CLO2:

Determine the principles of fluid mechanics engineering in pipe flow

appropriately. (C4, PLO2)

PLO 2 :
Identify and analyze well-defined engineering problems PREPARED:
AZMI BIN MOHAMMAD
reaching substantiated conclusions using codified methods of JABATAN KEJURUTERAAN AWAM
POLITEKNIK SULTAN AZLAN SHAH
analysis specific to their field of activity (DK1 to DK4).
 Fluids viualization is the arts of making flow pattern visible.
 Most fluids ( air,water,ect.) are transparent, thus their flow pattern
are invisible to the naked eye without methods to make them this
visible.
 Historically, such methods included experimental methods.
 With he development ofcomputer model and CFD simulating flow
process (e.g. the distribution of aif-conditioned air in a new car),
purely computational methods have been development.

A model Cessna with helium-

filled bubbles
showing pathlines of
the wingtip vortices.
 Ideal fluid – A fluid which is incompressible and is having
no velocity, is know as an ideal fluid ideal fluid is only an
imaginary fluid as all fluids, which exist,have some
velocity.
 Real fluid-A fluid, which possesses velocity,is know as real
fluid. All the fluids, in actual practice, are real fluids. It
have with no friction.
 COMPERSIBLE

 The flow in which the density (p) of the fluid changes from point to point.
 Flow of gases through orifices, nozzles, gas, and turbines
INCOMPRESIBLE
 Its type of flow in which density is constant for the fluid flow.
 Liquids are generally considered flowing incompressibly, for example
subsonic aerodynamics.
UNIFORM FLOW
 Flow of a fluid in which each particle moves along its line
of flow with constant speed and in which the cross section
of each stream tube remains unchanged.
 There will be no spatial distribution of hydrodynamic and
other parameters.
 Steadiness of flow and uniformly of flow does not
necessarily go together.
STEADY FLOW
 A flow in which the velocity of the fluid at a particular
fixed point does not change with time called also
stationary flow.
 Steady flow is present only in laminar flow.
 In turbulent flow, there are continual fluctuations in
velocity.
ONE DIMENSIONAL FLOW
 This is the type of flow in which the flow parameter such as velocity is a
function of time and one space coordinate only.
Example; flow in a pipe where average flow parameters are
considered for analysis.
TWO DIMENSIONAL FLOW
 The flow in which the velocity is a function of time and two
rectangular space coordinates x and y is called two dimensional
flow.
Example; flow between parallel plates of infinite extent.
THREE DIMENSIONAL FLOW
 Is that type of flow in which the velocity is a funtion of time and three
mutually perpendicular direction. (coordinate x,y,z)
Example; flow in a converging or diverging pipe or channel.
CLOSED SYSTEM

 Physical system that does not allow certain types of

transfer in or out of the system.

 The specification of what types of transfers are excluded

varies in the closed systems of physics , chemistry or
engineering.

 Closed system are often used to limit the factors that can
affect the results of specific problem.
OPENED SYSTEM
 System that has external interactions.
 Its also known as a constant volume system or a flow system.
 Concept of this system was formalized within a framework
that enabled one to interrelate the theory of the organism
thermodynamics and evolution theory.
 This concept was expanded upon with the advent of
information theory and subsequently system theory.