x, 3r

curl
3 s(ar)
where a is aconstant vector and
r= xi+ yË + zk.
Solution: Here

= Vxl4xr) (axr)
curl p3 i+j+k
dx dz

axr
= ix
dx z3 +jx dy (axr)kx daxr

o(axr 3 dr 1 dr
Now,
à r x r + ax 4
dx
3x
-aXrtgX1
Since dr
r= xi+.yj + zk gives =1
dx
and dr
2=+y+2 gives dx
 So that (axr 3x 1
-lix(ax)]+ix(ax)
3x
-sl(i:r)a-(i-a)r]+sl(i)a-(i-a)i)
3x 1
(xa-(i-a)r]+gla-(i:a)i]
Similarly, jx
axr 3y 1
-lya-(G-a)rl+la-(ý-a)j]
and
axr 3z 1
kx =-za-(k-a)r]+gla-(k-a)k]
dz
aXr axr
ix
dx +jx +kx

z') 3r 3a
3(x* +y+a+(ri +yË +zk)- +-(i-a)i
a3 +(j-a)j +(k a)k}
3a

or curl|"axr
p3
3a3t(ra)t3
=
+

ix
daXr
dx
+kx
oaxr
0z3
3r
 rds
The value of where r is the position vector and S is the closed surface
enclosing the origin is
(a) 0 (b) n
(c) 4 (d) &n
rds
[Hint:

1
Now, 3 -(V-r)trr=3 andV =
3 3r 3 3
=0
3 4

rds
or
= |||0-dV=01.
Son, 6)

(oulsmh Loos

2 ()
AMPLE 3.7 If G(r) = 10e 2-(pa, + a), determine the flux of G out of the entire surface of the cylin
der p= 1,0 Sz 1. Confirm the result by using the divergence theorem.
Solution:
If Y is the flux of G through the given surface, shown in Figure 3.18, then

V= dS = Y, + Y, + V,
where , Y and V, are the fluxes through the top, bottom, and sides (curved surface) of
the cylinder as in Figure 3.18.
For V, z= 1, dS = pdp do a,. Hence,

,-|JGs 10e pdp dó =10e (2n) 2 0

= 10e 2

FIGURE 3.18 For Example 3.7.

 3.6 Divergence of a Vector and Divergence Theorem 81

For W, z=0and ds = pdp do(-a,). Hence,

10e°p dp do = -10(2m) 2 lo

=-10T

For ,p = land dS = pdz do a,, Hence,

21 -2z 1

10e p' dz d¢ = 10(1)(2m) lo

= 107(1-e)

Thus,
107e -2 10 + 10r(1 e )= 0
y= V, + Y, + V, =
the divergence theorem:
Alternatively, since S is a closed surface, we can apply

But
1 ß
VG=
1
-(pG,) + G tG
dz
p ap p a
1
(p²10e 2:) - 20e-2
pdp

=20pe2) 20e- = 0
Hence,
showing that G has no outward flux.

y-(-G) du =0
vae
for a vee tor Feld

(
Pg

2
2

ey
J

(Aree