. -3:4 C. 4:-3 D. 4:3
10. If m :n=3 :2 , what is the value of m −n :m −2 n ?
2 2 2 2

A. 1:5 B. 5:1 C. 4:-3 D. 3:4