Ce412 - Chapter 01 - Introduction

CHAPTER 01
INTRODUCTION TO
TRANSPORTATION ENGINEERING
CE412 - PRINCIPLES OF TRANSPORTATION ENGINEERING
1
PRINCIPLES OF TRANSPORTATION ENGINEERING
Course Description: The course gives emphasis on urban transportation planning, design and
operation using statistical and modeling techniques and computer methods. It also covers capacity
and level of service of air, rail and highway. It also includes safety, environmental impacts and
mitigation, transportation policy fundamentals and case studies.
No. of Units: 3 Lecture Units Prerequisite: Highway & Railroad Engineering
At the end of the course, the students must be able to: Grading Scheme:
1. De ne concepts of transportation systems analysis • 20% Preliminary Examination
and planning. • 20% Midterm Examination
2. Apply travel demand forecasting computation and • 20% Final Examination
analysis. • 20% Problem Set / Quizzes
3. Prepare traf c impact assessment reports. • 15% Final Requirement
4. Recognize current transportation issues and • 5% Attendance______________
policies, economic, safety and environmental Total: 100%
concerns.
Passing: 75%
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CE412 - PRINCIPLES OF TRANSPORTATION ENGINEERING ENGR. CHRISTIAN PIMENTEL
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TRANSPORTATION ENGINEERING
Transportation Engineering is a Branch of Civil Engineering that
is involved in the planning, design, operation, and maintenance of
safe and e cient transportation systems.
Operations and management involve tra c engineering, so that

vehicles move smoothly on the road or track. Older techniques
includes signs, signals, markings, and tolling.
These systems include roadways, railways, waterways, and

intermodal operations. these systems are typically large and
expensive.
The transportation operations pathway includes workers who

drive or pilot the vehicles that transport people or freight to ensure
that passengers or cargo are transported safely and on time.
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IMPORTANCE OF TRANSPORTATION
The speed, cost, and capacity of available transportation
have a signi cant impact on the economic vitality of an area
and the ability to make maximum use of its natural
resources.
• TRANSPORTATION AND ECONOMIC GROWTH

Good transportation, in and of itself, will not assure success
in the marketplace, as the availability of transportation is a
necessary but insu cient condition for economic growth.
• SOCIAL COSTS AND BENEFITS OF TRANSPORTATION

The improvement of a region’s economic position by virtue of
improved transportation does not come without costs.
Building vast transportation systems requires enormous
resources of energy, material, and land.
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PURPOSE OF TRANSPORTATION
The speci c purpose of transportation is to ful ll a demand for mobility since transportation can only exist if it moves:
PASSENGER FREIGHT INFORMATION
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MODES OF TRANSPORTATION
ROADWAYS RAILWAYS WATERWAYS AIRWAYS PIPELINES
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ROADWAYS A road is an identi able route way or path between two or more places. This mode
of transport helps to transfer the goods from one place to another by road through
various methods like auto, buses, trucks, cargos, and other suitable factors.
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ROADWAYS ADVANTAGES OF ROAD TRANSPORTATION
• It is very exible in nature
• It helps to facilitate the movement of goods even in remote areas
• It provides alternatives in the form of auto, bus, trucks, and so on
• It requires low capital investments
• It is very suitable for a short distance journey
DISADVANTAGES OF ROAD TRANSPORTATION

• It is not suited for long distance as it is not economical
• Slow as compared to railways
• Accidents and Breakdowns.
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It is a means of transport in which the goods are transferred from one place to another
RAILWAYS place and as well as transfers the passengers from one place to another destination. It is
preferred due to high speed. Invariance to road transport, where vehicles run on a at road
or surface, rail vehicles are directionally managed by the rail tracks on which they run.
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RAILWAYS ADVANTAGES OF RAILWAY TRANSPORTATION
• It is economical for long distances because it can easily cover all
area of states and cities
• This means of transport is very faster than roadways
• Most suitable for carrying a bulk amount of goods and products
• Rail transport helps provide employment opportunities to both
skilled and unskilled individuals
DISADVANTAGES OF RAILWAY TRANSPORTATION

• Huge capital required for construction and maintenance
• It is not suitable for hilly areas
• Monopoly in nature
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WATERWAYS It involves the movement of goods through oceans and seas.
It can be categorized into three categories:
AQUEDUCTS CONTAINERS TOWING
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WATERWAYS ADVANTAGES OF WATERWAY TRANSPORTATION
• Goods in bulk are transported
• It promotes foreign or international trade
• It can easily carry a huge quantity of goods such as timber and coal
• In comparison to other transport, the risk capacity is very low
DISADVANTAGES OF WATERWAY TRANSPORTATION

• One of the drawbacks is there is a delay in the movement of goods
from one place to another
• Performance is a ected by seasonal variations
• Water transport is very unsuitable for small business because it
carries a small number of goods.
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AIRWAYS The distinct advantage of air transport is speed and sustainability. It is
very useful for less working goods with a high value of price.
Air transport is also known as Aviation.
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AIRWAYS ADVANTAGES OF AIRWAY TRANSPORTATION
• Fastest means of transportation
• Vital for national security and defense
• Very useful in earthquakes and other oods
• It is very suitable for emergency services
DISADVANTAGES OF AIRWAY TRANSPORTATION

• The large capital investments needed
• May be a ected by rains
• Risk of accidents are highest
• This mode of transport requires a specialized skill and a high
degree of training for its working operations
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PIPELINES Pipelines transportation is used for sending the liquids and gases
from one place to another place. Through this means of transport, we
can also send chemicals, biofuels, and natural gases.
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PIPELINES ADVANTAGES OF PIPELINE TRANSPORTATION
• They are very exible in transporting liquids and gases
• It consumes low energy power
• It needs a limited area of maintenance
• Pipelines are very safe and accident-free transport
DISADVANTAGES OF PIPELINE TRANSPORTATION

• It is not exible in nature
• It is restricted in a limited area of work
• Di cult to make security arrangements for this transport
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INTERMODAL OPERATIONS
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TRANSPORTATION PLANNING
The process of Transportation Planning involves the elements of Situation and Problem De nition,
Search for Solutions and Performance Analysis, as well as Evaluation and Choice of Project.
SITUATION & PROBLEM DEFINITION SOLUTIONS & PERFORMANCE ANALYSIS EVALUATION & CHOICE OF PROJECT
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The process is useful for describing the e ects of a proposed transportation alternative and for
explaining the bene ts to the traveler of a new transportation system and its impacts on the community.
New Street Design Concepts to Reclaim Car Space in New York City for People and Public Transit
EXISTING
PROPOSED
ALTERNATIVE
BENEFITS/IMPACT: Prioritizing the majority of New Yorkers who walk, bike, and use transit to get around
Source: https://transalt.org/press-releases/transportation-alternatives-and-via-release-new-street-design-concepts-to-reclaim-car-space-in-new-york-city-for-people-and-public-transit
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The Highway and Tra c Engineer is responsible for developing forecasts of travel
demand, conducting evaluations based on economic and noneconomic factors, and
identifying alternatives for short-, medium-, and long-range purposes.
DEVELOPING FORECAST
CONDUCTING EVALUATIONS
IDENTIFYING ALTERNATIVES
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BASIC ELEMENTS OF TRANSPORTATION PLANNING
The Transportation Planning process comprises seven basic elements, which are interrelated and not
necessarily carried out sequentially. The information acquired in one phase of the process may be
helpful in some earlier or later phase, so there is a continuity of e ort that should eventually result in
a decision. The elements in the process are:
SITUATION PROBLEM SEARCH FOR ANALYSIS OF EVALUATION OF CHOICE OF SPECIFICATION &
DEFINITION DEFINITION SOLUTIONS PERFORMANCE ALTERNATIVES PROJECT CONSTRUCTION
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I. SITUATION DEFINITION
The First Step in the Planning Process is Situation De nition, which involves all of the activities required
to Understand the Situation that gave rise to the perceived Need for a Transportation Improvement.
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In this phase, the basic factors that created the Present Situation are Described, and the scope of the
system to be studied is delineated. The present system is analyzed and its characteristics are
described. Information about the surrounding area, its people, and their travel habits may be obtained.
INFORMATION: SURROUNDINGS & PEOPLE TRAVEL HABITS PREVIOUS REPORTS AND STUDIES
Previous reports and studies that may be relevant to the present situation are reviewed and summarized.
Both the scope of the study and the domain of the system to be investigated are delineated.
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Scenario: Feasibility of New Bridge

• A new bridge is being considered.
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• Situation de nition involves developing a description of the present highway and transportation
services in the region; measuring present travel patterns and highway tra c volumes;
Traf
Travel Pattern
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• Reviewing prior studies, geological maps, and soil conditions; and delineating the scope of the
study and the area a ected.
Geological Maps
Soil Conditions
Re v ie w o f P r io r Stud ie s
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• A Public Hearing is often held to obtain citizen input and in some instances, such as to comply
with federal aid requirements, may be required.
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II. PROBLEM DEFINITION
The purpose of this step is to Describe The Problem in terms of the objectives to be
accomplished by the project and to translate those objectives into criteria that can be quanti ed.
• Objectives are Statements of Purpose • Criteria are the Measures of E ectiveness

such as to reduce tra c congestion; to improve safety; that can be used to quantify the extent to which a
to maximize net highway-user bene ts; and to reduce proposed transportation project will achieve the stated
noise. objectives.
For example, the objective “to reduce tra c congestion” might use “travel time” as the measure
of e ectiveness.
The characteristics of an Acceptable System should be Identi ed, and speci c limitations
and requirements should be noted.
Also, any pertinent standards and restrictions that the proposed transportation project must
conform to should be understood.
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• An objective for the bridge project might be to reduce travel congestion on other roads or to
reduce travel time between certain areas. The criterion used to measure how well these
objectives are achieved is average delay or average travel time.
BEFORE AFTER
L T IM E
TRAVE
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• Constraints placed on the project might be physical limitations, such as the presence of other
structures, topography, or historic buildings. Design standards for bridge width, clearances,
loadings, and capacity also should be noted.
Other Structures
S t r u c t u r es
Hi s t o r ic
DESIGN STAN
Topograp
h y
DARDS
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III. SEARCH FOR SOLUTIONS
In this phase of the planning process, Consideration is given to a variety of ideas, designs,
locations, and system con gurations that might provide solutions to the problem.
This is the Brainstorming Stage, in which many
options may be proposed for later testing and
evaluation.
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Alternatives can be Proposed by any group or organization. In fact, the planning study may have
been originated to determine the feasibility of a particular project or idea, such as adding bike
lanes to reduce tra c volumes. The transportation engineer has a variety of options available in
any particular situation, and any or all may be considered in this Idea-generating phase.
Among the options that might be used
are di erent types of transportation
technology or vehicles, various system
or network arrangements, and di erent
methods of operation. This phase also
includes Preliminary Feasibility
Studies, which might narrow the range
of choices to those that appear most
promising. Some data gathering, eld
testing, and cost estimating may be
necessary at this stage to determine the
practicality and nancial feasibility of
the alternatives being proposed.
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• In the case of the bridge project, a variety of options may be considered, including di erent
locations and bridge types.
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• The study should also include the option of not building the bridge and might also consider
what other alternatives are available, such as a tunnel or an alternate route. Operating policies
should be considered, including various toll charges and methods of collection.
Tunnels Alternate Route *Ferry Boat
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IV. ANALYSIS OF PERFORMANCE
The purpose of performance analysis is to Estimate How Each of the Proposed Alternatives would
Perform under present and future conditions. The criteria identi ed in the previous steps are calculated
for each transportation option. Included in this step is a Determination of the Investment Cost of
building the transportation project, as well as annual costs for maintenance and operation.
This element also involves the use of mathematical models
for estimating travel demand. The number of persons or
vehicles that will use the system is determined, and these
results, expressed in vehicles or persons/hour, serve as the
basis for project design. Other information about the use of
the system (such as trip length, travel by time of day, and
vehicle occupancy) is also determined and used in calculating
user bene ts for various criteria or measures of e ectiveness.
Environmental e ects of the transportation project (such as
noise and air pollution levels and hectares of land required)
are estimated. These nonuser impacts are calculated in
situations where the transportation project could have
signi cant impacts on the community or as required by law.
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• To analyze the performance of the new Prelim ina r y C o s t E s tim a te
bridge project, preliminary cost estimates
must be prepared for each location being
considered. Then estimates of the tra c
that would use the bridge are developed,
given various toll levels and bridge widths.
• The average trip length and average travel
time for bridge users are determined and
compared with existing or no-build
conditions.
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• Other impacts (such as land required, visual e ects, noise levels, and air or water quality
changes) are also computed.
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V. EVALUATION OF ALTERNATIVES
The purpose of the evaluation phase is to Determine How well each Alternative will Achieve the
Objectives of the project as de ned by the criteria. The performance data produced in the analysis
phase are used to compute the Bene ts and Costs that will result if the project is selected.
In cases where the results cannot be reduced to a
single monetary value, a weighted ranking for each
alternative might be produced and compared with
other proposed projects.
For those e ects that can be described in monetary
terms, the bene t–cost ratio for each project is
calculated to show the extent to which the project
would be a sound investment.
Other Economic Tests Might also be Applied,
including the net present worth of bene ts and costs.
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V. EVALUATION OF ALTERNATIVES

• In the evaluation of the bridge project,
rst determine the bene ts and costs
and compute the bene t–cost ratio. If
the result is greater than one, the
evaluation of alternative sites requires
additional comparison of factors, both
for engineering and economic feasibility
and for environmental impact. A cost-
e ectiveness matrix that compares the
cost of each alternative with its
e ectiveness in achieving certain goals
will further assist in the evaluation.
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VI. CHOICE OF PROJECT
Project selection is made after considering all the factors involved. In a
simple situation— for example, where the project has been authorized and is
in the design phase—a single criterion (such as cost) might be used and the
chosen project would be the one with the lowest cost. With a more complex
project, however, many factors have to be considered, and selection is based
on how the results are perceived by those involved in decision making. If the
project involves the community, it may be necessary to hold additional
public hearings. A bond issue or referendum may be required. It is possible
that none of the alternatives will meet the criteria or standards, and additional
investigations will be necessary. The transportation engineer, who
participates in the planning process, may have developed a strong opinion as
to which alternative to select. Such bias could result in the early elimination of
promising alternatives or the presentation to decision makers of inferior
projects. If the engineer is acting professionally and ethically, he or she will
perform the task such that the appropriate information is provided to make an
informed choice and that every feasible alternative has been considered.
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VI. CHOICE OF PROJECT

• Before deciding whether or not to build the proposed
bridge, decision makers look carefully at the results of
both revenue and cost estimates and consider
projects that appear to be nancially sound.
• The site location is selected based on a careful study
of the factors involved.
• The information gathered in the earlier phases is
used, together with engineering judgment and
political considerations, to arrive at a nal project
selection.
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VII. SPECIFICATION AND CONSTRUCTION
Once the transportation project has been
selected, the project moves into a Detailed
Design Phase in which each of the
components of the facility is speci ed. For a
transportation facility, this involves its
physical location, geometric dimensions, and
structural con guration.
Design Plans are Produced that can be
used by contractors to estimate the
construction cost of building the project.
When a construction rm is selected, these
plans will be the basis on which the project
will be built.
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• For the bridge project, once a decision to proceed has been made, a design is produced that
includes the type of superstructure, piers and foundations, roadway widths and approach
treatment, as well as appurtenances such as tollbooths, tra c signals, and lighting.
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• These plans are made available to contractors, who submit bids for the construction of the
bridge. If a bid does not exceed the amount of funds available and the contractor is deemed
quali ed to do the work, the project proceeds to the construction phase. Upon completion, the
new bridge is turned over to the local transportation authority for operation and maintenance.
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BASIC ELEMENTS OF TRANSPORTATION PLANNING
Basic Elements in the Transportation Planning Process Applied to Consider the Feasibility of a New Bridge.
Process Application to Bridge Study Process Application to Bridge Study
For bridge project, determine
Inventory transportation facilities V. Evaluation of
I. Situation De nition Measure travel patterns • Bene ts vs. cost
Review prior studies Alternatives • Pro tability
• Cost-e ectiveness
De ne objectives
II. Problem De nition • Reduce travel time Consider factors involved:
Establish criteria VI. Choice of Project • Revenue cost forecast
• Average delay time • Site location
De ne constraints • Political judgment
Establish design standards
Design of bridge
VII. Speci cation and
Consider options • Superstructure
III. Search for Solutions • Locations and types Construction • Piers, foundation
• Tunnel or don t build Construction plans
• Toll charges • Contractor selection
Transfer of completed bridge to
For each option, determine authority for operation and
IV. Analysis of
• Cost maintenance
Performance • Tra c ow
• Impacts
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INFLUENCE OF TRANSPORTATION IN OUR SOCIETY
Transportation moves people and goods to different neighborhoods, cities, states, and countries and it allows
people in those various places to trade and do business together.
Transportation has in uenced each of our choices about where to live, work, shop or spend vacations.
HOME WORK SHOP VACATION
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INFLUENCE OF TRANSPORTATION IN OUR SOCIETY
EXAMPLE SCENARIO: METRO
OPTION 1:
MOTORCYCLE LIGHT RAIL LIGHT RAIL PUBLIC UTILITY
(TRICYCLE) TRANSIT -2 TRANSIT -1 VEHICLE
OPTION 2:
PUBLIC UTILITY PUBLIC UTILITY
VEHICLE BUS
HOME OPTION 3: WORK

(QUEZON CITY) PUBLIC UTILITY (SM MOA-PASAY CITY)
PUBLIC UTILITY METRO RAIL
VEHICLE TRANSIT -3 VEHICLE
OPTION 4:
TAXI
OPTION 5: APARTMENT PUBLIC UTILITY

VEHICLE
(MAKATI CITY)
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END OF PRESENTATION
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CHAPTER 01

INTRODUCTION - TRANSPORTATION ENGINEERING

Operations and management involve tra c engineering, so that

These systems include roadways, railways, waterways, and

The transportation operations pathway includes workers who

INTRODUCTION - TRANSPORTATION ENGINEERING

• TRANSPORTATION AND ECONOMIC GROWTH

• SOCIAL COSTS AND BENEFITS OF TRANSPORTATION

INTRODUCTION - TRANSPORTATION ENGINEERING

PASSENGER FREIGHT INFORMATION

INTRODUCTION - TRANSPORTATION ENGINEERING

INTRODUCTION - TRANSPORTATION ENGINEERING

INTRODUCTION - TRANSPORTATION ENGINEERING

DISADVANTAGES OF ROAD TRANSPORTATION

INTRODUCTION - TRANSPORTATION ENGINEERING

INTRODUCTION - TRANSPORTATION ENGINEERING

DISADVANTAGES OF RAILWAY TRANSPORTATION

INTRODUCTION - TRANSPORTATION ENGINEERING

INTRODUCTION - TRANSPORTATION ENGINEERING

DISADVANTAGES OF WATERWAY TRANSPORTATION

INTRODUCTION - TRANSPORTATION ENGINEERING

INTRODUCTION - TRANSPORTATION ENGINEERING

DISADVANTAGES OF AIRWAY TRANSPORTATION

INTRODUCTION - TRANSPORTATION ENGINEERING

INTRODUCTION - TRANSPORTATION ENGINEERING

DISADVANTAGES OF PIPELINE TRANSPORTATION

INTRODUCTION - TRANSPORTATION ENGINEERING

INTRODUCTION - TRANSPORTATION ENGINEERING

INTRODUCTION - TRANSPORTATION ENGINEERING

INTRODUCTION - TRANSPORTATION ENGINEERING

INTRODUCTION - TRANSPORTATION ENGINEERING

INTRODUCTION - TRANSPORTATION ENGINEERING

INTRODUCTION - TRANSPORTATION ENGINEERING

INTRODUCTION - TRANSPORTATION ENGINEERING

Scenario: Feasibility of New Bridge

INTRODUCTION - TRANSPORTATION ENGINEERING

Scenario: Feasibility of New Bridge

INTRODUCTION - TRANSPORTATION ENGINEERING

Scenario: Feasibility of New Bridge

INTRODUCTION - TRANSPORTATION ENGINEERING

Scenario: Feasibility of New Bridge

INTRODUCTION - TRANSPORTATION ENGINEERING

• Objectives are Statements of Purpose • Criteria are the Measures of E ectiveness

INTRODUCTION - TRANSPORTATION ENGINEERING

Scenario: Feasibility of New Bridge

INTRODUCTION - TRANSPORTATION ENGINEERING

Scenario: Feasibility of New Bridge

INTRODUCTION - TRANSPORTATION ENGINEERING

INTRODUCTION - TRANSPORTATION ENGINEERING

INTRODUCTION - TRANSPORTATION ENGINEERING

Scenario: Feasibility of New Bridge

INTRODUCTION - TRANSPORTATION ENGINEERING

Scenario: Feasibility of New Bridge

Tunnels Alternate Route *Ferry Boat

INTRODUCTION - TRANSPORTATION ENGINEERING

INTRODUCTION - TRANSPORTATION ENGINEERING

Scenario: Feasibility of New Bridge

INTRODUCTION - TRANSPORTATION ENGINEERING

Scenario: Feasibility of New Bridge

INTRODUCTION - TRANSPORTATION ENGINEERING

INTRODUCTION - TRANSPORTATION ENGINEERING

Scenario: Feasibility of New Bridge