SMART HELMATE

SMART HELMATE

ABSTRACT
A smart helmet is a type of protective headgear used by the rider which makes bike driving safer
than before. The main purpose of this smart helmet to provide safety for rider . This implement
by using advance feature like alcohol detection, accident identification, location tracking, use as
a hands free device, solar powered, fall detection. This makes not only smart helmet but also
feature of smart bike. Its compulsory to wear helmet, without helmet ignition switch cannot ON.
A RF Module as wireless link which able to communicate between transmitter and receiver. If
rider getting drunk it gets automatically ignition switch is locked, and send message
automatically to their register number with their current location. So when accident occurs, it
will send message by GSM to register numbers with their current location by GPS module. It can
use to receive call while driving. The distinctive utility of project is fall detection, if the bike
rider fall from bike it will send message automatically
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CHAPTER-1

INTRODUCTION
In recent times helmets have been made compulsory in Maharashtra State. Traffic accidents in
India have increased year by year. As per Section129 of Motor Vehicles Act, 1988 makes it
required for every single riding a two-wheeler to wear protective headgear following to standards
of the BIS (Bureau of Indian Standards).In India drunken drive case is a criminal offence of The
Motor Vehicle act 1939. Which states that the bike rider will get punish. In existence bike rider
easily get escaped from law. These are the three main issues which motivates us for developing
this project. The first step is to identify the helmet is wear or not. If helmet is wear then ignition
will start otherwise it will remains off till helmet is not wear. For these we use FSR sensor. The
second step is alcohol detection. Alcohol sensor is use as breath analyzer which detect the
presence of alcohol in rider breathe if it is exceeds permissible range ignition cannot start. It will
send the message to register number. MQ-3 sensor is used for these. When these two conditions
are satisfied then ignition will start. The third main issue is accident and late medical help. If the
rider met accident with him he cannot receive medical help instantly, its big reason for deaths.
Around every second people die due to late medical help or the accident place is unmanned. In
fall detection, we place accelerometer at the bike unit. Due to these mechanism we detect the
accident occurs or not. The aim of this project is to make a protection system in a helmet for a
good safety of bike rider. The smart helmet that we made is fixed with sensors which act as to
detect wear helmet or not. There are two different microcontroller is used in this project. Each
unit has used a separate microcontroller, for bike unit we use Arduino Lilypad and for helmet
unit we use Arduino uno. Signal transmission between the helmet unit and bike unit is using a
RF concept.

LITERATURE SURVEY

Smart Helmet & Intelligent Bike System A smart helmet is a type of protective headgear used
by the rider which makes bike driving safer than before. The main purpose of this smart helmet
to provide safety for rider. This implement by using advance feature like alcohol detection,
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accident identification, location tracking, use as a hands free device, solar powered, fall
detection. This makes not only smart helmet but also feature of smart bike. Its compulsory to
wear helmet, without helmet ignition switch cannot ON. A RF Module as wireless link which
able to communicate between transmitter and receiver. If rider getting drunk it gets automatically
ignition switch is locked, and send message automatically to their register number with their
current location. So when accident occurs, it will send message by GSM to register numbers with
their current location by GPS module. It can use to receive call while driving. The distinctive
utility of project is fall detection, if the bike rider fall from bike it will send message
automatically.

These are the three main issues which motivates us for developing this project. The first step is to
identify the helmet is wear or not. If helmet is wear then ignition will start otherwise it will
remains off till helmet is not wear. For these we use FSR sensor. The second step is alcohol
detection. Alcohol sensor is use as breath analyzer which detect the presence of alcohol in rider
breathe if it is exceeds permissible range ignition cannot start. It will send the message to register
number. When these two conditions are satisfied then ignition will start. The third main issue is
accident and late medical help. If the rider met accident with him he cannot receive medical help
instantly, its big reason for deaths. Around every second people die due to late medical help or
the accident place is unmanned. In fall detection, we place accelerometer at the bike unit. Due to
these mechanism we detect the accident occurs or not. The aim of this project is to make a
protection system in a helmet for a good safety of bike rider. The smart helmet that we made is
fixed with sensors which act as to detect wear helmet or not. There are two different
microcontroller is used in this project. Each unit has used a separate microcontroller, for bike
unit we use Arduino Lily pad and for helmet unit we use ARM7 lpc2148. Signal transmission
between the helmet unit and bike unit is using a RF concept.

Design of Smart Helmet System for Bike with Speed Indication to Government Through this
paper we intend to present an improvement in existing bike helmet system with speed indication.
System is made more efficient with addition of intelligence in term of artificial vision using
micro controller techniques to estimate actual vehicle situation. To achieve this, the system can
transmit the information in real time also system is very clever enough to provide information
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which bike getting high speed then GSM system send a message to government. So this system
resemblance for user or rider and government who takes better decision every time for
decreasing accident additional the proposed work is an attempt to Helmet. Helmet is a type of
protective headgear used by the rider which makes bike driving safer than before. The main
purpose of this smart Asian Journal of Applied Science and Technology (AJAST) (Open Access
Quarterly International Journal) Volume 2, Issue 2, Pages 207-211, April-June 2018 209 | P a g e
Online ISSN: 2456-883X Impact Factor: 1.805 Website: www.ajast.net Helmet to provide safety
for rider. It compulsory to wear Helmet without Helmet ignition switch cannot ON. It consists of
RF transmitter and RF receiver system. As user wear Helmet RF signal radiate from transmitter
and once these RF signal get sensed by the placed in the ignition switch of the bike. Bike will get
start. The project is expected to improve safety and reduce accident and restricted the high speed
by government especially fatal to the motorcyclist. With the increasing buying power of common
man today the number of vehicle we are used but todays era, especially in the young generation,
the craze of motorbikes is really remarkable.

The middle class families prefer to buy motorbikes over four wheeler s because of their low
prices. As the biker in our country are increasing the road mishaps are also increasing day by day
due to which many deaths occur most of them are caused due to most common negligence of not
wearing the Helmets and reaching the high speed. This motivates us to think about making a
system which ensures safety of biker by making it necessary to wear Helmet as per government
guidelines. Presented a system on micro controller based circuitry is used with using GSM
(Global System for Mobile Communication) GSM perform two way communication with bike
and rider using GSM modem is used for sending SMS as on rider regular cell-phone also the
system used siren and stand sensor in case someone try to bike steal the siren is ON even if user
used very high speed at that time GSM send the SMS to government to avoid an accident.
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CHAPTER-2
SYSTEM OVERVIEW
The fig.1 shows block diagram which gives you the overview of the proposed system. The brief
description given bellow.

2.1. Block diagram description:

HELMATE PART

SWITCH

RF TX

MQ135

BIKE PART

RELAY

RF RX
BUZZER

GSM AND GPS

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Figure 2.1: Block diagram of proposed system

2.2 Functional Unit description

In the figure 2.1 we shown the hardware requirements & Technical approach in the way to
design the system. The system consist of mainly parts like Microcontroller (ATmega328),

2.3 MICROCONTROLLER ATMEGA328

Arduino UNO is an open source prototyping platform based on ATmega328
microcontroller. It consists of 14 digital input/output (I/O) pins, six analogue inputs, a USB
connection for programming the on-board microcontroller, a power jack, an ICSP header and a
reset button. It is operated with a 16MHz crystal oscillator and contains everything needed to
support the microcontroller.

2.4 RF COMMUNICATION
Circuit Helmet unit and Bike unit are connected by wireless link of RF. RF communication
circuit contains encoder and decoder circuit. Encoder is on helmet side which is using to convert
parallel data into serial data. The encoder is capable of encoding massage which contains of 12N
data bits and N address bits. Each address/data can stay set to with two logical states. The
oscillator frequency is selected by Rosc. We choose oscillator frequency is 3 kHz, with Rosc of
1M ohms. Minimum transmission of data is 4 words. Decoder is on bike side, it used to decode
serial data. It converts this serial data in to parallel. The decoders are capable to receive data that
are spread by an encoder and understand it. The first bits period use as addresses and last 12N
bits as our desired data, where N is stands for address number. In this decoder circuit oscillator
frequency is 50 times greater than fOSCE (encoder oscillator frequency). fOSCD is 150 kHz,
which is select by value of Rosc. Rosc is 1k ohms.

2.4 MQ-2 ALCOHOL SENSOR

MQ-2 Alcohol Sensor MQ-3 gas sensor is right for identifying the alcohol content from breath. It
can be positioned just front of the face. The sensor is responds to various gases. It determines by
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helmet unit that weather the rider is drunk or not. MQ-3 sensor has potentiometer to adjusting
different concentration of gasses. We calibrate the detector for 0.4mg/L of Alcohol concentration
in air and use value of resistance is 200 KΩ. MQ-3 has supports for both analog and digital. MQ-
3 has a 4 pin namely GND, VCC, Aout, Dout. Here we use digital output of this sensor which is
gives output in terms of high or low. It decided by our helmet unit weather rider is drunk.

2.5 SWITCH/BUTTON

push button The button acts as a prototype which is used to start the engine of a car. Push-
Buttons are usually open tactile switches. Push buttons allow in order to make a particular
connection when the button is pressed. It basically makes the circuit connected when pressed and
breaks when it is released.

2.6 BUZZER
A buzzer or beeper is an audio signaling device, which may be mechanical,
electromechanical, or electronic. Typical uses of buzzers and beepers include alarms, timers and
confirmation of user input such as a mouse click or keystroke. A piezoelectric element may be
driven by an oscillating electronic circuit or other audio signal source. Sounds commonly used to
indicate that a button has been pressed are a click, a ring or a beep. Electronic buzzers find many
applications in modern days.

2.7 GSM/GPS MODULE

GSM/GPS 800L When GSM modem receive a message the microcontroller will process the
message with the keyword saved in it. Then, it will get the location of the stick from the GPS
modem and transmit the location to the GSM modem in order to respond to the sender. In case of
an emergency, the user of the stick can press the emergency button the microcontroller access the
location from the GPS modem and transmit the location to the GSM modem which will send a
SMS messages to the all saved numbers in the microcontroller.

2.8 RELAY
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Relay is an electromagnetic device which is used to isolate two circuits electrically and connect
them magnetically. They are very useful devices and allow one circuit to switch another one
while they are completely separate. They are often used to interface an electronic circuit
(working at a low voltage) to an electrical circuit which works at very high voltage. For example,
a relay can make a 5V DC battery circuit to switch a 230V AC mains circuit. Thus a small sensor
circuit can drive, say, a fan or an electric bulb.

2.9 DC MOTOR
Geared DC motors can be defined as an extension of DC motor which already had its Insight
details demystified here. A geared DC Motor has a gear assembly attached to the motor. The
speed of motor is counted in terms of rotations of the shaft per minute and is termed as
RPM .The gear assembly helps in increasing the torque and reducing the speed. Using the correct
combination of gears in a gear motor, its speed can be reduced to any desirable figure. This
concept where gears reduce the speed of the vehicle but increase its torque is known as gear
reduction. This Insight will explore all the minor and major details that make the gear head and
hence the working of geared DC motor.
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CHAPTER-3
MICROCONTROLLER

3.1 Introduction
To make a complete microcomputer system only micro controller is not sufficient, it is
necessary to add other peripherals such as read only memory (ROM), read / write memory
(RAM), decoders, drivers, latches, number of input / output devices to make a complete
microcomputer system. In addition, special purpose devices, such as interrupt controller,
programmable timers, programmable I/O devices, DMA controllers, USART/UART,
programmable keyboard/display drivers may be added to improve the capability, performance
and flexibility of a microcomputer system. In addition battery backup and an elaborate power
supply arrangement is essential. However the key feature of micro controller based computer
system is that, it is possible to design a system with a great flexibility. It is possible to configure
a system as large or as small system by adding or removing suitable peripherals. On the other
hand, the micro controller incorporates all the features that are found in micro controller.
However, it has added features to make a complete microcomputer system on its own. Therefore
the micro controllers are sometimes called as single chip microcomputer. The micro controller
has built-in rom, ram, parallel I/O, serial I/O, counters, interrupts and a clock oscillator circuit.

Simplified block diagram of 8051 family microcontroller

EXTERNAL INTERRUPTS COUNTER INPUTS

4 K SFRs
ROM
INTERRUPT (8051) TIMER 1
CONTROL 128 BYTES
RAM TIMER 0

CPU

BUS
OSC CONTROL 4 I/O PORTS SERIAL
PORT

P0 P2 P1 P3 TXD RXD
ADDRESS/DATA
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Figure 2: Block diagram of 8051 family microcontroller

As shown in the above figure the micro controller has on-chip (built-in) peripheral devices.
These on chip peripherals make it possible to have single-chip microcomputer system.

There are few more advantages of built-in peripherals:

 Built in peripherals have smaller access times hence speed is more.
 Hardware reduces due to single chip microcomputer system.
 Less hardware reduces PCB size and increases reliability of the system.

3.2 Comparison between Microprocessor and Micro controller

Microprocessor
Microprocessor contains ALU, general-purpose registers stack pointer, program counter,
clock timing circuit and interrupt circuit. It has many instructions to move data between memory
and CPU .It has one or two bit handling instructions. Access time, for memory and I/O devices,
are more. Microprocessor based system is more flexible in design point of view. It has single
memory map of data and code. Less number of pins is multifunctional.

Microcontroller
Microcontroller contains the circuitry of microprocessor and in addition it has built-in
ROM, RAM, I/O devices, timers / counters and serial port. It has one or two instructions to
move data between memory and CPU. It has many bit handling instructions. Less access time
for built-in memory and I/O devices. Micro controller based system requires less hardware
reducing PCB size and increasing the reliability. Less flexible in design point of view. It has
separate memory map for data and code. More number of pins are multifunctional.

Different types of microcontroller

Like microprocessor, the micro controllers also have a big family of micro controllers.
Different micro controllers require different support chips and resources to develop particular
micro controller system. To choose an appropriate device to meet system requirements, we must
understand differences, different options and features of various micro controllers.
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Embedded Microcontrollers
When a complete hardware required to run a particular application is provided on the
micro controller chip, it is referred to as an embedded micro controller. Embedded micro
controllers only require power, reset circuit and a frequency-determining component like crystal
or ceramic resonator for clock. Embedded micro controllers communicate with external devices
with their digital I/O pins, both parallel and serial.

External memory Microcontrollers

Sometimes, for large systems, the built-in program memory and data memories are
insufficient. To overcome this problem some micro controllers allow the connection of external
memory. For the connection of external memory some parallel port pins are used as address and
data lines. Thus connecting external memory to the micro controllers reduces its parallel
input/output capabilities. Internally, address and data lines are multiplexed and need to be
separated by an external 8-bit latch and ALE signal, from the micro controller.

The 8051 family micro controllers can work very effectively as an embedded device or
with external memory. Its architecture is also very thoughtful and practical combination of
different philosophies. Before going to study architecture of 8051 we will see different
processors architectures. The ATmega328 is a low-power, high performance CMOS 8-bit
microcomputer with 8Kbytes of flash EEPROM.

FEATURES
FEATURES OF 8051 FAMILY MICROCONTROLLER
 8-bit Central Processing Unit.
 4Kbytes of programmable Memory.
 Fully Static Operation: 0 Hz to 24 MHz
 128 x 8-bit Internal RAM.
 32 Programmable I/O Lines.
 Two 16-Bit Timer/Counters.
 Six Interrupt Sources.
 Programmable Full Duplex Serial Channel.
 On-chip Oscillator and Clock Circuit.
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 Low Power Idle and Power Down Modes.

SPECIAL FEATURES OF ATmega328 MICROCONTROLLER

High Performance, Low Power AVR® 8-Bit Microcontroller

 Advanced RISC Architecture

a. 131 Powerful Instructions
b. Most Single Clock Cycle Execution
c. 32 x 8 General Purpose Working Registers
d. Fully Static Operation
e. Up to 20 MIPS Throughput at 20 MHz
f. On-chip 2-cycle Multiplier
• High Endurance Non-volatile Memory Segments

a. 4/8/16/32K Bytes of In-System Self-Programmable Flash program memory

(ATmega48PA/88PA/168PA/328P)
b. 256/512/512/1K Bytes EEPROM (ATmega48PA/88PA/168PA/328P)
c. 512/1K/1K/2K Bytes Internal SRAM (ATmega48PA/88PA/168PA/328P)
d. Write/Erase Cycles: 10,000 Flash/100,000 EEPROM
e. Data retention: 20 years at 85°C/100 years at 25°C(1)
f. Optional Boot Code Section with Independent Lock Bits
 In-System Programming by On-chip Boot Program
 True Read-While-Write Operation
a. Programming Lock for Software Security
• Peripheral Features

a. Two 8-bit Timer/Counters with Separate Presale and Compare Mode

b. One 16-bit Timer/Counter with Separate Presale, Compare Mode, and Capture
Mode
c. Real Time Counter with Separate Oscillator
d. Six PWM Channels
e. 8-channel 10-bit ADC in TQFP and QFN/MLF package
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• Temperature Measurement
a. 6-channel 10-bit ADC in PDIP Package
b. Programmable Serial USART
c. Master/Slave SPI Serial Interface
d. Byte-oriented 2-wire Serial Interface (Philips I2C compatible)
e. Programmable Watchdog Timer with Separate On-chip Oscillator
f. On-chip Analog Comparator
g. Interrupt and Wake-up on Pin Change
• Special Microcontroller Features

a. Power-on Reset and Programmable Brown-out Detection

b. Internal Calibrated Oscillator
c. External and Internal Interrupt Sources
d. Six Sleep Modes: Idle, ADC Noise Reduction, Power-save, Power-down,
Standby, and Extended Standby
• I/O and Packages

a. 23 Programmable I/O Lines

b. 28-pin PDIP, 32-lead TQFP, 28-pad QFN/MLF and 32-pad QFN/MLF
• Operating Voltage: 1.8 - 5.5V for ATmega48PA/88PA/168PA/328P

• Temperature Range: -40°C to 85°C

• Speed Grade: 0 - 20 MHz @ 1.8 - 5.5V

• Low Power Consumption at 1 MHz, 1.8V, 25°C for ATmega48PA/88PA/168PA/328P:

a. Active Mode: 0.2 mA

b. Power-down Mode: 0.1 μA
c. Power-save Mode: 0.75 μA (Including 32 kHz RTC)
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3.3 Pin Description of ATmega328 Microcontroller:

Figure 3: Pin diagram of ATmega328 MC

1.1 Pin Descriptions

1.1.1 VCC: Digital supply voltage.

1.1.2 GND: Ground.

1.1.3 Port B (PB7:0) XTAL1/XTAL2/TOSC1/TOSC2

Port B is an 8-bit bi-directional I/O port with internal pull-up resistors (selected for each
bit). The Port B output buffers have symmetrical drive characteristics with both high sink
and source capability. As inputs, Port B pins that are externally pulled low will source
current if the pull-up resistors are activated. The Port B pins are tri-stated when a reset
condition becomes active, even if the clock is not running. Depending on the clock
selection fuse settings, PB6 can be used as input to the inverting Oscillator amplifier and
input to the internal clock operating circuit. Depending on the clock selection fuse
settings, PB7 can be used as output from the inverting Oscillator amplifier.
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1.1.4 Port C (PC5:0)

Port C is a 7-bit bi-directional I/O port with internal pull-up resistors (selected for each
bit). The PC5.0 output buffers have symmetrical drive characteristics with both high sink
and source capability. As inputs, Port C pins that are externally pulled low will source
current if the pull-up resistors are activated. The Port C pins are tri-stated when a reset
condition becomes active, even if the clock is not running.

1.1.5 PC6/RESET

If the RSTDISBL Fuse is programmed, PC6 is used as an I/O pin. Note that the electrical
characteristics of PC6 differ from those of the other pins of Port C. If the RSTDISBL
Fuse is un-programmed, PC6 is used as a Reset input. A low level on this pin for longer
than the minimum pulse length will generate a Reset, even if the clock is not running.
The minimum pulse length is given in Table 28-3 on page 308. Shorter pulses are not
guaranteed to generate a Reset.

1.1.6 Port D (PD7:0)

Port D is an 8-bit bi-directional I/O port with internal pull-up resistors (selected for each
bit). The Port D output buffers have symmetrical drive characteristics with both high sink
and source capability. As inputs, Port D pins that are externally pulled low will source
current if the pull-up resistors are activated. The Port D pins are tri-stated when a reset
condition becomes active, even if the clock is not running.

1.1.7 AVCC

AVCC is the supply voltage pin for the A/D Converter, PC3:0, and ADC7:6. It should be
externally connected to VCC, even if the ADC is not used. If the ADC is used, it should
be connected to VCC through a low-pass filter. Note that PC6.4 use digital supply
voltage, VCC.

1.1.8 AREF: AREF is the analog reference pin for the A/D Converter.
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1.1.9 ADC7:6: (TQFP and QFN/MLF Package Only) In the TQFP and QFN/MLF package,
ADC7:6 serve as analog inputs to the A/D converter. These pins are powered from the analog
supply and serve as 10-bit ADC channels.

Block diagram
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Figure 4: Stand-alone ATmega328 microcontroller

What is Arduino?
Arduino is an open-source prototyping platform based on easy-to-use hardware and software.
Arduino boards are able to read inputs - light on a sensor, a finger on a button, turn it into an
output - activating a motor, turning on an LED. We can tell your board what to do by sending a
set of instructions to the microcontroller on the board.

History
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It was in the year 2005 that the first ever Arduino board was born in the classrooms of the
Interactive Design Institute in Ivrea, Italy. Well, if you are not very familiar with the term, an
Arduino is an Open Source microcontroller based development board that has opened the doors
of electronics to a number of designers and creative engineers.
It was in the Interactive Design Institute that a hardware thesis was contributed for a wiring
design by a Colombian student named Hernando Barragan.

About Arduino
The new prototype board, the Arduino, created by Massimo Banzi and other founders, is a low
cost microcontroller board that allows even a beginner to do great things in electronics. An
Arduino can be connected to all kind of lights, motors, sensors and other devices; easy-to-learn
programming language can be used to program how the new creation behaves. Using the
Arduino, you can build an interactive display or a mobile robot or anything that you can imagine.
David A. Mellis, the lead software developer of Arduino, states that this little board has made it
possible for people to do things they wouldn’t have done otherwise.

Advantages
 Inexpensive: Pre-assembled Arduino modules cost less than Microcontroller
 Cross-platform: The Arduino Software (IDE) runs on Windows, Macintosh OSX, and
Linux operating systems. Most microcontroller systems are limited to Windows.
 Simple, clear programming environment: The Arduino Software (IDE) is easy-to-use
for beginners, yet flexible enough for advanced users to take advantage of as well.
 Open source and extensible software: Same tool can be used for C, C++, AVR Code
developers.
 Open source and extensible hardware: Experienced circuit designers can make their
own version of the module, extending it and improving it.

ARDUINO UNO BOARD

The Uno is a microcontroller board based on the ATmega328P. It has 14 digital input/output pins
(of which 6 can be used as PWM outputs), 6 analog inputs, a 16 MHz quartz crystal, a USB
connection, a power jack, an ICSP header and a reset button. It contains everything needed to
support the microcontroller; simply connect it to a computer with a USB cable or power it with a
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AC-to-DC adapter or battery to get started.. You can tinker with your UNO without worrying too
much about doing something wrong, worst case scenario you can replace the chip for a few
Rupees and start over again.
"Uno" means one in Italian and was chosen to mark the release of Arduino Software (IDE) 1.0.
The Uno board and version 1.0 of Arduino Software (IDE) were the reference versions of
Arduino, now evolved to newer releases. The Uno board is the first in a series of USB Arduino
boards, and the reference model for the Arduino platform; for an extensive list of current, past or
outdated boards see the Arduino index of boards.

Component Explanations:
 Analog
input
Pins:
Pins
(A0-A5) that take-in analog values to be converted to be represented with a number range
0-1023 through an Analog to Digital Converter (ADC).
 ATmega328 chip: 8-bit microcontroller that processes the sketch you programmed.
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 Built-in LED: In order to gain access or control of this pin, you have to change the
configuration of pin 13 where it is connected to.
 Crystal Oscillator: clock that has a frequency of 16MHz
 DC Jack: where the power source (AC-to-DC adapter or battery) should be connected. It
is limited to input values between 6-20V but recommended to be around 7-12V.
 Digital I/O pins: Input and output pins (0-13) of which 6 of them (3, 5, 6, 9, 10 and 11)
also provide PWM (Pulse Width Modulated) output by using the analogWrite() function.
Pins (0 (RX) and 1 (TX)) are also used to transmit and receive serial data.
 ICSP Header: pins for “In-Circuit Serial Programming” which is another method of
programming.
 ON indicator: LED that lights up when the board is connected to a power source.
 Power Pins: Pins that can be used to supply a circuit with values VIN (voltage from DC
Jack), 3.3V and 5V.
 Reset Button: A button that is pressed whenever you need to restart the sketch
programmed in the board.
 USB port: Allows the user to connect with a USB cable the board to a PC to upload
sketches or provide a voltage supply to the board. This is also used for serial
communication through the serial monitor from the Arduino software.

ATmeg328 MICROCONTROLLER
Arduino Pin-Map:
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Technical Specifications
Microcontroller ATmega328P
Operating Voltage 5V
Input Voltage (recommended) 7-12V
Input Voltage (limit) 6-20V
Digital I/O Pins 14 (of which 6 provide PWM output)
PWM Digital I/O Pins 6
Analog Input Pins 6
DC Current per I/O Pin 20 mA
DC Current for 3.3V Pin 50 mA
Flash Memory 32 KB (ATmega328P)
of which 0.5 KB used by bootloader
SRAM 2 KB (ATmega328P)
EEPROM 1 KB (ATmega328P)
Clock Speed 16 MHz
Length 68.6 mm
Width 53.4 mm
Weight 25 g
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CHAPTER-4
COMMUNICATION
Communication is the activity of conveying information through the exchange of
messages, or information. The system which is to displays the next station information. To
establish the communication between the station and Train we using RF communication system.

4.1 Block diagram of Communication System

Transmitter
Transmitter is the transmitting part in this block diagram. Using this system we can generate the
messages which are to be sent through this system.

Receiver
This is the Receiving part in block diagram of communication system. This can be said as the
target to which the information needs to be delivered.

Encoder
Encoder is the second element in the communication system. It performs the encoding of the
given data, which means that this system converts the messages in the form of symbols for
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transmission purpose. In this system, sequences of characters are created in a special format for
an effective transmission. This encoding system is used for security purpose.
Decoder
Decoder is used to decode the encoded message and retrieve the actual message. Decoding must
be done correctly. If this part is not performed well then the message which is received might not
be correct.
This encoding and decoding will be very help full in military and mobile communications.

Channel
This is the main block in the block diagram of communication system. Noisy channel is nothing
but the medium through which the message is transmitted. Messages are conveyed through this
channel. Different channels have different strengths and weaknesses. Each channel has its own
frequency and different applications have different operating frequencies.

Modulation and Demodulation

Modulation is a process, in which any one of the characteristics (Amplitude, Phase, and
Frequency) of carrier wave is varied in accordance with the message signal.
Retrieving the original message signal from the Modulated signal is known as Demodulation.

4.2 RF TXR/RXR

Communication

Radio frequency (RF) is a rate of oscillation in the range of around 3 kHz to 300 GHz, which
corresponds to the frequency of radio waves, and the alternating currents which carry radio
signals. RF usually refers to electrical rather than mechanical oscillations;

RF MODULE (TRANSMITTER & RECEIVER)

The RF module, as the name suggests, operates at Radio Frequency. The corresponding
frequency range varies between 30 kHz & 300 GHz. In this RF system, the digital data is
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represented as variations in the amplitude of carrier wave. This kind of modulation is known as
Amplitude Shift Keying (ASK).

Transmission through RF is better than IR (infrared) because of many reasons. Firstly, signals
through RF can travel through larger distances making it suitable for long range applications.
Also, while IR mostly operates in line-of-sight mode, RF signals can travel even when there is an
obstruction between transmitter & receiver. Next, RF transmission is more strong and reliable
than IR transmission. RF communication uses a specific frequency unlike IR signals which are
affected by other IR emitting sources.

This RF module comprises of an RF Transmitter and an RF Receiver. The transmitter/receiver

(TX/Rx) pair operates at a frequency of 434 MHz an RF transmitter receives serial data and
transmits it wirelessly through RF through its antenna connected at pin4. The transmission
occurs at the rate of 1Kbps - 10Kbps.The transmitted data is received by an RF receiver
operating at the same frequency as that of the transmitter.

The RF module is often used along with a pair of encoder/decoder. The encoder is used for
encoding parallel data for transmission feed while reception is decoded by a decoder. HT12E-
HT12D, HT640-HT648, etc. are some commonly used encoder/decoder pair ICs.

RF Modules Pin description

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RF Transmitter Interfaced with Encoder

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RF Receiver Interfaced with decoder

5.2 GSM Technology

GSM module is used to establish communication between a computer and a GSM-GPRS system.
Global System for Mobile communication (GSM) is an architecture used for mobile
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communication in most of the countries. Global Packet Radio Service (GPRS) is an extension of
GSM that enables higher data transmission rate. GSM/GPRS module consists of a GSM/GPRS
modem assembled together with power supply circuit and communication interfaces (like RS-
232, USB, etc) for computer.

WIRELESS MODEMS

Figure 5: General block diagram of GSM/GPRS Module interfaced with computer

Wireless MODEMs are the MODEM devices that generate, transmit or decode data from a
cellular network, for establishing communication between the cellular network and the computer.
These are manufactured for specific cellular network (GSM/UMTS/CDMA) or specific cellular
data standard (GSM/UMTS/GPRS/EDGE/HSDPA) or technology (GPS/SIM). Wireless
MODEMs like other MODEM devices use serial communication to interface with and need
Hayes compatible AT commands for communication with the computer (any microprocessor or
microcontroller system).

GSM MODEM

Figure 6: Classification of wireless Modems

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GSM MODEM is a class of wireless MODEM devices that are designed for communication of a
computer with the GSM and GPRS network. It requires a SIM (Subscriber Identity Module) card
just like mobile phones to activate communication with the network. Also they have IMEI
(International Mobile Equipment Identity) number similar to mobile phones for their
identification. A GSM/GPRS MODEM can perform the following operations:

1. Receive, send or delete SMS messages in a SIM.

2. Read, add, search phonebook entries of the SIM.
3. Make, Receive, or reject a voice call.

The MODEM needs AT commands, for interacting with processor or controller, which are
communicated through serial communication. These commands are sent by the
controller/processor. The MODEM sends back a result after it receives a command. Different AT
commands supported by the MODEM can be sent by the processor/controller/computer to
interact with the GSM and GPRS cellular network.

GSM Module
A GSM module assembles a GSM modem with standard communication interfaces like RS-232
(Serial Port), USB etc., so that it can be easily interfaced with a computer or a microprocessor /
microcontroller based system. The power supply circuit is also built in the module that can be
activated by using a suitable adaptor.
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Figure 7: GSM Module (With serial converter port)

Mobile Station (Cell phones and SIM)

A mobile phone and Subscriber Identity Module (SIM) together form a mobile station. It is the
user equipment that communicates with the mobile network. A mobile phone comprises of
Mobile Termination, Terminal Equipment and Terminal Adapter.

Mobile
Figure 8: Mobile station and communication network

Termination is interfaced with the GSM mobile network and is controlled by a baseband
processor. It handles access to SIM, speech encoding and decoding, signaling and other network
related tasks. The Terminal Equipment is an application processor that deals with handling
operations related to keypad, screen, phone memory and other hardware and software services
embedded into the handset. The Terminal Adapter establishes communication between the
Terminal Equipment and the Mobile Termination using AT commands. The communication with
the network in a GSM/GPRS mobile is carried out by the baseband processor.

Difference between GSM mobile and GSM module

A GSM mobile is a complete system in itself with embedded processors that are dedicated to
provide an interface between the user and the mobile network. The AT commands are served
between the processors of the mobile termination and the terminal equipment. The mobile
handset can also be equipped with a USB interface to connect with a computer, but it may or
may not support AT commands from the computer or an external processor/controller.
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The GSM module, on the other hand, always needs a computer or external processor/controller
to receive AT commands from. GSM module itself does not provide any interface between the
user and the network, but the computer to which module is connected is the interface between
user and network. An advantage that GSM modules offer is that they support concatenated SMS
which may not be supported in some GSM mobile handsets. Also some mobile handsets can’t
receive MMS when connected to a computer.

Applications of GSM module

The GSM module demonstrates the use of AT commands. They can feature all the functionalities
of a mobile phone through computer like making and receiving calls, SMS, MMS etc. These are
mainly employed for computer based SMS and MMS services.

Interfacing MODEM/Mobile phone with Windows platform

The Windows (XP and lower versions) comes with an application called HyperTerminal for data
communication through serial port of the computer. The interfacing of the GSM module with the
serial port of the computer involves following steps:
 Connect RS-232 port of GSM module with the serial port of the computer. Insert a SIM
card in the module.
 Open HyperTerminal from Start -> All Programs -> Accessories -> Communications ->
HyperTerminal.
 Enter a name for the connection and press OK.
 Now select the communication port (COM) at which GSM module is connected.
 Create a new connection set on HyperTerminal. Set parameters, like baud rate as 9600,
handshaking mode as none, parity bit as none, stop bit as 1 and data bit as 8.

AT Commands
AT commands are used to control MODEMs. AT is the abbreviation for Attention. These
commands come from Hayes commands that were used by the Hayes smart modems. The Hayes
commands started with AT to indicate the attention from the MODEM. The dial up and wireless
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MODEMs (devices that involve machine to machine communication) need AT commands to

interact with a computer. These include the Hayes command set as a subset, along with other
extended AT commands.

AT commands with a GSM/GPRS MODEM or mobile phone can be used to access following
information and services:
1. Information and configuration pertaining to mobile device or MODEM and SIM card.
2. SMS services.
3. MMS services.
4. Fax services.
5. Data and Voice link over mobile network.
The Hayes subset commands are called the basic commands and the commands specific to a
GSM network are called extended AT commands.

Command, Information response and Result Codes:

The AT commands are sent by the computer to the MODEM/ mobile phone. The MODEM sends
back an Information Response i.e. the information requested by or pertaining to the action
initiated by the AT command. This is followed by a Result Code. The result code tells about the
successful execution of that command.
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Figure 9: Execution of AT commands

There are alsounsolicited Result Codes that are returned automatically by the MODEM to notify
the occurrence of an event. For example the reception of a SMS will force MODEM to return an
unsolicited result code.
AT commands' syntax
Case Sensitivity:
The AT commands are generally used in uppercase letters. However some MODEMs and mobile
phones allow both uppercase and small case letters.

Single Command:
The AT commands include a prefix AT which indicates the beginning of the command to
MODEM; and a carriage return which indicates the end of the command.

Figure 10: AT Command syntax

However string ‘AT’ itself is not the part of the command. For example in ATD, D is the
command name not ATD.
The extended AT commands have a ‘+’ in the command name.
For example: AT+CGMI<Carriage return>

Command Line:
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Multiple AT commands can be sent to MODEM in a single command line. The commands in a
line are separated by a semi-colon (;).
For
example:

Figure 11: Command line format

AT+CGMI; +CBS<Carriage return>

String in Command Line:

Strings in a command line are enclosed in double quotes.
For example: AT+CGML=”ALL”<Carriage return>

Information Response and Result Code:

The Information Response and Result Codes, returned by the MODEM, have a carriage return
and line feed in the beginning as well as at the end.
For

Figure 12: Information response/Result code

example:
<Carriage return><Line feed>OK<Carriage return><Line feed>
<Carriage return><Line feed>ERROR<Carriage return><Line feed>
<Carriage return><Line feed>+CBC: 0, 60<Carriage return><Line feed> etc.

Sequence of Execution:
In the command line, the command appearing first is executed first. The execution then follows
for second appeared command and so on. The execution of commands in a command line takes
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place in sequential manner. If an error occurs in the execution of a command, an error result code
is returned by the MODEM and the execution of the command line is terminated irrespective of
presence of other commands next in the command line.

Types of commands:
There are four types of AT commands:
1) Test commands
2) Read commands
3) Set commands
4) Execution commands
For more details, see AT Commands.

Different Result Codes:

RESULT CODE DESCRIPTION
OK Successful Execution of a command
ERROR Execution of a command failed
+CMS ERROR Message service failure, is returned with an error code

Unsolicited Result Codes

+CDS Notify receipt of SMS status report of a new message to computer
+CDSI Notify receipt of SMS status report of a new message and its location
in memory to computer
+CMT Notify forwarding of a new SMS to computer
+CMTI Notify receipt of SMS status report of a new message and its location
in memory to computer

GPS Technology:
PS technology became a reality through the efforts of the American military, which established a
satellite-based navigation system consisting of a network of 24 satellites orbiting the earth. GPS
is also known as the NAVSTAR (Navigation System for Timing and Ranging).
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GPS works all across the world and in all weather conditions, thus helping users track locations,
objects, and even individuals! GPS technology can be used by any person if they have a GPS
receiver.

Structure of GPS
The GPS system comprises of three parts: Space segment, User segment and Control segment.
The diagram of the structure of GPS is given below.

 Space segment: The satellites are the heart of the Global positioning system which helps to
locate the position by broadcasting the signal used by the receiver. The signals are blocked
when they travel through buildings, mountains, and people. To calculate the position, the
signals of four satellites should be locked. You need to keep moving around to get clear
reception.

 User segment:This segment includes military and civilian users. It comprises of a sensitive
receiver which can detect signals (power of the signal to be less than a quadrillionth power of
a light bulb) and a computer to convert the data into useful information. GPS receiver helps
to locate your own position but disallows you being tracked by someone else.

 Control segment: This helps the entire system to work efficiently. It is essential that the
transmission signals have to be updated and the satellites should be kept in their appropriate
orbits.
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Working
The GPS satellites rotate twice a day around the earth in a specific orbit. These satellites transmit
signal information to earth. This signal information is received by the GPS receiver in order to
measure the user’s correct position. The GPS receiver compares the time a satellite transmits the
signal with the time the signal is received. The time difference calculated enables us to know the
distance of the satellite. By measuring the distance of few more satellites, the user’s position can
be verified and displayed on the unit’s electronic map.

To measure 2D position and track movement, the GPS receiver must lock the signal of three
satellites. The receiver can measure 3D position (latitude, longitude and altitude) if the GPS
receiver locks the signal of four or more satellites.
On determining the position of the user, the unit of GPS can measure speed, trip distance,
bearing, distance to destination, tack, time of sunrise and sunset, etc.

CHAPTER-5
SENSOR &COMPARTOR

Sensors are sophisticated devices that are frequently used to detect and respond to electrical or
optical signals. A Sensor converts the physical parameter (for example: temperature, blood
pressure, humidity, speed, etc.) into a signal which can be measured electrically.

Criteria to choose a Sensor

There are certain features which have to be considered when we choose a sensor. They are as
given below:
1. Accuracy
2. Environmental condition - usually has limits for temperature/ humidity
3. Range - Measurement limit of sensor
4. Calibration - Essential for most of the measuring devices as the readings changes with
time
5. Resolution - Smallest increment detected by the sensor
6. Cost
7. Repeatability-The reading that varies is repeatedly measured under the same
environment
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4.4 COMPARATOR CIRCUIT

Figure 13: Comparator circuit diagram

The LM358 consist oftwo independent, high gain,internally frequencycompensated operational

amplifiers which were designedspecifically to operate from a single power supply over awide
range of voltage. Operation from split power suppliesis also possible and the low power supply
current drain isindependent of themagnitude of the power supply voltage. Application areas
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include transducer amplifier, DC gainblocks and all the conventional OP-AMP circuits which
nowcan be easily implemented in single power supply systems. Here we using LM358 as a
comparator circuit.
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CHAPTER-6

HARDWARE IMPLIMANTATION
6.1 Regulated Power Supply Unit
Definition:
A power supply (sometimes known as a regulated power supply unit or RPSU) is a device or
system that supplies electrical or other types of energy to an output load or group of loads. The
term is most commonly applied to electrical energy supplies, less often to mechanical ones, and
rarely to others.

6.1.1 Block diagram








Figure 14: Block diagram of Regulated Power supply Unit

The first section is the transformer. The transformer steps up or steps down the input line
voltage and isolates the power supply from the power line.
 The rectifier section converts the alternating current input signal to a pulsating direct
current. However, as you proceed in this chapter you will learn that pulsating dc is not
desirable.
 For this reason a filter section is used to convert pulsating dc to a purer, more desirable
form of dc voltage.
 78xx chip family gives different output voltage as regulator. The last numbers in the chip
code tells the output voltage.
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More Output Current

If you need more than 150 ma of output current, you can update the output current up to 1A
doing the following modifications:
 Change the transformer from where you take the power to the circuit to a model which
can give as much current as you need from output.
 Put a heat sink to the 7805 regulator (so big that it does not overheat because of the extra
losses in the regulator)

Other Output Voltages

If you need other voltages than +5V, you can modify the circuit by replacing the 7805
chips with another regulator with different output voltage from regulator 78xx chip family. The
last numbers in the chip code tells the output voltage. Remember that the input voltage must be
at least 3V greater than regulator output voltage to otherwise the regulator does not work well.

6.1.2 Circuit description

Figure 15: Schematic/Circuit diagram of +5V RPS

Figure 16: Schematic/Circuit diagram of +12V RPS

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Brief summery

 Output Voltages: Gives out well regulated +5V output, output current capability of 100
ma
 Circuit protection: Built-in overheating protection shuts down output when regulator IC
gets too hot
 Circuit complexity: Very simple and easy to build
 Circuit performance: Very stable +5V output voltage, reliable operation
 Availability of components: Easy to get, uses only very common basic components
 Design testing: Based on datasheet example circuit, We used this circuit successfully as
part of many electronics projects
 Applications: Part of electronics devices, small laboratory power supply
 Power supply voltage: Unregulated DC 8-18V power supply
 Power supply current: Needed output current + 5 ma
 Component costs: Few rupees for the electronics components + the input transformer
cost.

1) TRANSFORMER:
A step-down type transformer is used to reduce the mains voltages to a suitable low
voltage. It is a device, which transforms the 230 volts 50 Hz, A.C mains voltage, to required
small voltages. Our design uses a full wave bridge rectifier with a center-tapped transformer, to
obtain dual-tracking voltages i.e., to get +Ve and –Ve voltages with respect to ground. A
transformer with a power output rated at at-lest 15 VA should be used. If the transformer is rated
by output RMS-current then the value should be divided by 1.2 to get the current, which can be
supplied. For example, in this case a 1A RMS can deliver 1/ (1.2) or 830 ma.

2) RECTIFIER:
The rectifier is built using power diodes. For the maximum efficiency and low ripple, a full wave
or a bridge configuration is always preferred. The diodes chosen should have a peak inverse
voltage of at-least 200 volts. For safety, the diode voltage rating should be at-least 3 to 4 times
that of the transformer secondary voltage. The current rating of the diodes should be twice the
maximum load current.
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3) FILTER:
The purpose of the filter is to eliminate the ripple from the rectified D.C voltage. Capacitor filter
has been used in this design from the viewpoint of compactness and economy. Though very
simple, capacitor filters provide excellent filtering action. The residual amount of ripple is
determined by the value of the filter capacitor: the larger the value the smaller is the ripple. The
2200 uf is a suitable value for most of the requirements. The other consideration in choosing the
correct capacitor is its voltage rating. The working voltage of the capacitor has to be greater than
the peak output voltage of the rectifier. For example, for an 18 V supply, the peak output voltage
is 1.4 X 18V =25V. So a capacitor with working voltage greater than 25V is required.

Filter design equations:

4) REGULATOR:
There are many designs possible for a voltage regulator. Many conventional regulators are best
suited for constant voltage supply, but the number of discrete components and circuit design
makes it not much an attractive choice, especially for the dual tracking type power supplies.

Fixed voltage regulator, which are very much efficient, compact and economic are available as
three terminal regulator chips. These chips needs no external components and provide up to 1A
current and operate well, even under worst situations of line, load and temperature. The 78XX
series are the positive fixed voltage regulators, with its output voltage specified by the last two
digits. Similarly the 79XX series are the negative fixed voltage regulators.
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6.3 PCB Layout design & Fabrication

A Printed Circuit Board doesn’t just connect electrical components using etched copper
pathways, but also provides mechanical strength to it. Printed Circuit Boards, or more
appropriately, Printed Wiring Boards are found in almost all of the commercial products as a
packaging medium as building blocks. PCBs are a composite of organic and/or inorganic
dielectric materials with many layers with wiring interconnects and also house components like
inductors and capacitors. There isn’t any standard printing board as such and each board is
unique, often a function of the product itself. There are industry standards for almost every
aspect of PCB design, controlled by IPC, for example the IPC-2221, ‘Generic Standard on
Printed Board Design’.

History
PCBs have evolved from the electrical connection systems developed in the 1850s. The first
patents on Printed Wires were issued in 1903. Albert Hanson explained a layered structure of foil
conductors laminated to insulation boards. Arthur Berry patented a ‘Print-and-Etch’ method in
1913 and Max Schoop patented Flame Spraying metal onto a board via a mask. Thomas Edison
had experimented with chemicals for plating conductors on linen paper way back in 1904, but
the method of electroplating circuit patterns was finally successfully patented to Charles Durcase
in the year 1927. Charles Ducas had earlier patented a technique of creating electrical paths
directly using stencils and electrically conductive ink in 1925.

World War II saw the invention of circuit boards that could withstand gunshots. But, the credit of
developing the first PCB is given to Paul Eisler in 1943, for developing a method of etching
conductive circuits on copper foil bonded to a non-conductive base reinforced by glass. The
method remained dormant until late 50s when the transistors were introduced for commercial
use. The presence of wire leads on electronic components led to the development of ‘Through
Hole’ technology where holes were drilled into the PCB and the components soldered on to the
board at those points. It was patented by a U.S. firm Hazeltyne in 1961. However, this process
being slightly expensive and wasteful as the extra wire is cut off and not used much. Nowadays,
‘surface mount’ technology is gaining impetus as the demand for smaller, high density circuits is
increasing.
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Types of PCBs
A PCB can be of four types: rigid boards, flexible and rigid-flex boards, metal-core boards and
injection molded boards out of which the rigid board is the most popular. Further these may be
single sided, double sided or multilayered. The mechanical, electrical, chemical and thermal
properties of the material should be considered while making PCBs otherwise the reliability of
the board suffers. Presently, copper-clad laminates of different reinforced resin systems are used
in rigid boards. Examples include Fire resistant FR-4 epoxies, PTFE, cyanate esters, ployimides
etc. Most commonly used reinforcement material is continuous filament E-Glass. Flexible and
rigid flex-boards have random arrangements of conductors on a flexible base and may be
with/without cover layers. Here, the wiring is restricted to select areas of the plane. In case of
constraining metal core technology, the PCB can be of standard materials but the core materials
must have low Coefficient of Thermal Expansion and strength to constrain the PCB. Copper-
Invar-Copper and Copper-Molybdenum-Copper are two popular materials for this purpose.
Molded boards have resins containing fillers which are molded into a die to form the required
shapes.

Before anything is drawn onto the PCB, it first has to be designed and verified by means of
simulation. The design process is hierarchical in nature and may follow either one of the two
approaches:
1. Top-Down Design. 2. Bottom-Up Design
Design flow
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Throughout the manufacturing process of a PCB, visual and electrical inspection is carried out to
locate any flaws that might have crept in due to process automation like ‘Tombstone effect’
when the solder is heated too quickly and one end of the component lifts up from the board
failing to make contact, or excess flow of solder or bridging. Even after the manufacturing
process, the boards are tested for the output levels under varying conditions of environment,
stress and strain.

Back in the olden days, when PCBs had just been introduced, military was the chief consumer.
But as the technology progressed and as the need grew, more and more interest was diverted
towards better PCBs and as of today, they serve as the base for a multitude of components,
gadgets and devices ranging from ever innovating computers and cell phones to basic
equipment’s like television, radio and toys for children. Soon there are going to be more mobile
phones than there are people in this world and the trend will continue to rise. This might be a
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convenience to the users, but isn’t without hazards either, combating which offers great scope for
people from diverse fields.

PCB Manufacturing

Artwork is generated by sending the design files in a particular format to plotters and
transparencies for PCB manufacturing are produced. After this the manufacturing of the PCB
commences. There are mainly five standard technologies used in PCB manufacturing:

1. Machining
This includes drilling, punching holes and routing on a PCB with standard existent
machinery and also new technologies like laser and water jet cutting. The strength of the
board needs to be taken into account while machining for accurate hole diameters. Small
holes make this method costly and less reliable due to reduced aspect ratio and also
making plating difficult.
2. Imaging
This step transfers the circuit artwork onto individual layers. Single sided or double sided
PCBs may use simple Screen Printing technology for creating the patterns on a print-and-
etch basis. But this has a limitation on the minimum line width achievable. For fine line
boards and multilayer boards, Photo imaging is used which may be applied by flood
screen printing, dip coating, Electrophoresis, roller laminating or liquid roller coating.
Recently, direct laser imaging and liquid crystal light valve imaging have also been
employed for the same.
3. Laminating
This process is mainly used for manufacturing multilayer boards, or the base laminates of
single/double sided boards. B-stage epoxy resin impregnated glass sheets are pressed
between layers using hydraulic press to bond the layers together. The pressing may be
cold, hot, vacuum assisted or vacuum autoclave nominated offering close control on
dielectrics and thickness.
4. Plating
It is basically the metallization process which may be brought about either by wet
chemical processes like electro less plating and electrolytic plating or dry processes like
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sputtering and CVD. While electro less plating offers high aspect ratios and no external
current thus forming the core of additive technology, electrolytic plating is the preferred
method for bulk metallization. Recent developments like the plasma processing offer
greater efficiency and quality while taxing less on the environment.
5. Etching
The removal of unwanted metal and dielectric from the board takes place by either dry or
wet processes. The uniformity of etching is the prime concern in this stage and to extend
the fine line etching capabilities, new anisotropic etching solutions are being developed.

CHAPTER-7

SOFTWARE DEVELOPMENT

SOFTWARE INSTALLATION

Installing ARDUINO IDE

To install the Arduino IDE for Windows, follow these instructions:
1. Download .exe file from website: http://arduino.cc/en/Main/Software/
2. Once the download is complete, double-click the file, and extract it. (Usually the file is
downloaded in .zip format)
3. The extracted “Arduino” named folder is to be copy and paste it into C-Drive, and Open
the folder, if you wish create the shortcut of Arduino.exe file on your desktop.

Installing DRIVERS
The next task is to install the drivers for your Arduino board’s USB interface.
1. Connect your Arduino to your PC with the USB cable. After a few moments an error
message will be displayed, which will say something like “Device driver software not
successfully installed.” Just close that dialog or balloon.
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2. Navigate to the Windows Control Panel. Open the Device Manager and scroll down until
you see the ports or Arduino,
3. Right-click Arduino Uno under Other Devices and select Update Driver Software. Then,
select browse option and update the drivers.
Taking a look Around the IDE
The IDE is divided into three main areas: the command area, the text area, and the message
window area.

The Command
Area
The command area includes the title bar, menu items, and icons. The title bar displays the
sketch’s filename. Below this is a series of menu items (File, Edit, Sketch, Tools, and Help) and
icons.
The Icons
Below the menu toolbar are six icons. Mouse over each icon to display its name. The
icons, from left to right, are as follows:
1. Verify: Click this to check that the Arduino sketch is valid and doesn’t contain
any programming mistakes.
2. Upload: Click this to verify and then upload your sketch to the Arduino board.
3. New: Click this to open a new blank sketch in a new window.
4. Open: Click this to open a saved sketch. Save Click this to save the open sketch.
5. Serial Monitor: Click this to open a new window for use in sending and
receiving data between your Arduino and the IDE.
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The Text Area

The actual code is written in this block.

The Message Window Area

The message window area is shown at the bottom side. Messages from the IDE appear in the
black area. The messages you see will vary and will include messages about verifying sketches,
status updates, and so on.

CHAPTER-8

APPLICATION
 It can be used in real time safety system.
 We can implement the whole circuit into small module later.
 Less power consuming safety system.
 This safety system technology can further be enhanced in car and also by replacing the
helmet with seat belt.

FUTURE SCOPE
 We can implement various bioelectric sensors on the helmet to measure various activity.
 We can use small camera for the recording the drivers activity.
 It can be used for passing message from the one vehicle to another vehicle by using
wireless transmitter.
 We have used solar panel for helmet power supply by using same power supply we can
charge our mobile.

CONCLUSION

In this paper, we developed a smart helmet based system which was successfully able to detect
whether the rider as worn the helmet or not. It also sets an alarm if he has consumed alcohol
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beyond permissible levels. Apart from this, the system also monitors atmospheric pollution
levels. This helmet can reduce number of road accidents that takes place every day. It ensures the
safety of the biker as well as sends the victim‟s location to family members and nearby police
station. Also, death rate can drastically be reduced by implementing this circuit as mandatory
while driving and make everyone‟s life easier and smoother. The project can be enhanced by
adding Google Glass Technology. Through this technology, biker can see the upcoming road
before reaching that particular place. It can prevent biker from pits and pitiful condition of roads.
Also, biker can see navigation on it and can alert him while taking sharp turns. Further, it can
implement on cars also. People can use car seat belt to start ignition of car which can enhance the
safety of the driver.

REFERENCES

[1] National Crime Records Bureau. Accidental deaths and suicides in India.
[2] New Delhi: Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India; 2005.

[3] R. Prudhvi Raj, Ch. Sri Krishna Kanth, A. Bhargav Aditya and K. Bharath, “Smart-TEC
Helmet,” AEEE, India.

[4] Manjesh N, Prof. Sudarshan Raj, “Smart Helmet Using GSM &GPS Technology for
Accident Detection and Reporting System”, International Journal of Electrical and Electronics
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