Mathematics 9

Quarter 3 – Module 2
Theorems on Parallelogram

Lesson 1: Theorems on Parallelogram

Parallelogram is a quadrilateral with two pairs of opposite sides are parallel.
Theorems on Parallelogram:
1. Two pairs of opposite sides are congruent. 4. The diagonals of a parallelogram bisect each other.
2. Two pairs of opposite angles are congruent. 5. A diagonal of a parallelogram forms two congruent
3. Any two consecutive angles are supplementary. triangles.

Your observations in the previous activities regarding the properties of parallelogram can be proven using the two-column
proof.
Example:
Parallelogram Property No. 1: In a parallelogram, any two opposite sides
are congruent. H O

GIVEN: Parallelogram HOME

PROVE: HO  ME ; OM ≅ HE
PROOF: E M
STATEMENTS REASONS
1. Parallelogram HOME 1. Given
2. HO II ME and HE ll OM 2. Definition of parallelogram
3. Draw EO 3. Line Postulate
4. HOE ≅ MEO, HEO ≅ MOE 4. Alternate Interior Angles are congruent (AIAC)
5. EO ≅ OE 5. Reflexive Property
6. ∆HOE ≅ ∆MEO 6. ASA Congruence Postulate
7. HO  ME ; OM ≅ HE 7. Corresponding Parts of Congruent Triangles are Congruent (CPCTC)

Parallelogram Property No. 2: In a parallelogram, any two opposite angles J T are

congruent.
U S
GIVEN: Parallelogram JUST
PROVE: JUS ≅ STJ; UJT ≅ TSU

STATEMENTS REASONS
1. Parallelogram JUST 1. Given
2. Draw UT and JS 2. Line Postulate
3. JT ≅ SU ; JU ≅ ST 3. Two pairs of opposite sides are congruent.(Parallelogram Property No. 1)

4. TU ≅ TU ; JS ≅ JS 4. Reflexive Property
5. ∆TUJ ≅ ∆UTS; ∆STJ ≅ ∆JUS 5. SSS Congruence Postulate
6.  JUS ≅ STJ; UJT ≅  TSU 7.Corresponding Parts of Congruent Triangles are Congruent (CPCTC)

Parallelogram Property No. 3: In a parallelogram, any two consecutive angles are

supplementary. I V

GIVEN: Parallelogram LIVE L E

PROVE: I and V are supplementary. V and E are supplementary.
E and L are supplementary. L and I are supplementary.
PROOF:
STATEMENTS REASONS
1. Parallelogram LIVE 1. Given
2. LI ll VE 2. Definition of Parallelogram
3.  I and V are supplementary 3. Same side interior angles are supplementary.
4.  I ≅ E, V ≅ L 4. Two pairs of opposite angles are congruent. (Parallelogram Property
No. 2)
5. E and L are supplementary 5. An angle that is a supplementary to one of two congruent angles is
supplementary to the other also.

What’s More- Directions: Complete the table.

Parallelogram Property No. 4: The diagonals of a parallelogram bisect each C U
other.
H
GIVEN: Parallelogram CURE with diagonals CR and UE
that meet at point H.
PROVE: CR and UE bisect each other. E R
PROOF:
STATEMENTS REASONS
1. 1. Given
2. CU ≅ ℜ 2.
3. CU ll ℜ 3.
4. CUE ≅ REU 4. Alternate Interior Angles are Congruent (AIAC)
5. CHU ≅ RHE 5. Vertical angles are congruent. (Vertical Angle Theorem)
6. ∆CHU  ∆ RHE 6. SAA Congruence Postulate
7. CH ≅ RH , EH ≅ UH 7. Corresponding Parts of Congruent Triangles are Congruent
8. 8. Definition of Bisectors (hint: two diagonals bisecting each other in the figure)

Parallelogram Property No. 5: A diagonal divides the parallelogram into two congruent triangles.
GIVEN: Parallelogram AXIS with diagonal AI
PROVE: ∆AXI  ∆ ISA
PROOF:
STATEMENTS REASONS
1. 1. Given
2. AX ǁ IS and AS ǁ IX 2.
3. XAI   SIA 3. Alternate Interior Angles are Congruent (AIAC)
4. IA ≅ AI 4. Reflexive Property
5. XIA  SAI 5.
6. 6. ASA Congruence Postulate (hint: two congruent triangles formed in the figure)
A S

Lesson 2: Theorems on Rectangle X I

A rectangle is a parallelogram with four right angles.

Theorems on Rectangle:
1. If a parallelogram has a right angle, then it has four right angles and the parallelogram is a rectangle.
2. The diagonals of a rectangle are congruent.
Example:
Theorem 1: If a parallelogram has a right angle, then it has four right angles, and the parallelogram is a rectangle.

GIVEN: WINS is a parallelogram with W is a right angle.

W I
PROVE: I, N andS are right angles.
PROOF:
STATEMENTS REASONS
11. WINS is a parallelogram with W 1.Given
is a right angle.
2. m W = 90⁰ 2. Definition of Right Angle
3. W  N & I  S 3. Two pairs of opposite angles are congruent.
(Parallelogram Property No. 2)
4. mW = mN, mI = mS 4. Definition of Congruent Angles
5. m N = 90⁰ 5. Substitution (Statement No. 2 & 4)
6. mW + mI = 180⁰ 6. Any two consecutive angles are supplementary. Parallelogram
Property No.3
7. 90° + mI = 180⁰ 7. Substitution (Statement No. 2 & 6)
8. 90° = 90° 8. Reflexive Property
9. mI = 90⁰ 9. Subtraction Property (Statement No. 7 & 8)
10. mS = 90⁰ 10. Substitution (Statement No. 4 and 9)
11. I, N and  S are right angles. 11. If the measure of an angle is 90°, then it is a right angle.
12. WINS is a rectangle. 12. Definition of Rectangle

What’s More
Directions: Complete the table.
Theorem 2: The diagonals of a rectangle are congruent. W I
GIVEN: WINS is a rectangle with diagonals WN and SI .
PROVE: WN ≅ IS
PROOF:
S N
STATEMENTS REASONS
1. 1.Given
2. WS ≅ ¿ 2.
3. WSN and  INS are 3. If a parallelogram has a right angle, then it has four right angles and the
right angles. parallelogram is a rectangle.
(Theorem No. 1)
4. WSN ≅  INS 4. All right angles are congruent.
5. SN ≅ NS 5.
6. 6. SAS Congruence Postulate (hint: two congruent right triangles formed)
7. WN ≅ IS 7.Corresponding Parts of Congruent Triangles are Congruent (CPCTC)

Lesson 3: Theorems on Rhombus

A rhombus is a parallelogram with four equal sides.
Theorems on Rhombus:
1. The diagonals of a rhombus are perpendicular.
2. Each diagonal of a rhombus bisects opposite angles.

Theorem 3: The diagonals of a rhombus are perpendicular.

GIVEN: Rhombus ROSE O

PROVE: RS ⏊ OE
PROOF:
STATEMENTS REASONS
1. Rhombus ROSE 1. Given
2. OS  RO 2. Definition of Rhombus
3. RS and EO bisect each other. 3. The diagonals of a parallelogram bisect each other.
4. H is the midpoint of RS . 4. EO bisects RS at point H
 5. RH  HS 5. Definition of midpoint
6. OH  OH 6. Reflexive Property
7. ∆RHO ≅ ∆SHO 7. SSS Congruence Postulate
8. RHO  SHO 8. Corresponding Parts of Congruent Triangles are Congruent (CPCTC)
9. RHO and  SHO are right angles. 9. RHO and SHO form a Linear Pair and are congruent.
10. RS ⏊ OE 10. Perpendicular lines meet to form right angles.

What’s More V W
Directions: Complete the table. 3
Theorem 4: Each diagonal of a rhombus bisects opposite angles. 4

GIVEN: Rhombus VWXY

PROVE: 1 ≅ 2
3  4 1
PROOF: Y 2 X
STATEMENTS REASONS
1. 1. Given
2. YV ≅ VW ; WX ≅ XY 2.
3.WY ≅ YW 3.
4. ∆YVW ≅ ∆WXY 4.
(hint: Two triangles are congruent if three corresponding sides of two triangles are congruent- ____Congruence
Postulate)
5. 1 ≅ 2; 3 ≅ 4 5. Corresponding Parts of Congruent Triangles are Congruent (CPCTC)
Assessment
Directions: Indicate with a check ( / ) mark in the table below the property that corresponds to the given
quadrilateral.

Property Quadrilaterals
Parallelogram Rectangle Rhombus Square
1. All sides are congruent.
2. Opposite sides are parallel.
3. Opposite sides are congruent.
4. Opposite angles are congruent.
5. Opposite angles are supplementary.
6. Diagonals are congruent.
7. Diagonals bisect each other.
8. Diagonals bisect opposite angles.
9. Diagonals are perpendicular.
10. A diagonal divides a quadrilateral into two congruent
triangles.