Assignment # 01

Submitted by Muhammad Shahid Taj

Roll no# 30460

Registration no# 452076

Submitted to Dr. Qazi Shahzad Ali

Subject Computational Fluid dynamics

Department Thermal Energy Engineering (Fall 2023)

Dated 24th Oct,2023

Energy Equation

Energy equation is also called governing equation. It is based on the 1st Law of Thermodynamics, which
states that “The rate of change of energy inside the fluid element is equal the net heat flux into the element,
plus the rate of work done on the element.

The rate of change of fluid element = Net heat flux to the fluid element + Net rate of work done on fluid
element

It can also be written as;

𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦 = 𝐸𝑖𝑛 − 𝐸𝑜𝑢𝑡 + 𝑤𝑜𝑟𝑘 𝑑𝑜𝑛𝑒 𝑜𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑦𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑚 … … … … … … . . 𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 (1)

Here (𝐸𝑖𝑛 − 𝐸𝑜𝑢𝑡 ) is the net heat flux.

Dividing 𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 (1)by time we get;

Rate of change of energy in the element (A)= Net heat in the fluid element (B)+ Rate of work done(C)

Let consider a control volume cubic fluid element (figure 1) in which the rate of change of energy in the
fluid element (A) can be calculated as;

Energy out
Energy in

Z-axis

X-axis

Figure (1)
Y-axis
𝐸
𝐸 = 𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦, and 𝑒 = 𝑚 so,

DE/Dt = rate of change of energy, multiplying and dividing it by mass we get;

 𝑑𝑒
𝐴=𝑚×
𝑑𝑡

𝑑𝑒
𝐴=𝜌× × (𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑧 )
𝑑𝑡

𝐷𝑒
𝐴=𝜌× × (𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑧 ) … … … … … 𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 (2)
𝐷𝑡

𝐸 = 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦 + 𝑘𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑡𝑖𝑐 𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦 (𝐾. 𝐸) … … … … … 𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 (3)

Dividing both side of 𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 (3) by ‘m’ we get;

𝑣2
𝑒=𝑢+
2

Putting the value of ‘e’ in 𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 (2) we get;

𝐷 𝑈2 + 𝑣 2 + 𝑤 2
𝐴=𝜌× (𝑢+ ) × (𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑧 ) … … … … … 𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 (4)
𝐷𝑡 2

So, the rate of change of energy in x-axis will be given by;

𝜕 𝑈2 + 𝑣 2 + 𝑤 2
[ 𝜌(𝑢 + ] (𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑧 )
𝜕𝑥 2

Similarly for Y-axis;

𝜕 𝑈2 + 𝑣 2 + 𝑤 2
[ 𝜌(𝑢 + ] (𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑧 )
𝜕𝑦 2

And for Z-axis;

𝜕 𝑈2 + 𝑣 2 + 𝑤 2
[ 𝜌(𝑢 + ] (𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑧 )
𝜕𝑧 2

Now, the net rate of change of energy across the fluid element will be given by;

Rate of change of energy + rate of change of flux,

So rate of change of energy with in the volume will be;

𝜕 𝑈2 + 𝑣 2 + 𝑤 2
𝜌(𝑢 + )
𝜕𝑡 2
 𝜕 𝑈2 + 𝑣 2 + 𝑤 2 𝜕 𝑈2 + 𝑣 2 + 𝑤 2
[ 𝜌(𝑢 + )+ 𝜌 (𝑢 + ] (𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑧 )
𝜕𝑡 2 𝜕𝑥 2
𝜕 𝑈2 + 𝑣 2 + 𝑤 2 𝜕 𝑈2 + 𝑣 2 + 𝑤 2
+ 𝜌 (𝑢 + ] (𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑧 ) + [ 𝜌(𝑢 + ] (𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑧 )
𝜕𝑦 2 𝜕𝑧 2

The 2ndrd one is to find the net heat flux across fluid element

First Heat transfer across surface due to conduction or temperature gradient. Second is heating such as
absorption or emission by radiation.

Let first calculate the rate of radiation;

q = rate of heat addition by mass

𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑐 ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑜𝑓 𝑓𝑙𝑢𝑖𝑑 𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 = 𝑚 × 𝑞̇ = (𝜌𝑞̇ 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑧 )

Now Heat flux across fluid in x-direction due to conduction is given by;

𝜕
{𝑞̇ 𝑥 − (𝑞̇ 𝑥 + 𝑞̇ 𝑑 )}𝑑 𝑑
𝜕𝑥 𝑥 𝑥 𝑦 𝑧

𝜕
− 𝑞̇ 𝑑 𝑑 𝑑
𝜕𝑥 𝑥 𝑥 𝑦 𝑧

Similarly heat flux or heat flow rate across the fluid element in y-axis will be;

𝜕
− 𝑞̇ 𝑑 𝑑 𝑑
𝜕𝑦 𝑦 𝑥 𝑦 𝑧

And for Z-axis;

𝜕
− 𝑞̇ 𝑑 𝑑 𝑑
𝜕𝑧 𝑧 𝑥 𝑦 𝑧

So, the net heat flux across the fluid element will be;

𝜕 𝜕 𝜕
𝜌𝑞𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑧 + [− 𝑞̇ 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑧 − 𝑞̇ 𝑦 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑧 − 𝑞̇ 𝑧 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑧 ]
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧

𝜕 𝜕 𝜕
(𝜌𝑞̇ − 𝑞̇ 𝑥 − 𝑞̇ 𝑦 − 𝑞̇ 𝑧 ) 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑧
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧
From Fourier law of heat transfer we have;

𝜕𝑇 𝜕𝑇 𝜕𝑇
𝑞̇ 𝑥 = −𝑘 , 𝑞̇ 𝑦 = −𝑘 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑞̇ 𝑧 = −𝑘 … … … … . . 𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 (4)
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧

Putting these values in equation (4) we get;

𝜕 𝜕𝑇 𝜕 𝜕𝑇 𝜕 𝜕𝑇
[p𝑞̇ + 𝜕𝑥 (𝑘 𝜕𝑥) + 𝜕𝑦 (𝑘 𝜕𝑦) + 𝜕𝑧 (𝑘 𝜕𝑧 )] … … … … … . 𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 (5)

Now the rate of work done on the fluid element (c) can be calculated as;

𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑤𝑜𝑟𝑘 𝑑𝑜𝑛𝑒 = ⃗⃗⃗

𝐹 .𝑉⃗

As the rate of work done is due to the body force and also due to surface force. First, we will find the rate
of work done that is Gravity.

⃗
𝑅𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑤𝑜𝑟𝑘 𝑑𝑜𝑛𝑒 𝑏𝑦 𝑏𝑜𝑑𝑦 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝑥 − 𝑑𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 = 𝑚𝑔𝑥 . 𝑉

⃗ (𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑧 )
𝜌𝑔𝑥 . 𝑈

⃗ 𝑔𝑥 (𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑧 )
𝜌𝑉

Similarly,

Rate of work done in 𝑌 − 𝑑𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 = 𝜌𝑣 𝑔𝑌 (𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑧 )

Rate of work done in 𝑧 − 𝑑𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 = 𝜌𝑤𝑔𝑧 (𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑧 )

⃗ 𝑔𝑥 (𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑧 ) + 𝜌𝑣 𝑔𝑦 (𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑧 ) + 𝜌𝑤
Net rate of work done by the gravity force = 𝜌𝑈 ⃗⃗ 𝑔𝑧 (𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑧 )

We can write it as;

 𝜏𝑧𝑥
𝜏𝑦𝑥

𝑑𝑦

𝜎𝑥𝑥 𝜎𝑥+𝑑𝑥
Y-axis

𝑑𝑧
X-axis
𝑑𝑥

𝜏𝑧𝑥+𝑑𝑧

Z-axis
𝜏𝑦𝑥+𝑑𝑦

Now rate of work done by surface force is given by the viscous force (τ) and pressure force (σ), consider a
small volume element (figure B), which have volume (𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑧 ) in cartesian coordinate system.

In figure (B) we have 𝑑𝑥 𝑎𝑙𝑜𝑛𝑔 𝑥 − 𝑑𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛,

𝑑𝑦 𝑎𝑙𝑜𝑛𝑔 𝑦 − 𝑑𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑐aion and 𝑑𝑧 𝑎𝑙𝑜𝑛𝑔 𝑧 − 𝑑𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛.

‘τ’ here is a tensor with two subscripts, that is ‘𝜏12 ’. The subscript 1 will show the plane and the 2 will show
the direction. We can apply force in all three-directions x, y and z. if we consider the X-plane so
the force in all three direction will be (𝜏𝑥𝑥 𝑖𝑛 𝑋 − 𝑑𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛, 𝜏𝑥𝑦 𝑖𝑛 𝑌 −
𝑑𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝜏𝑥𝑧 𝑖𝑛 𝑍 − 𝑑𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛). But as the force 𝜏𝑥𝑥 is normal to the area of the X-plane so
it is not be shear stress so it will be a longitudinal stress (𝜎𝑥𝑥 )

As rate of work done is given by;

⃗
𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑤𝑜𝑟𝑘 𝑑𝑜𝑛𝑒 = 𝐹 × 𝑉

The surface forces are viscosity (τ) and shear stress (σ), now the forces along x-direction in all x-planes, y-
planes and z-planes are given by applying the Taylor’s series we get;

Plane In Out
x-plane 𝜎𝑥𝑥 𝜕
𝜎𝑥𝑥 + 𝜕 𝑑
𝜕𝑥 𝑥𝑥 𝑥

Y-plane 𝜏𝑦𝑥 𝜕
𝜏𝑦𝑥 + 𝜏 𝑑
𝜕𝑦 𝑦𝑥 𝑦

Z-plane 𝜏𝑧𝑥 𝜕
𝜏𝑧𝑥 + 𝜏 𝑑
𝜕𝑧 𝑧𝑥 𝑧

Similarly for forces along Y-direction, we will get;

Plane In Out
Y-plane 𝜎𝑦𝑦 𝜕
𝜎𝑦𝑦 + 𝜕 𝑑
𝜕𝑦 𝑦𝑦 𝑦
 X-plane 𝜏𝑥𝑦 𝜕
𝜏𝑥𝑦 + 𝜏 𝑑
𝜕𝑥 𝑦𝑥 𝑥

Z-plane 𝜏𝑧𝑦 𝜕
𝜏𝑧𝑦 + 𝜏 𝑑
𝜕𝑧 𝑧𝑦 𝑧

And forces along Z-direction will be;

Plane In Out
Z-plane 𝜎𝑧𝑧 𝜕
𝜎𝑧𝑧 + 𝜕 𝑑
𝜕𝑧 𝑧𝑧 𝑧

X-plane 𝜏𝑥𝑧 𝜕
𝜏𝑥𝑧 + 𝜏 𝑑
𝜕𝑥 𝑥𝑧 𝑥

Y-plane 𝜏𝑦𝑧 𝜕
𝜏𝑦𝑧 + 𝜏 𝑑
𝜕𝑦 𝑦𝑧 𝑦

The net force along the X-direction we know that;

𝐹
𝜎=
𝐴

So,

𝐹 =𝜎×𝐴

And the area for plane X, Y and Z are 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑧 , 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑧 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦 respectively. Now the net surface force along
the X-direction can be find out multiplying it with are of the planes and then subtracting (out – in), so we
will get;
 𝜕 𝜕
−𝜎𝑥𝑥 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑧 + 𝜎𝑥𝑥 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑧 + 𝜕𝑥𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑧 − 𝜏𝑦𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑧 + 𝜏𝑦𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑧 + 𝜏 𝑑 𝑑 𝑑 − 𝜏𝑧𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦 + 𝜏𝑧𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝑦𝑥 𝑥 𝑦 𝑧
𝜕
+ 𝜏 𝑑 𝑑 𝑑
𝜕𝑧 𝑧𝑥 𝑧 𝑥 𝑦

𝜕 𝜕 𝜕
𝜎𝑥𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑧 + 𝜏𝑦𝑥 + 𝜏𝑦𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑧 + 𝜏𝑧𝑥 + 𝜏𝑧𝑥
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧

Similarly for Y-direction, we will get,

𝜕 𝜕 𝜕
𝜎𝑦𝑦 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑧 + 𝜏𝑥𝑦 + 𝜏𝑥𝑦 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑧 + 𝜏𝑧𝑦 + 𝜏𝑧𝑦 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑧
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑧

And for Z-direction;

𝜕 𝜕 𝜕
𝜎𝑧𝑧 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑧 + 𝜏𝑥𝑧 + 𝜏𝑥𝑧 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑧 + 𝜏𝑦𝑧 + 𝜏 𝑑 𝑑 𝑑
𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝑦𝑧 𝑥 𝑦 𝑧

We will put some approximation that there are no rotating forces so,

𝜏𝑦𝑥 = 𝜏𝑥𝑦 , 𝜏𝑧𝑥 = 𝜏𝑥𝑧 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝜏𝑧𝑦 = 𝜏𝑦𝑧

By considering two-dimensional surface the above approximation will be;

Now the net force along the x-axis will be;

This means that there is no rotation to the control volume caused by the imbalance of the forces.

Now the net rate of work done is given by the sum of all the surface forces and body forces multiply by
their respective velocities so, we will have

𝜕 𝜕 𝜕
(𝜌𝑔𝑥 + 𝜎𝑥𝑥 + 𝜏𝑦𝑥 + 𝜏𝑧𝑥 ) 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑧 … … … … 𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 (𝑎)
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧

Similarly, along Y-axis the net force is given by;

𝜕 𝜕 𝜕
(𝜌𝑔𝑦 + 𝜎𝑦𝑦 + 𝜏𝑥𝑦 + 𝜏𝑧𝑦 ) 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑧 … … … … … . 𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 (𝑏)
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑧

And for Z-axis;

𝜕 𝜕 𝜕
(𝜌𝑔𝑧 + 𝜎𝑧𝑧 + 𝜏𝑥𝑧 + 𝜏 ) 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑧 … … … … . . 𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑡𝑎𝑖𝑜𝑛 (𝑐)
𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝑦𝑧
Now to get the rate of work done we will add the equation (a) , (b) and (c) multiplying by the corresponding
velocities so, we get;

𝜕 𝜕 𝜕 𝜕 𝜕 𝜕
= [(𝜌𝑈𝑔𝑥 + 𝑈𝜎𝑥𝑥 + 𝑣𝜏𝑦𝑥 + 𝑤𝜏𝑧𝑥 ) + (𝜌𝑣𝑔𝑦 + 𝑣𝜎𝑦𝑦 + 𝑈𝜏𝑥𝑦 + 𝑤𝜏𝑧𝑦 )
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑧
𝜕 𝜕 𝜕
+ (𝜌𝑤𝑔𝑧 + 𝑤𝜎𝑧𝑧 + 𝑈𝜏𝑥𝑧 + 𝑣𝜏 )] 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑧
𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝑦𝑧

𝜕 𝜕 𝜕 𝜕 𝜕 𝜕 𝜕 𝜕 𝜕
= [{𝜕𝑥 𝑈𝜎𝑥𝑥 + 𝜕𝑦 𝑣𝜏𝑦𝑥 + 𝜕𝑧 𝑤𝜏𝑧𝑥 +𝜕𝑦 𝑣𝜎𝑦𝑦 + 𝜕𝑥 𝑈𝜏𝑥𝑦 + 𝜕𝑧 𝑤𝜏𝑧𝑦 +𝜕𝑧 𝑤𝜎𝑧𝑧 + 𝜕𝑥 𝑈𝜏𝑥𝑧 + 𝜕𝑦 𝑣𝜏𝑦𝑧 } +

𝜌(𝑈𝑔𝑥 + 𝑣𝑔𝑦 + 𝑤𝑔𝑧 )] 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑧 … … … … 𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 (6)

Form equation (1) we have

𝜕 𝑈2 + 𝑣 2 + 𝑤 2 𝜕 𝑈2 + 𝑣 2 + 𝑤 2
[ 𝜌(𝑢 + )+ 𝜌 (𝑢 + ] (𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑧 )
𝜕𝑡 2 𝜕𝑥 2
𝜕 𝑈2 + 𝑣 2 + 𝑤 2 𝜕 𝑈2 + 𝑣 2 + 𝑤 2
+ 𝜌 (𝑢 + ] (𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑧 ) + [ 𝜌 (𝑢 + ] (𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑧 )
𝜕𝑦 2 𝜕𝑧 2
= 𝑛𝑒𝑡 𝑓𝑙𝑢𝑥 𝑜𝑓 ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑡 + 𝑛𝑒𝑡 𝑓𝑙𝑢𝑥 𝑜𝑓 𝑤𝑜𝑟𝑘 … … … … 𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 (7)

𝑈 2 +𝑣 2 +𝑤 2
The L.H.S of the equation (7) can be simplified by taking (𝑢 + ) so we will left with the continuity
2

equation. Now if we take ‘𝜌′ common we will just take the total derivative of the rest of the L.H.S so,
equation (7) will be;

𝐷 𝑈2 + 𝑣 2 + 𝑤 2
𝜌 [𝑢 + ]
𝐷𝑡 2
𝜕 𝜕𝑇 𝜕 𝜕𝑇 𝜕 𝜕𝑇 𝜕
= p𝑞̇ + (𝑘 ) + (𝑘 ) + (𝑘 ) + [𝑈𝜎𝑥𝑥 + 𝑈𝜏𝑥𝑦 + 𝑈𝜏𝑥𝑧 ]
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑥
𝜕 𝜕
+ [𝑣𝜎𝑦𝑦 + 𝑣𝜏𝑦𝑥 + 𝑤𝜏𝑦𝑧 ] + [𝑤𝜎𝑧𝑧 + 𝑈𝜏𝑧𝑥 + 𝑣𝜏𝑧𝑦 ] + 𝜌𝑈𝑔𝑥 + 𝜌𝑣𝑔𝑦
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧
+ 𝜌𝑤𝑔𝑧 … … … … … 𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 (8)

This is the complex form of the energy equation. Now to further simplify it to eliminate the mechanical
energy term and make it only for the internal energy of the volume that is a direct indicator of the
Temperature of the system. For that, we need to write the total derivative of kinetic energy equal to the
pressure forces so, we will have;
 𝐷 𝑈2 + 𝑣 2 + 𝑤 2
𝜌 ( )
𝐷𝑡 2
𝜕 𝜕 𝜕 𝜕 𝜕 𝜕
= 𝑈[ 𝜎𝑥𝑥 + 𝜏𝑦𝑥 + 𝜏𝑧𝑥 ] + 𝑣 [ 𝜎𝑦𝑦 + 𝜏𝑥𝑦 + 𝜏𝑧𝑦 ]
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑧
𝜕 𝜕 𝜕
+𝑤[ 𝜎𝑧𝑧 + 𝜏𝑥𝑧 + 𝜏 ] + 𝜌(𝑈𝑔𝑥 + 𝑣𝑔𝑦 + 𝑤𝑔𝑧 ) … … … . . 𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 (9)
𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝑦𝑧

Equation (9) is called mechanical energy equation.

Subtract equation (9) from (8) we get;

𝐷 𝜕 𝜕𝑇 𝜕 𝜕𝑇 𝜕 𝜕𝑇 𝜕𝑈 𝜕𝑣 𝜕𝑤 𝜕𝑈 𝜕𝑣
𝜌 𝑢 = p𝑞̇ + (𝑘 ) + (𝑘 ) + (𝑘 ) + 𝜎𝑥𝑥 + 𝜎𝑦𝑦 + 𝜎𝑧𝑧 + 𝜏𝑥𝑦 ( + )
𝐷𝑡 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥
𝜕𝑤 𝜕𝑣 𝜕𝑤 𝜕𝑈
+ 𝜏𝑦𝑧 ( + ) + 𝜏𝑧𝑥 ( + ) … … … . . 𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 (10)
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑧

This equation is the for the conservation of internal energy of the system. We will further simplify the
equation

To solve the differential, we will the fluid to be Newtonian fluid which is given by, shear stress is directly
proportional to the angular deformation. So,

𝜕𝑣 𝜕𝑈
𝜏𝑥𝑦 = 𝜏𝑦𝑥 = 𝜇( + )𝑛
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦

𝜕𝑤 𝜕𝑈 𝑛
𝜏𝑥𝑧 = 𝜏𝑧𝑥 = 𝜇( + )
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑧

𝜕𝑣 𝜕𝑤 𝑛
𝜏𝑦𝑧 = 𝜏𝑧𝑦 = 𝜇( + )
𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑦

Here n=1

And

𝜕𝑈
𝜎𝑥𝑥 = −𝑝 + 2𝜇 𝜕𝑥

𝜕𝑣
𝜎𝑦𝑦 = −𝑝 + 2𝜇
𝜕𝑦

𝜕𝑤
𝜎𝑧𝑧 = −𝑝 + 2𝜇
𝜕𝑧
Taking the following terms and equate it to velocities;

𝜕𝑈 𝜕𝑣 𝜕𝑤 𝜕2𝑢 𝜕2𝑣 𝜕2𝑤

𝜎𝑥𝑥 + 𝜎𝑦𝑦 + 𝜎𝑧𝑧 = 2𝜇 ( 2 + 2 + 2 )
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧

Now equation (10) will be;

𝐷 𝜕 𝜕𝑇 𝜕 𝜕𝑇 𝜕 𝜕𝑇 𝜕2𝑈 𝜕2𝑣 𝜕2𝑤 1 𝜕𝑈 𝜕𝑣

𝜌 𝑢 = p𝑞̇ + (𝑘 ) + (𝑘 ) + (𝑘 ) + 2𝜇 ( 2 + 2 + 2 ) + ( + )2
𝐷𝑡 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧 2 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥
1 𝜕𝑤 𝜕𝑣 2 1 𝜕𝑈 𝜕𝑤 2
+ ( + ) + ( + ) … … … … . . 𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 (11)
2 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧 2 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑥

From this equation it is cleared that the body force does not effect the energy in any way. Only the surface
forces are playing the role. We can denote all the surface forces by one term ‘φ’ that is called as viscous
dissipation.

Then, equation (11) becomes;

𝐷 𝜕 𝜕𝑇 𝜕 𝜕𝑇 𝜕 𝜕𝑇
𝜌 𝑢 = p𝑞̇ + (𝑘 ) + (𝑘 ) + (𝑘 ) + φ
𝐷𝑡 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑧

We can further make some approximation for incompressible fluids;

𝐷𝑢 = 𝑐𝑣 + 𝑑𝑇

𝑐𝑣 = 𝑐𝑝 = 𝑐

Then,

𝐷𝑇 𝜕 𝜕𝑇 𝜕 𝜕𝑇 𝜕 𝜕𝑇
𝜌𝑐 = p𝑞̇ + (𝑘 ) + (𝑘 ) + (𝑘 ) + φ
𝐷𝑡 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑧

And for steady flow and constant thermal conductivity it becomes;

𝜕𝑇 𝜕𝑇 𝜕𝑇 𝜕2𝑇 𝜕2𝑇 𝜕2𝑇 𝜑

𝑈 +𝑣 +𝑤 =𝛼 2+ 2+ 2+
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧 𝜌𝑐

And for 2-D

𝜕𝑈 𝜕𝑣 1 𝜕𝑣 𝜕𝑈
φ = 2μ( )2 + ( )2 + ( + )2
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 2 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦
in coordinate free system neglecting ‘φ′

𝜕𝑇
⃗ 𝑇) = 𝛼∇2 𝑇
+ ∇. (𝑈
𝜕𝑡

Here the 2nd term represents the divergence and R.H.S shows Laplace. This is the required energy equation
that can be applied to any coordinate system by just putting the coordinates.