TECHNICAL REPORT ON STUDENT INDUSTRIAL WORK

EXPERIENCE SCHEME(SIWES) CONDUCTED AT T.I.S CLINIC AND

DENTAL SERVICES SAULAWA KATSINA STATE AND MA’ARUF
MEDICAL CENTER FUNTUA

BY

FATIMA KAMALUDDEEN UMAR

U1/19/MCB/0059

SUBMITTED TO THE DEPARTMENT OF MICROBIOLOGY

FACULTY OF NATURAL AND APPLIED SCIENCES UMMARU MUSA
YAR ADUA UNIVERSITY KATSINA

IN PARTIALFULFILMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE

AWARD OF B.Sc MICROBIOLOGY

FEBRUARY 2024

i
 DECLARATION

I hereby declared that this report work is the product of my own Industrial training under the

supervision of Mal. Mujahid Hussaini of the Department of Microbiology, Umaru Musa

Yar’adua University Katsina, and that the report is original, and has at no other time been

presented elsewhere for the award of any Degree or certificate. And it was prepared in

accordance with the rules and regulations governing this program. All sources have been duly

acknowledged.

FATIMA KAMALUDDEEN UMAR U1/19/MCB/0059

ii
 CERTIFICATION

I hereby certify that this report was written by Fatima Kamaluddeen Umar with Registration

Number U1/19/MCB/0059 and it is adequate in scope and quality for the partial fulfilment of

the requirements for the award of degree of B. Sc. In Microbiology, Faculty of Natural and

Applied Sciences, Umaru Musa Yar’adua University, Katsina, Nigeria.

Mal. Mujahid Husaini

______________________________

(Supervisor) Date

Mal. Ahmad Muhammad

______________________________

(Departmental SIWES Coordinator) Date

Dr. Kamaluddeen Kabir

______________________________

(Head of Department) Date

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 ACKNOWLEDGMENT

First and foremost, I wish to express my sincere gratitude to Almighty Allah (SWT). May

HIS Blessings be upon the Noble Prophet, MUHAMMAD (PBUH), His family and all those

who follow Him on the right path till the last day. I thank my loving father Alhaji

Kamaluddeen Umar my mother Hajia Halima Bishir, my supportive brother Umar

Kamaluddeen and my caring sisters for their utmost love and care throughout my life. I

heartily thank my amiable SIWES Supervisor, M. MUJAHID HUSSAINI for his guidance

and support throughout this exercise. I consider it a humble duty to express my deepest

gratitude and thanks to all staffs of UMMARU MUSA YAR ADUA UNIVERSITY,

especially the staffs of microbiology department and my unit supervisor M. Mujahid Hussaini

for understanding and guiding me in many ways. May Allah guide and bless u all.

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 TABLE OF CONTENT

COVER PAGE

DECLARATION

CERTIFICATION

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

TABLE OF CONTENT

ABSTRACT

CHAPTER ONE

1.0 Introduction

1.1 History of SIWES

1.2 Industrial Training fund

1.3 Aim and Objectives of SIWES

1.4 Agencies of SIWES

1.5 Roles of ITF on SIWES

1.6 Background of T.I.S Clinic and Dental services Saulawa Katsina-----

1.7 Background of Ma’aruf medical center Funtua----------------------

1.8 Introduction to laboratory

1.9 Rules and regulation of laboratory-----------------------------------

1.10 Chemical safety

1.11 Some laboratory equipments and their uses---------------

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1.12 Some terms used in the laboratory--------------------------

CHAPTER TWO

2.0 Reception unit

2.1.1 Verious methods of collecting blood------------------------------

2.1.2 Venupuncure(venous method)------------------------------------

2.1.3 Capillary blood collection

2.1.4 Stool sample collection

2.1.5 Urine sample collection

2.2 microbiology unit

2.2.1 Stool microscopy

2.2.2 High vaginal swab(HVS)

2.2.3 Urine MCS

2.3 Serology unit

2.3.1 Rectrovirus screening(RVS)

2.3.2 Widal agglutination test

2.3.3 HbsAg Rapid diagnostic test

2.4 Heamatology unit

2.4.1 Packed cell volume test

2.4.2 Malaria parasite test RDT

2.4.3 Microscopic examination of malaria parasite-----------------------------------

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2.4.4 Blood grouping test

2.4.5 Hb genotype test

2.5 Practicals learned at Ma’aruf medical center funtua----------------------

2.5.1 Urinalysis test

2.6 Chemistry unit

2.6.1 Random blood sugar test

2.6.2 Urea test

2.6.3 Uric acid test

CHAPTER THREE

3.0 Conclusion

3.1 Challenges encounterd

3.2 Recommendations

3.3 References

3.4 Appendices

vii
 ABSTRACT

The Student Industrial Work Experience Scheme established by the Federal Government of

Nigeria aimed at exposing student of higher institution to acquire industrial skill and

practical experience in their approved course of study and to prepare students for the

industrial work situation, which they are likely to meet after graduation. This report is made

up of three chapters based on the various activities carried out in the laboratory of T.I.S

clinic saulawa katsina and Ma’aruf medical center funtua. The first chapter comprises of

introduction and history of SIWES, objectives of the program and brief history of the

organization. The second Chapter gives details about the places of attachment and several

tests carried out, the materials used and procedures also laboratory safety rules and

activities in reception. Moreover, this report describes the activities and experience gained

during the period of the training, lastly some of the problems encountered as well as

suggestion for improvement of the scheme are included in report

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 CHAPTER ONE

1.0 INTRODUCTION

It was observed that undergraduates possessed poor skills in applying practical knowledge to

their respective fields of study and it became a subject of consideration to the national

universities commission (NUC). And so, the student industrial work experience scheme

(SIWES) was introduced in Nigeria by the industrial training fund (ITF) which was

established under Decree 47 of 1971 by the supreme military council, headed by General

Yakubu Gowon. The core objective of SIWES remains the gradual reduction of percentage of

foreign participation in most of Nigerian’s economic activities accompanied by a systematic

cooperation of locally oriented skilled manpower into the vast economic sector together with

the NUC to further enhance student’s learning in both theory and practice.

The effort is aimed at helping the students in Nigerian tertiary institution to practice the

theoretical aspects of their studies field. It is one of the requirements for the requirement for

award of Bachelor degree in chemistry. These technical report explain the numerous

experiences I had during my six month of attachment.

1.1 BRIEF HISTORY OF STUDENTS INDUSTRIAL WORK EXPERIENCE

SCHEME

SIWES was first establish in the year 1972 by the ITF with the aim of eliminating the poor

practical experiences with regard to the disciplinary measures in young graduates. It was

incorporated to student’s course curriculum. Student must undergo this training as it is a

prerequisite for the award of diploma and degree certificates in the respective disciplines in

higher institutions in Nigeria. This scheme will enable students get acquainted to real life

practical application of knowledge they have acquired in the higher institutions. Students will

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also be privileged to handle new techniques and technologies that may not be available in

their respective institutions.

1.2 INDUSTRIAL TRAINING FUND (ITF)

The industrial training fund (ITF) was established by the law in 1971 to promote, accelerate

and encourage the acquisition of indigenous skills required in the industry to meet the

developmental needs of Nigeria. The industrial training funds provides direct specialized

training in the areas of research and consultancy, human resource development, safety,

computer and information training, vocational and apprentice training, duty of employers

under the fund of industrial training funds law.

Mandatorily, it requires every employer having 25 or more employees with apprentices on its

payroll in each calendar year not later than the first day April of each year, to contribute one

percent of the amount on its payroll to the fund. The description of employees in industrial

training fund law has a wide definition as it include Nigerians, Non-Nigerians and contract

staffs engaged for more than three months in one calendar year whether on full time or part

time salary or wages or such other consideration that may exist between the employer and the

employees.

The very essence of the industrial training fund is to encourage employers to provide

adequate training for their indigenous employer in order for improvement in manpower

capability of the employees which in turns benefits the employers and the country at large.

The industrial training fund law also requires employers to accept students on industrial

attachment and training in furtherance of its objectives.

1.3 AIMS AND OBJECTIVES OF SIWES

The program of SIWES are designed to achieve the following objectives:

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• Provision of avenue for students to acquire industrial skills and experience during

their course of study.

• To prepare students for the work situation they are likely to meet after graduation.

• To expose students into method and techniques in handling equipment and

machineries that may not be available in their institutions.

• To provide students with opportunities to apply their theoretical knowledge in real

work situation thereby bridging the gap between theory and practice.

• Correlate the knowledge obtained during the student’s stay with the actual industrial

conditions and to develop a critical and realistic approach to problems and the solutions.

• Strengthening the cordial relationship between the industrial sector and educational

institutions

• With regards to the industrial functions, students will also have administrative

capability to handle marketability and finance.

Makes the transition for higher institution to labor market easier and thus enhance the

student’s contract for later job placement.

1.3 AGENCIES OF SIWES

Industrial training fund ITF has solicited collaboration and assistance of the under listed

bodies in order to maximize the benefits from SIWES, as well as ensure full participation of

targets students.

• The National University Commission NUC

• The National board for technical Education NBTE

• The National Commission, among which are

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o To improve SIWES placements submitted to them by respective schools.

o To improve students names on placement list.

o To regulate and determine students fit to proceed on SIWES at different levels.

1.4 ROLES OF ITF ON SIWES

Gideon 1996:12pointed out that the main roles of ITF SIWES are to;

- Liaise with the SIWES agencies to ensure prompt receipt and processing of placement

list.

- Co-ordinate, direct and finance the SIWES programme in all its ramifications.

- Provide funds for the payment of students attachment stipends

- Provide lecture supervisory allowance

- Supervise students on attachment in different organization across the country.

- Ensure that all institution concerned submit to the ITF office at the end of the SIWES

programme and end of programme report.

1.5 BACKGROUND OF T.I.S CLINIC AND DENTAL SERVICES SAULAWA

KATSINA.

TIS CLINIC AND DENTAL SERVICES KATSINA is a Dental clinic located in Along

Katsina old township stadium saulawa KT Old Stadium opposite saulawa cyber café Kaduna

street Kofar Keke, metropolis, Katsina, Nigeria.The clinic offers a range of dental and

medical services to the local community, including general medical consultations,dental

check- ups,preventive care,and treatment for previous health conditions.

The clinic is staffed by qualified health professionals, including doctors, nurses, dentists and

support staff who are dedicated to providing high-quality care to patients.T.I.S Clinic and
4
dental services aims to promote health and wellness in the community by offering accessible

and affordable health care services.

1.6 BACKGROUND OF MA’ARUF MEDICAL CENTER FUNTUA

My second Industrial training was conducted at MA’ARUF MEDICAL CENTER

FUNTUA,which is located at No.56 Sokoto Road Funtua,the organization was established on

March 15,2015.It was commissioned on 11th March,2015 by Dr. Ma’aruf who was a pioneer

visitor of various medical centers.The center starts operating with 25 staffs and one

cleaner.The laboratory is fully equiped,which run out so many.

1.7 INTRODUCTION TO LABORATORY

laboratory is a place where medical tests are carried out on clinical specimen to obtain

information about the health of a patient to aid in diagnosis, treatment and prevention of

disease.

1.6.1 Rules and regulations of the laboratory

o Eating and drinking is prohibited in the laboratory

o Disposable hand gloves must be used before touching any sample

o Labcoat must be used

o Each sample container must be labeled be for used

o Disinfectants are used before sample are collected from each patients

o Use of anti coagulant in blood sample for some tests was adopted

1.6.2 Chemical safety

Treat every chemical as if it were hazardous.

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• Make sure all chemicals are always clearly labeled with the substance name,

concentration,date of preparation and the name of the individual responsible.

• Never return chemical store agent bottles(try for the correct amount and share excess).

• Comply with all fire regulations concerning storage quantities,types of approved

containers and cabinets,proper labelingetc.If uncertain about something contact the lab

technician.

• Never allow a solvent to come in contact with your skin,always use gloves.

• Never“smell”a solvent directly!Read the label on the solvent bottle to identify its

content.

• Clean up spills immediately.

1.6.3 SOME LABORATORY EQUIPMENT AND THEIR USES

 Micro hematocrit Centrifuge /reader

 Syringe and needle

 Refrigerator

 Sample reagents/ sample bottles

 Microscope

 Incubator

 Autoclave

 Centrifuge, etc.

Microhematocrit centrifuges are used for determination of volume fractions of erythrocytes

(red blood cells) in blood and for separation of micro volumes of blood and solutions.

6
Syringe used for injecting or withdrawing liquids. It may be attached to a needle in order to

withdraw fluid from the body or inject drugs into the body.

Refrigerator is used for preserving samples.

Incubator: it is used for incubating cultured plate for 24 - 48 hours at the temperature between

37oc - 40o to obtain proper growth of microorganisms.

Autoclave: this is used in sterilization of glassware and media used in the laboratory to avoid

contamination. It consist of chambers upon which the particles are placed and treated with

steam at high pressure.

Microscope is an instrument that makes an enlarged image of a small object, thus revealing

details too small to be seen by the unaided eye. The most familiar kind of microscope is the

optical microscope, which uses visible light focused through lenses.

1.6.4 SOME TERMS USE IN MEDICAL LABORATORY

 MPS:- Malaria Parasites test

 RBS:- Random Blood Sugar

 FBS:- Fasting Blood Sugar

 RVS:- Retrovirus Screening

 PCV:- Packed Cell Volume

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 CHAPTER TWO

2.0 RECEPTION UNIT

The receptionist on seat, collects samples from patients waiting to be transferred to the

laboratory, put bills on the patients cards depending on the kind of tests to be done, register

the patients cards and then also register results before they are given out to patient, they also

give out universal, anticoagulant bottles to patient and give them necessary instructions on

how to collect into the bottles that is being given to them. Some of the laboratory materials

are stored in the reception. Listed below are a few steps to follow when dispatching

microbiological specimens:

• Keep a register of all specimens dispatched. Record the name, number, and ward or

health centre of the patient, type of specimen, investigation required, date of dispatch, and the

method of sending the specimen. When the report is received back from the microbiology

laboratory, record the date of the receipt in the register.

• Check the specimen container is free from cracks, and the cap is leak-proof.

• Use sufficient packaging material to protect a specimen especially when the container

is a glass tube. When the specimen is fluid use sufficient absorbent material to absorb it

should a leakage or breakage occur.

• Mark all specimens that may contain highly infectious organisms.

2.1.1 Various methods of collecting blood sample

• Venous method

• Capillary method

2.1.2 Venipuncture(venous blood collection):

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• Patients were allowed to sit properly

• The patient was informed that they are going collect their blood sample.

• Their arm were tightened with a tourniquet and were asked to fold their palms ,the

area was cleaned with an alcohol swab using cotton wool,then needle which is attached to

syringe was introduced into a suitable vein at an angle of about 300 after which the blood was

withdrawn gently with the syringe.

• A piece of cotton wool was placed where the needle was introduced and the

tourniquet was loosened before the needle was removed out,and the blood was transferred

into an appropriate container.The method is applicable in medical laboratory to obtain blood

sample when large volume of blood is required.

2.1.3 Capillary blood collection

• The area to be stabbed which is the side of the thumb was sterilized with 75% alcohol

and allowed to dry,the aim is to sterilizes the skin and promotes a free flow of blood,a stab

was made with a sterile lancet and little pressure was then applied to ensure free flow of

blood,the first drop of blood was wiped away,the blood was then filled in to acapillary tube.

• Capillary blood collection is of great value in children and adults with difficult veins,

but large volume of blood cannot be obtained from capillary.

2.1.4 Stool Sample Collection:

• Stool samples are collected in a wide mouthed screw cap container and passed

immediately after collection for microbial investigation.

2.1.5 Urine sample collection

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• Urine samples are collected in a wide mouthed glass or rubber bottles with tight fit

caps and the patients are instructed on how to produce the sample without contamination and

the volume required.In urine tests,early morning urine is the most preferred sample e.g.of

urine tests include;pregnancy test,urine sugar,urine protein and urine analysis and

microscopy.

2.2 MICROBIOLOGY UNIT

Microbiology involves the study of microbes. Although, microorganisms are generally

beneficial and essential to life some are, however, pathogenic and cause infectious diseases.

The diagnostic microbiology laboratory is engaged in the identification of infectious agents.

These infectious agents are broadly classified as viruses, bacteria, mycostic agents and

parasites (Protozoans and

Helminthes) also this section analyses body fluids and tissues for the presence of pathogenic

microorganisms primarily by means of culture and sensitivity.

2.2.1 TITLE: STOOL MICROSCOPY

Stool microscopy is the use of microscope to view any abnormality in a patie nt stool (waste

product).

Materials needed

 Stool sample

 Container

 Slide

 Cotton

 Cover slip

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 Normal saline ( if needed)

 Sterile applicator

 Hand globe

 Microscope

TYPE OF STOOL SAMPLE

There are three types of stool sample:-

i. Loose (watery)

ii. Semi loose

iii. Formed

Procedure

• The first step for stool microscopy is MACRO Observation before the Micro

observation.

• The macro observation is the step where you will observe the stool physically, to

identify the color, constituent, and consistency (either loose, semi loose or formed). After the

macro observation then,

• Clean your slide with cotton, get small portion of sample and use applicator to apply

the sample on the slide, add normal saline if needed, smear it gently and cover it with

carefully with cover slip for microscopy.

• Note air bubbles are not needed.

• Stool microscopy is first viewed under x10 objective lenses for focusing and then x40

for magnification.

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12
2.2.2 HIGH VAGINAL SWAB (H.V.S)

• This is a swab collected from the upper part of the vagina using a sterile swab stick.It

is used to detect microorganisms such asTrichonomas vaginalis.

• Materials: High vaginal swab, media, incubator, slide, coverslip, saline, wireloop,

bunsen flame.

• Procedure:

• Culturing:

• Wire loop was sterilized

portion of the HVS was streaked on four different media

such as MacConkey, Sabouraud, Blood and CLED agar

• After inoculation the plates were incubated for 24hrs at 37⁰C

• RESULT:

• A culture that is recorded as ‘no growth’ indicates that there is no infection,while if

there is ‘growth’ indicates that there is bacterial infection. HVS Microscopy

• Two to three drops of normal saline was placed in to the swab cover and mixed to

wash the sample and then poured on a clean grease free slide and covered with coverslip and

viewed using 10x or 40x objective lens to examine the presence or absence of Yeast

cells,RBCs,Puscells,epithelialcells or Ova of Trichomonas

vaginalis.

2.2.3 TITLE: Urine Microscopy Culture and Sensitivity (MCS) Introduction

• Urine Culture (MCS) – Urine microscopy, culture, and sensitivity is a laboratory test

that analyses urine specimens, isolating microorganisms (bacteria and fungi) or parasites
13
causing infections in the body (UTI) and testing for the susceptibility of the isolated

organisms.

• Aim:To isolate micro-organisms causing infection and test for susceptibility of the

microbes to antimicrobial agents (antibiotics).

• Materials/Apparatus: urine sample, microscope, cled agar, nutrient agar, MAcConkey

agar, blood agar, Sensivity disc, e.t.c

• Macroscopy: The physical appearance of urine was observed and recorded which was

pale, dark amber, bloody, clear or cloudy turbid depending on the patient's condition.

• Microscopy: Materials required are microscope, clean grease free slides, cover slips,

centrifuge tubes and centrifuge machine.

• Procedure

• About 10ml of urine sample was put in a clean centrifuge tube and was centrifuged

for 5 minutes at 2000rpm in a centrifuge.

• The supernatant was discarded and the bottom of the tube was tapped in order to

loosen the deposits. After which, a small drop was placed on the glass slide and then covered

with cover slip.

• The film was examined using x10 for general examination of urine deposits and x40

for the identification of the microorganisms.

• Result

• The following were check in urine sample: Red blood cells, pus cells, epithelial cells,

hyaline casts, urinary parasites e.g Trichomonas vaginalis, Schistosoma haematobium and

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yeasts which are reported as (+), (++), (+++) or as shanty, few or profuse depending on the

number seen and bacteria as well.

• Preparation of Smear and Gram Stains: When bacteria or pus cells are seen in a wet

preparation of urine, smear is made and stained using Gram's staining technique before

examining it.

• Procedure

• Urine sample was transferred to a centrifuge tube and spun for sediments to coagulate

at the bottom, while the supernatant was poured away.

• After which, a drop of urine sediment was transferred to a clean grease free slide,

spread to make a thin film and was allowed to air dry.

• Hence, it was then heat fixed and stained using Gram's staining techniques and was

examined using x40 objective to see the distribution of material and then oil immersion

(x100) objective to observe for bacteria especially those associated with urinary infections.

• Results:

• Gram positive bacteria appeared dark purple.

• Yeast cells appeared dark purple.

• Gram negative organisms appeared pale to dark red.

• Nuclei of pus cells appeared red.

• Epithelial cells appeared pale red.

• Gram Smear Results: In reporting gram smear results, the followings are included:

• Quantity of bacteria present, whether many, few or scanty.

15
• Gram reaction of bacteria, whether Gram positive or negative.

• Morphology of bacteria, whether cocci, diplococci,chains or rods.

• Presence and number of pus cells.

• Presence of yeast cells and epithelial cells

• Culturing

• The urine sample was mixed and a sterile wire loop was used to take loopfull of the

urine sample and streaked on the following media Blood, CLED and MacConkey. After

inoculation, the plates were incubated for 24hrs at 370C.

2.3 SEROLOGY UNIT

Serology bench this is where most of the routine tests are done. The test is done using strips

and antigen-antibodies reagents. Serology is a part of the laboratory where the scientific study

of serum takes place. In practice, the term usually refers to the diagnostic identification of

antibodies in the serum. The tests includes; Widal test, Retroviral screening,

Syphilis,Hepatitis B and Hepatitis C.

2.3.1 TITLE: RECTROVIRUS SCREENING (RVS)

The RVS (retrovirus screening) is simply means HIV, Human Immunodeficiency Virus, the

major route of transmission are sexual contact with infected patient, through blood donation,

through needle or sharp object used by infected person.

Materials needed

 HIV Kit

 Sample (either blood or serum)

 Buffer solution (if needed)

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 Blood lancet or Syringe and needle

 SWAB

 Dry cotton.

Result

 One line on the test portion is invalid.

 No reaction on the kid is invalid.

 One line on the control portion is negative.

 Two lines on both test and control portion is positive.

2.3.2 TITLE: WIDAL AGGLUTINATION REACTION TEST MATERIALS

• Widal kit,

• white tile,

• pipette

• centrifuge,

• blood sample

Procedure

• Venous blood was collected into sample bottle and spun at 3000rpm for 5 minutes

• The serum was taken with the aid of a pipette and put on white tile in different spots

of 4 per row making two rows

• First row was labeled O, OA, OB, OC and the second row H, HA, HB, HC

respectively.

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• Antiserum from the widal kit for each spot are released on top of the pipette blood.

• The tile was then rocked for 3 minutes

Results

Expected results ratio:

• Highly reactive 1:320(positive)

• Very reactive 1:160(positive)

• Weak reaction… 1:80(positive)

• Non-Significant… 1:40(negative)

• Non-Significant… 1:20(negative)

2.3.3 TITLE:HBSAg RAPID DIAGNOSTIC TEST

AIM: to determine the presence or absence of hepatitis b antibodies. MATERIALS

• Blood sample

• Hepatitis B strip

• Cotton wool

PROCEDURE

• A clean pipette was used to put a few drops of the blood sample on the strip.

• Few drops of buffer was dropped.

• The strip was allowed to stand for 3mins.

• The result was read.

RESULT

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 One line on the test portion is invalid.

 No reaction on the kid is invalid.

 One line on the control portion is negative.

Two lines on both test and control portion is positive.

2.3.4 TITLE:HELICOBACTER PYLORI TEST

AIM:to determine the presence of h.pylori that causes ulcer.

MATERIALS

• Blood sample

• h.pylori test strip.

• Buffer

• Cotton wool.

PROCEDURE

• A whole blood was collected from the patient

• 1 drop of blood was dropped onto the strip.

• 2 drops of buffer was added and allowed to stand for 2mins.

• The result read.

2.4 HEAMATOLOGY UNIT

Haematology is a branch of science that involves the study of the physiology and pathology

of blood. The unit is concerned with analyzing both abnormalities and normalities of the

constituents of blood; plasma and blood cells. Tests carried out at this unit are blood grouping

19
(ABO), genotype, Packed Cell Volume (PCV), White Blood Cell Count (WBC) Differential,

Full Blood Count (FBC), Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate (ESR), etc.

2.4.1 TITLE: PACKED CELLS VOLUME TEST (PCV)

Packed cell volume (PCV) is a test that is carried out in the medical laboratory to know the

exact volume or density of red blood cells in a patient body.

AIM: to determine the percentage of blood in human body.

Materials needed

 Blood sample

 Capillary tube

 Dry cotton wool

 Swap

 Lancet

 Bunsen flame

 Microheamatocrit Centrifuge

 Hematocrit reader

Procedure

 1A SWAB of 70% alcohol wa used to clean the thumb of the patient.

 A blood lancet was used to prick about 1cm deep.

 A capillary tube was used to collect the blood sample.

 Stop your collection 1cm away from the end of the capillary tube.

20
 Sealant was used to seal the other end and proceed to microheamatocrit spin for

spinning for 5mins.

 The capillary tube was placed on the heamatocrit reader to obtain the result.

Result

S/N CATEGORY NORMAL RANGE (%)

1 Children ( male or female) 45-65%

2 Adult ( male ) 35-45%

3 Adult ( female)

4 Neonate 30-45%

45%-60%

2.4.2 TITLE: MALARIA PARASITE TEST

Malaria is a diseases cause by plasmodium specie either plasmodium falciparum , P. maleria,

P. vivax or P.ovale and P.knowlesi transmitted to human by a vector known as Anopheles

mosquito.

AIM: Malaria test is a test that is carried out to determine whether a patient is malaria

positive or negative.

TYPES OF MALARIA TEST

• Microscopy malaria test and

• By using RDT Kit

MALARIA TEST USING RDT KIT

Material needed

21
 Blood sample

 RDT Kit

 Dropper

 Buffers solution

Procedure

 A SWAB of 70% alcohol was used to clean the thumb of the patient.

 A blood lancet was used to prick about 1cm deep.

 A pipette was used to drop the sample onto the kit.

 3-4 drops of Buffers solution was dropped on the sample and allow it for 2-3minutes

to complete all the reactions on the kit.

Result

 One line on the test portion is invalid.

 No reaction on the kid is invalid.

 One line on the control portion is negative.

 Two lines on both test and control portion is positive.

2.4.3 TITLE: MICROSCOPIC EXAMINATION OF MALARIA PARASITE

Plasmodium parasite has four species of which are Plasmodium falciparum, Plasmodium

ovale, Plasmodium malariae, Plasmodium vivax which was newly discovered and

investigated. All of these are transmitted to human host solely by way of Anopheles mosquito

vectors.

22
AIM: Malaria parasite test is test used to check for malaria parasite(plasmodium parasites)in

the blood.

MATERIALS:

• Glass slide

• Microscope

• Distilled water

• Stainingrack

• Oil immersion.

• Giemsa stain.

• Cover slip.

PROCEDURE:

• The blood sample was collected using venous method.

• The blood sample was transferred into a sample bottle.

• A pipette was used to put a drop of the blood on a glass slide.

• Two methods were used(thin and thick method)

• In thick method,the drop of blood on the glass slide was smeared using a swab stick

gently in a circular path.

• In the thin method,a coverslip was used to swipe up the blood.

• The samples were exposed to air to dry for 5mins in order to avoid washing off.

• Giemsa stain was dropped on the sample for staining.

23
• The glass slide was washed with distilled water .

• It was allowed to dry on a rack and then viewed under microscope under 100x

objective lens using oil immersion.

RESULT:

Ring form or gametocyte of malaria parasites indicates malaria infection

Result/Interpretation: The result is presented as scanty,(+),(++),(+++),this was based on how

dominant malaria parasites was seen under the oil immersion(x100),the normal values ranges

based on the amount of malaria parasites present.When 0 to 4 malaria parasite is

2.4.4 TITLE: BLOOD GROUPING

Blood grouping is a test that is carried out in the medical laboratory to know which particular

group of blood dose a person belongs to in case of donating or receiving blood.

AIM:to determine the blood group a patient

Materials needed

 Blood lancet

 Blood sample

 SWAB

 Dry cotton

 Blood grouping plate

 Antisera reagent LEGAL USED

 Antisera A – Blue

 Antisera B – Yellow

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 Antisera AB – Colorless

 Antisera D – Colorless

Procedure

• After a patient thumb has been cleaned with sterile swap and allow to dry, a puncture

is made with the lancet and the first drop of the blood is cleaned off.

• And then pressed to get another drop of blood which is drooped at three division on a

tile.

• Add one volume of the respective anti-sera A B and 0 to the blood samples

• Using applicators mix the anti —sera with the blood respectively Rock for 2-3

minutes and then record your result.

Result

If A and D agglutinate

- A+

If Band D agglutinate

- B+

If A, B and AB agglutinate but no agglutination on D

- AB-

If only D agglutinate

- O+

If A agglutinate but D do not agglutinate

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- A-

If B agglutinate but D do not agglutinate

- B-

If A, B, AB and D agglutinate

- AB+

If there is no agglutination on all

- O-

Conclusion, group O+ is the universal donor while group AB+ is the universal recipient

2.4.5 TITLE:Hbgenotype

AIM:The aim of the genotype test is to detect two different types of haemoglobin i.e

Haemoglobin A and Haemoglobin S.

MATERIALS:

• Electrophoresis Machine,

• cellulose acetate paper,

• filter paper,

• applicator,

• control sample (AS),

• unknown sample.

PROCEDURE:

• Cellulose acetate paper from a tris buffer was dried with a filter paper.

26
• A drop of blood was diluted with water to breakdown RBCs and expose hemoglobin

and then an applicator is used to transfer a small portion of the diluted blood to a dried

cellulose acetate paper accordingly with the control sample, which was then transferred into

buffer tank of an electrophoresis machine and subjected to electric field for 15minutes after

which the result was read based on the migration rate of Haemoglobin across the electric

field.

Principle:

The principle behind the test is based on the differences in the rate of migration of

haemoglobin A and haemoglobin S in an electric field, the difference in the overall net charge

and mass of haemoglobin A and haemoglobin S.

RESULT

• When S migrate to the positive electrode and then A to the negative electrode then is

AS.

• When A migrate only to the negative electrode then it is AA

• When the S migrate to positive electrode and another S migrate to the negative

electrode then it is SS.

2.5 PRACTICALS LEARNED AT MA’ARUF MEDICAL CENTER FUNTUA

2.5.1 TITLE:URINALYSIS (URINE TEST)

AIM: to examine any abnormality in patient’s urine.

Materials needed

 Urine sample.

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 Urine bottle

 Hands gloves

Urinalysis strip

PROCEDURE

• A urine sample was collected from the patient inside a sample container

• A urinalysis strip was dipped into the urine sample and removed immediately

• The result was read immediately within 5secs

• The strip was compared with the urinalysis parameters to obtain the result.

• A colour change was observed.

The portions are as follows:

Leukocytes, Ketone, Nitrite, Urobilinogen, protein, Glucose, Specific gravity, Blood and

pH,ascorbic acid.

Protein-Protein in the urine is called protein uria.This is an important indicator of renal

disease,but can be caused by other conditions as well.At a constant pH,the development of

any green color on the protein reagent pad is due to the presence of protein.Colors range from

yellow for negative to yellow-green or green for positive.

Glucose-The presence of glucose in urine is called glycos uria.This condition indicates that

the blood glucose level has exceeded the renal threshold.This condition may occur in diabetes

mellitus.The reagent strip is specific for glucose and uses the enzymes glucose oxidase and

peroxidase,which react with glucose to form colors ranging from green(low concentration)to

brown(high concentration).

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Ketone–Ketones present in the urine is known as keton uria.This occurs when the body

metabolizes fats incompletely causing ketones to be excreted in the urine. The ketone test is

based on the development of colors ranging from light pink to maroon when ketones react

with nitroprus side.Ketonuria may be presenting diabetes,starvation or fasting.Since ketones

will evaporate at room temperature, urine should be tightly covered and refrigerated if not

tested promptly.

Bilirubin–Bilirubin in the urine is known as bilirubinuria.Bilirubin is a breakdown product of

hemoglobin which produces an extremely yellow to amber color in urine and may be an

indication of liver disease,hepatitis or bile duct obstruction. Samples suspected of containing

bilirubin should be handled cautiously because of the possibility of hepatitis.These samples

should also be protected from light until testing is completed, since direct light will caused

ecomposition of bilirubin .The test for bilirubin is based on the coupling of bilirubin with a

dye to form a color.

Blood-Hemoglobin and red blood cells in urine may be detected by the formation of a color

due to the enzyme peroxidase (inredcells) reacting with or thotoluidine, a chemical which is

in the reagentpad. The resulting color ranges from orange through green to dark blue.

•Hemoglobinuria is the presence of hemoglobinin the urine. Causes: hemolyticanemia,blood

transfusion reactions,massive bums,renal disease•Hematuria is the presence of

intactredbloodcells.Almostalways

pathological.Causes:kidneystones,tumors,glomerulonephritis,physicaltrauma .

Urobilinogen:is a degradation product of bilirubin which is formed by intestinal bacteria..It

may be increased in hepatic disease or hemolytic disease. Urobilinogenis normally 0.1 to 1.0

Ehrlichunitsper deciliterofurine.The reagent strip will detect urobilinogenin concentrations as

29
low as 0.1 Ehrlich units.The reagent pad contains a chemical which reacts with urobilinogen

to form a brown orange color.

Leukocytes-Leukocytes (whitebloodcells) present in large numbers usually indicate a urinary

tract infection(UTI).Normal urines should produce no color change of the Leukocyte pad.

Nitrites-This test indicates the conversion of nitrate to nitrite by the acti on of certain bacteria

in the urine.A positive result indicates a possible UTI and the potential need for a culture.

Specific Gravity-The specific gravity of a solution is the ratio of the weight of a given

volume of the solution(urine) to the weight of an equal volume of water.The specific gravity

of urine indicates the concentration of dissolved solids such as urea,phosphates,chlorides,o

rproteins present in the urine.Normal specificgravity is 1.005-1.030 with most normal results

falling between 1.010 and 1.025.The higher the number the more concentrated the urine.

Ascorbic Acid–Concentrations of ascorbic acid as low as 20mg/dL interfere with enzyme-

driven reactions on the dipstick.The presence of ascorbic acid will result in falsely decreased

readings of glucose,nitrite and blood.(Note–not all dipstick manufacturers offer this test on

their product.)

NOTE: Any portion on the strip is label and each portion have it own unique color and also

label with different symbols, e.g. (+_), (+), (++), (+++) also some with numbers like (0.010),

(0.015), (0.020) etc.

2.6 CHEMISTRY UNIT

2.6.1 TITLE: RANDOM BLOOD SUGAR

A Random blood sugar (RBS) was a serology test conducted to check the sugsr level of an

individual in the laboratory.

30
AIM:To check the sugar level of an individual.

Materials;

• Sample(serum),

• Test tubes

• Micropipette

• ,Glucose reagents,

PROCEDURE

• 3 test tubes were brought and labelled as blank,standard and test,

• 1000μl glucose reagent was pipetted and added in each test tube.

• 10μl of standard reagent was pipetted and added into the tube labelled as standard.

• Another 10μl of serum was pipetted and added into the tube labelled as test.

• Mixture was shaked well and allowed to stand for 10mins. .

• Each sample was tansferred into 3 different cubet and put into a spectrophotometer.

• Readings were taken.

RESULT

𝑇𝑒𝑠𝑡 × 𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑆𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑑𝑎𝑟𝑑

Concentration of standard=5.5

Normal range -4.2 to 7.8

2.6.2 TITLE:UREA TEST

31
AIM:To check the sugar level of an individual.

Materials;

• Sample(serum)

• Test tubes

• pipette

• Urea reagents,

PROCEDURE

• 3 test tubes were brought and labelled as blank,standard and test,

• 50μl of urea reagent(R₁) was pipetted and added in each test tube.

• 0.5μl of standard reagent was pipetted and added into the tube labelled as standard.

• Another 0.5μl of serum was pipetted and added into the tube labelled as test.

• Mixture was shaked well and allowed to stand for 10mins.

• Another 1250μl of R2 and R3 was pipetted and added into each tube and allowed

stand for 15mins.

• A colour change was observed.

• Each sample was transferred into 3 different cubet and put into a spectrophotometer.

• Readings were taken.

RESULT

𝑇𝑒𝑠𝑡 × 𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑆𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑑𝑎𝑟𝑑

32
Concentration=13

Normal range=1.7 --9.1mm/l

2.6.3 TITLE: URIC ACID TEST

AIM:to determine gout

MATERIALS

• Blood sample

• Reagents

• Spectrophotometer

• Tubes

PROCEDURE

The blood sample was collected in a sample container

The blood was spunned in a centrifuge machine to obtain a plasma

• 3 test tubes were brought and labelled as blank,standard and test,

• 1000μl of uric acid reagent was pipetted and added in each test tube.

• 20μl of uric acid standard reagent was pipetted and added into the tube labelled as

standard.

• 20μl of serum was pipetted and added into the tube labelled as test.

• Mixture was shaked well and allowed to stand for 5mins.

• A colour change was served.

33
• Each sample was transferred into 3 different cubet and put into a spectrophotometer

and blank was used to 0 the machine.

• Readings were taken.

CALCULATIONS

Test/standard xstandard concentration Conc.=10.3

Normal range for male=3.4-----7.0mg/dl Normal range for female=2.3---5.6mg/dl

Wavelength=520

34
 CHAPTER THREE

3.0 CONCLUSION

As a Microbiology Student, my industrial work experience at Ma’aruf medical center funtua

was great and has given me an insight on the range of practical activities going on in the

laboratory. It therefore, made me elucidate the following deduction:

• It has been my first working experience from which a lot was learned.

• It has given me an insight of a standard organizational structure, organizational

policies and styles.

• It exposed me to a chance wherein, I acquired some management skills

• It gives me a clear understanding of chain of communication, line of duty, and flow of

order in an organization.

• I experienced what being a worker looks like and how to manage responsibilities if

left alone, and working in a team to get a task done.

• The working environment is now something to me anymore, and I have also the

acquired the ability to build a good working relationship with co-workers wherever I may

find myself in future.

• Finally, it made me realize that Industrial Training is one of the most important

periods in the degree program and it improves the students in all ramifications.

3.1 CHALLENGES ENCOUNTERED

• In most cases safety rules are niot taken into consideration and the necesssery safety

gadget and equipments are not usually in place.

35
• I also would want to said that more time should be given to students for their SIWES

program.

• Students are not rotated from places of attachments to aid learning different ways of

carrying out different tests.

3.2 RECOMMENDATIONS

• If the IT allowance is really meant for the SIWES, it should be made available to all

qualified students prior to the commencement of the program. This will go a long way in

helping students meet their financial needs during the course of the training.

• Students should be posted to relevant industries where they will gain useful

experiences relative to their fields of study.

• The school should in conjunction with the ITF office make contact with the

organization to ensure that students are really taking the trainings with all seriousness.

• .Alternative power supply should be provided by the organization to help students carry out

experiments without power failure (which may interrupt learning).

36
3.3 REFERENCES

Chernecky CC, Berger BJ (2008). Laboratory Tests and Diagnostic Procedures, 5th ed. St.

Louis: Saunders.

D.R. Arora and B. Arora. (2008). Practical Microbiology. 3rd Edition. New DelhiCBS

Publishers and Distributors Pvt.

G.F. Brooks and et al. (2013). Medical Microbiology. 26th Edition. U.S.A:

McGraw-Hill Companies Inc.

HenryR.F(1974),ClinicalChemistryPrinciplesandTechniques,secondedition,

HarperandRowLTDHagersTownM.D Randoxreagentleaflet

MurrayR.KGrannerD.K.,MayersP.AandRodwellV.W,(2003)Hapersillustrated

biochemistry26thedition,McGrawHill

Fischbach FT, Dunning MB III, eds. (2009). Manual of Laboratory and Diagnostic

Tests, 8th ed. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams and Wilkins.

Alberts, Bruce (2012). “Table 22-1 Blood cells”. Molecular Biology of the Cell. NCBI

Bookshelf. Retrieved 1 November 2012.

David F. Putnam. CompPosition and Concentrative Properties of Human Urine. NASA

Contractor Report. July 1971.

37
3.4 APPENDICES

Microheamatocrit centrifuge glass slide

Microscope Urinalysis test strip

38
Malaria parasite centrifuge

39