Travel and Tourism History

Early Beginnings

Two Forms of travel: Trading & Pilgrimage

Pilgrimage – a journey or search of moral or spiritual significance.

- Sumerians were the founders of travel

- Contributions of the Sumerians (Money, Cuneiform Writing, Wheel, Concept of
Tour Guiding)

Early Roads

- Romans started building roads

- The wheel led to the heavy development of heavy wagon

Classical Road

- Athletic Competition (Olympic Games)

- Coliseum in Rome – venue of the game in Greece

Early Ships

Phoenicians – The master shipwrights

Romans – Followed the idea of phoenicians

Herodotus – Famous traveler for founding the 7 Early Wonders of the World

Medieval Period

- Travel became burdensome, demanding and dangerous during this time.

- Roads were not maintained and unsafe
- Crusaders & Pilgrims were the only ones who traveled

Renaissance

- Renowned University developed by the British

- Under Elizabeth I, young men seeking position in court
- Entertainment, watering places became resort hotels
- Spas

Industrial Revolution

Social Changes that made travel desirable as a recreational activity

Increase in product, regular employment and growing urbanization.

- During this era, factories emerged

- Better transportation
- Growth of “Iron Industry”
- Lower-class men were able to travel

Modern Tourism

- Introduce the railway & development of steam power

- Thomas Cook – brought 570 passengers at a round trip fare. 1st rail agent.
- Press, cinema, widened interest in travel
- Motor Car
- Aircraft Technology
- Private car ownership

Queen Hatshepsut – 1st journey for peace and travel

Punt – the land where queen hatshepsut travel

Christopher Columbus – discovered America

James Cook – naval officer who explored North America, discovered Australia, New
Zealand, & Hawaii.

John Speke – discovered Nile River

Magellan – circumnavigated the globe, discovered Philippines on March 16, 1521

Neil Armstrong – 1st person to set foot on space

Edwin Aldrin Jr. - 2nd person to set foot on space

Michael Collins – 3rd person to set foot on space

Ellen Church – 1st stewardess

Chunnel – 1st underwater rail

Deutsche Lufthansa – 1st scheduled air pax airline

Charles Linderberg – 1st to fly solo from NY to Paris

Dennis Tito – 1st paid space vacationer

Alaska Airlines – 1st to use online bookng

Pan America Airline – 1st international commercial flight, introduced jumbo set
Comet – 1st jet pack plane

American Airlines – 1st to use Boeing 707

Delta Airlines – 1st introduced commission caps

British Airways and Air France – introduced supersonic airways

Wright Brothers (Wilbur & Orville) - invented airplane

Henry Ford – T-mobile of automobile

Lavatory – comfort zone of an airplane

Galley – restaurant on the airplane

Tourist & the Psychology of Travel

Visitor - persons who travel to a country other than their usual residence but outside their
usual environment for a period not exceeding twelve months.

Categories of Visitor

Excursionist – Same-day visitors. Staying less than 24 hrs

Tourist – Staying atleast 24 hrs., whose purpose could be classified as: Leisure, business,
visiting families/relatives, mission, meetings/conventions.

The Psychology of Travel – refers to the mental, emotional, & behavioral ways that
people experience the act of traveling.

Motivations for Travel: Escape, Relxation, Relief Tension, Physical, Health, Self
Discovery, Family togertherness, Interpersonal Relations, Roots/Ethnics, Education

Basic Travel Motivators

Physical Motivators - related to physical rest, sports participation, beach recreation,

relaxing entertainment and other motivations directly connected with health.

Cultural Motivatiors - the desire to know about other counties- their music, art,
dances, paintings and religion.
Interpersonal motivators – pertain to the desire to meet other people, visit friends
or relatives, escape from routine, from family and neighbors.

Status and prestige – concern ego needs and personal development. Included in this
group are trips related business, conventions study and pursuit of hobbies and education.
Travel would enhance one’s recognition and good reputation.

Abraham Maslow’s Theory of Motivation and Travel Motivations

Physiological needs – hunger, thirst, rest, activity

Safety needs – safety and security, freedom from fear and anxiety

Belonging and love needs – affection, giving & receiving love

Esteem needs – self esteem, self respect and esteem for others

Cognitive needs – to know, understand, & explore & tackle the unknown

Aesthetic needs – to find symmetry, order, beauty & structure in the world

Self actualization needs – personal self fulfillment

Transcendence needs – helping others to achieve self actualization

CLASSIFICATION OF TRAVELERS BASED ON PERSONALITY BY STANLEY

PLOG

Allocentric – high level activty/ adventurous

Psychocentric – low level activity/ non adventurous

Midcentric - constitute the mass market/either allocentric or psychocentric

CLASSIFICATIONS OF TRAVELERS BASED ON THE PURPOSE OF TRAVEL.

• Business Travelers
• Pleasure/Personal Travelers
- Tourist Destination - a geographical unit which the tourist visits and where he
stays
Basic Functions: Site Attractions, Amenities or Facilities, and Accessibility.
Forms of Attractions

• Natural Destinations
• Man-made Destinations

Travel Constraints

lack of money

lack of time

lack of safety and security

physical disability

family commitments

lack of interest to travel

fears of travel