Psychology Frontiers and

Applications Canadian 6th Edition

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MULTIPLE CHOICE. Choose the one alternative that best completes the statement or answers the question.

1) The most accurate order of the stages in sensory processing and perception of information is from:
A) reception to reconstruction to analysis to recognition.
B) reception to transduction to matching to interpretation.
C) reception to analysis to translation to recognition.
D) reception to comparison to reconstruction to interpretation.
Answer: B

2) Occasionally, people who have been blind since birth will have their vision restored. Afterwards,
they are able to notice light and various colours but they often have continual difficulty making
sense of this new sensory information. Examples like these best demonstrate the difference between:
A) rods and cones. B) sensation and perception.
C) perception and organizing sensory input. D) sensation and transduction.
Answer: B

3) One night on a family camping trip, Samantha was lying awake in her tent when all of a sudden, she
saw a bright flash of light, so bright in fact, that it light up the entire inside of the tent. Then there
was a loud rumble that seemed to shake the ground she was sleeping on. The light and the rumble
are sensed by Samantha, and she the phenomena as a thunderstorm.
A) perceives B) senses C) identifies D) knows
Answer: A

4) The two kinds of sensory capabilities studied in psychophysics are:

A) the ability to produce neurotransmitters and the ability to produce hormones.
1
 B) the ability to organize stimuli and the ability to make sense of stimuli.
C) the functions of the rods and cones.
D) the absolute limits of sensitivity to stimuli and sensitivity to changes in stimuli.
Answer: D

5) The lowest intensity at which a stimulus can be detected 50 percent of the time is the:
A) subliminal stimulus. B) decision criterion.
C) absolute threshold. D) difference threshold.
Answer: C

6) A researcher is conducting a study with owls at the zoo to determine how sensitive they are to
various sounds and what is the smallest sound that they can detect. The work of this researcher is
most consistent with the goals of which scientific area?
A) psychoneuroimmunology B) psychotherapy
C) neuropsychology D) psychophysics
Answer: D

2
 7) Dr. Haller is conducting an experiment related to vision. He places his subjects in a dark room and
after they have acclimated, he presents them with visual stimuli of varying strengths and attempts to
determine the minimal amount of light that people can detect. Dr. Haller is specifically trying to
determine a(n):
A) maximum threshold. B) difference threshold.
C) absolute threshold. D) minimum threshold.
Answer: C

8) Terry enjoys riding his bike long distances. While riding along busy city streets, Terry must be aware
of the vehicles that approach him and then pass him. With experience, Terry is now able to sense an
approaching car 90% of the time. This sensitivity means Terry has a(n) threshold for
vehicle detection.
A) high B) absolute C) ultimate D) low
Answer: D

9) The term "decision criterion" refers to:

A) the particular signal detection criteria a researcher used to determine an absolute threshold.
B) the difference between an absolute and a difference threshold used to determine if a stimulus is
present.
C) the particular signal detection criteria a researcher used to determine a difference threshold.
D) how certain a person must feel that a stimulus is present before saying that it is present.
Answer: D

10) How certain a person needs to feel before saying that a particular stimulus is present is referred to as
the:
A) choice threshold. B) decision criterion.
C) transduction. D) difference threshold.
Answer: B

11) Bob is a participant in a signal detection study. On the last clinical trial, Bob said that he saw a
stimulus and in fact there was no stimulus present. Bob's answer would be classified as a:
A) false alarm. B) correct rejection. C) hit. D) miss.
Answer: A

12) Susan is participating in a signal detection study on hearing. Susan just said that she was able to hear
a sound and in fact, a sound actually was presented to her. Susan's response would be an example of a:
A) hit. B) stimuli threshold.
C) miss. D) correct rejection.
Answer: A

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13) Which of the following was mentioned as an example of a participant characteristic that influences
the decision criterion?
A) when the absolute threshold is changed from 50 percent correct identification to 75 percent
correct
B) the rewards associated with correct decisions
C) the person's tendency to say "yes"
D) the costs associated with incorrect decisions
Answer: C

14) Which of the following was mentioned as an example of a situational characteristic that influences
decision criterion?
A) the person's tendency to say "yes"
B) the costs associated with an incorrect decision
C) the person's tendency to say "no"
D) the costs associated with uncertainty
Answer: B

15) A participant in a signal detection study has the tendency to be bolder in her decisions regarding the
presence of a target stimulus. As a result, she has more hits, but also has more false alarms. This
example demonstrates how can affect .
A) participant characteristics; situational characteristics
B) participant characteristics; decision criterion
C) situational characteristics; decision criterion
D) situational characteristics; participant characteristics
Answer: B

16) A researcher is designing a signal detection experiment. She decides to tell a participant that she
will lose a dollar for every miss she has, but she will not receive any reward for hits. In this instance,
the researcher's manipulation of situational factors, such as the cost for a miss, will likely have an
impact on the participant's .
A) stimulus detection B) stimulus response
C) characteristics D) decision criterion
Answer: D

17) Alexis is participating in a perception experiment where she will be paid $10 for every letter she
sees flashed briefly on a computer screen. If Alexis says there is a letter but there is not, she is not
penalized - she just does not receive $10 for those responses. Given this situation, Alexis will do
well financially to use a decision criterion.
A) bold; she'll commit more false alarms but also increase her "hits"
B) conservative; she'll commit more false alarms but also increase her "hits"
C) conservative; this will prevent making false alarms
D) bold; this will prevent making false alarms
Answer: B

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18) When a stimulus is so small that the sensory receptors can detect it, yet there is no conscious
awareness of the stimulus, it is called a:
A) minimum stimulus. B) threshold stimulus.
C) subliminal stimulus. D) preconscious stimulus.
Answer: C

19) Regarding the impact of subliminal messages on attitudes and behaviour, research has found that
subliminal messages have:
A) a stronger impact on behaviours than on attitudes.
B) an equal impact on attitudes and behaviours.
C) a stronger impact on attitudes than on behaviours.
D) no impact on attitudes and behaviours.
Answer: C

20) Which of the following is most accurate regarding research on the effectiveness that subliminal
stimuli on attitudes and behaviour?
A) Subliminal stimuli are powerful and valid methods of changing attitudes and behaviour.
B) Subliminal stimuli can influence behaviour but not attitudes.
C) Subliminal stimuli have no effect on desired behaviours.
D) As far as consumer behaviour is concerned, persuasive stimuli above the absolute threshold are
far more likely to be influential than subliminal stimuli.
Answer: D

21) Jane participates in an experiment where she is asked to look at nine different pictures of the same
person. Unbeknownst to her, immediately before each picture is presented an unpleasant picture is
briefly flashed so quickly that she is unaware of it. After viewing all nine photos of the person, she
is asked some questions related to her attitude towards the person. How is Jane is likely to respond
given the research findings from studies on subliminal perception?
A) Jane would only express a more negative attitude towards the person if she was consciously
aware of at least one of the briefly flashed unpleasant pictures.
B) Jane's attitude towards the person is unlikely to be influenced by the presence of the
subliminally presented unpleasant pictures.
C) Jane is likely to express a more negative attitude towards the person compared to participants
in a control group that were not exposed to the unpleasant pictures.
D) Jane's attitude towards the person is unlikely to be influenced by the presence of the
subliminally presented unpleasant pictures, but if she were to meet the individual she would
unconsciously behave more negatively towards the person.
Answer: C

5
22) Jennifer plays her music very loud while she studies. Upset by how loud the music is, her mother
insists Jennifer turn the music down. After 10 minutes, Jennifer's mom asks her daughter once again
to please turn down the volume of the music. Jennifer insists she already turned it down although
her mother swears it is as loud as it always was. The fact that Jennifer hears the music as softer and
her mother experiences the volume as unchanged indicates that, clearly, Jennifer and her mother
have different .
A) tolerance levels B) absolute thresholds
C) difference thresholds D) signal detection
Answer: C

23) Weber's law states that the difference threshold is directly proportional to the _ of the
stimulus with which a comparison is being made.
A) magnitude B) absolute threshold
C) tolerance level D) signal detection
Answer: A

24) A useful application of Weber fractions is that:

A) they minimize the problems associated with misses.
B) by looking at them, we can tell what the absolute threshold is.
C) they minimize the problems associated with false alarms.
D) they allow for sensitivity comparisons between the different sensory modalities.
Answer: D

25) A limitation of Weber's law is that:

A) it doesn't hold true for moderate intensities of stimulation.
B) it only applies to absolute thresholds but not to difference thresholds.
C) it doesn't allow for sensitivity comparisons between different sensory modalities.
D) it doesn't hold true for extremely low or high intensities of stimulation.
Answer: D

26) If the Weber fraction for tonal pitch is 1/333, then to be able to judge a comparison tone as higher in
pitch than one at 3330 Hz it must be at least:
A) 3666 Hz. B) 3333 Hz. C) 3340 Hz. D) 3360 Hz.
Answer: C

27) As Jesse closes her eyes, Joe puts two tiny boxes in Jesse's hands. In her right hand, the box is
empty, but the box in her left hand contains two small Hershey's kisses. Jesse has no problem
picking the box in her left hand as the heavier of the two. However, Joe next takes two equal
2-pound bags of candy and adds the two small kisses to one of the bags. Then Joe puts a bag of
candy in each of her hands and Jesse is unable to pick which one has the extra kisses. This inability
to perceive the weight in the second situation can be explained by:
A) sensory adaptation B) different tolerance levels
C) absolute threshold D) Weber's law
Answer: D

6
28) Sensory adaptation to a stimulus is said to occur when:
A) the sensory stimulus is no longer important to our well-being or survival.
B) sensory neurons decrease their response to a constant stimulus.
C) sensory neurons no longer respond to the stimulus.
D) the sensory stimulus becomes adaptive to survival.
Answer: B

29) The diminishing sensitivity of a neuron to an unchanging stimulus is called:

A) bottom-up processing. B) neuron adjustment.
C) sensory adaptation. D) shadowing.
Answer: C

30) You have just arrived at the library to study and just as you are starting to read your assignment, a
group of students at a nearby table begin a loud conversation. At first, these extra sounds annoy you,
but you return to your reading and pretty soon, you are no longer aware of them, even though the
students are continuing to talk. This example is most similar to what is known as:
A) a perceptual set. B) a difference threshold.
C) sensory adaptation. D) transduction.
Answer: C

31) Elizabeth is on a business trip. She is staying in a nice hotel in the heart of the big city.
Unfortunately, Elizabeth is unable to fall asleep because her room is on a busy street and the traffic
noise is constant. Eventually, Elizabeth's sensory neurons will respond to the constant traffic noise
and .
A) increase their activity and therefore increase Elizabeth's sensory threshold.
B) increase their activity, thereby diminishing her sensitivity to the noise.
C) decrease their activity and therefore increase Elizabeth's sensory threshold.
D) decrease their activity, thereby diminishing her sensitivity to the noise.
Answer: D

32) You have just prepared a bath for yourself and as you are getting in, the water feels very hot, almost
too hot. However, you continue to ease yourself into the tub and pretty soon, even though it has
remained the same temperature, the water no longer feels so hot. The characteristic of sensory
neurons that is responsible for this phenomenon is known as:
A) signal detection. B) sensory adaptation.
C) the refractory period. D) sensory threshold.
Answer: B

33) Joey has no trouble seeing when he's reading books and working on his computer, but he has a fair
amount of difficulty seeing things in the distance. Joey most likely suffers from:
A) farsightedness. B) myopia. C) hyperopia. D) colour blindness.
Answer: B

7
34) Kendra has no trouble seeing the chalk board in class, but she requires reading glasses when reading
her textbooks. Kendra most likely suffers from:
A) nearsightedness B) myopia C) colour blindness D) hyperopia
Answer: D

35) Someone who suffers from hyperopia:

A) has good distance vision but has difficulty seeing things up close.
B) has colour blindness that affects only one of the colour systems.
C) can see things well up close but has poor distance vision.
D) has only black and white vision.
Answer: A

36) Myopia is to hyperopia as:

A) focusing the visual image behind the retina is to focusing the visual image too far from the
lens.
B) focusing the visual image behind the retina is to focusing the visual image in front of the retina.
C) focusing the visual image in front of the retina is to focusing the visual image too near the lens.
D) focusing the visual image in front of the retina is to focusing the visual image behind the retina.
Answer: D

37) Ben's grandfather has not been able to read Ben a bedtime story for quite some time now. Grandpa
says his eyes are just getting tired very early in the evening but Ben knows that his grandfather is
unable to focus on reading because the lens in his eyes have become unable to focus the words
directly onto the retina. His grandfather's lens are:
A) too thick, so the image is focused too far from the lens
B) too thin, so the image is focused too near the lens
C) too thick, so the image is focused too near the lens
D) too thin, so the image is focused too far from the lens
Answer: D

38) Which of the following statements regarding rods and cones is true?
A) There are twice as many rods in the eye as there are cones.
B) There are 10 times as many rods in the eye as there are cones.
C) There are 20 times as many rods in the eye as there are cones.
D) There are 10 times as many cones in the eye as there are rods.
Answer: C

39) When attempting to locate a constellation in the night sky, Sally notices that she can see the stars
better if she doesn't look directly at them. In doing this, the light from the star she wishes to see falls
away from the fovea to the part of the retina that has a higher concentration of , which are
better adapted to seeing at night.
A) ganglion cells B) nerves C) rods D) cones
Answer: C

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40) The owl and other nocturnal creatures need exceptional vision due to the low levels of light at night
when they are hunting for food. Because their ability to survive depends on this keen sense of sight,
their retinas contain .
A) more cones than rods B) rods but no cones
C) cones but no rods D) more rods than cones
Answer: B

41) Lisa is participating in a psychology experiment. She is seated in a dimly lit room and is told to look
straight ahead at the blank screen. Lisa's task is to detect points of light as they appear on the screen,
and Lisa will be paid $10 for every point of light she correctly detects. Several minutes into the
experiment, Lisa is discouraged by how few light points she is seeing, so she changes her strategy
and starts focusing off to the side of the screen rather than in the middle of the screen as she had
been. Sure enough, by the end of the experiment, Lisa has enough money to buy the pizza for
tonight's study group. Lisa's new strategy worked because:
A) the image then fell on the part of the retina more densely packed with cones.
B) the image then fell on the fovea where the dim light is more easily detected.
C) the image then fell on the part of the retina more densely packed with rods.
D) the image then fell on the outside of the retina where the cones are denser.
Answer: C

42) Once a light stimulus has been detected by the rods or cones, it is passed first to bipolar cells, and
then onto , whose axons form the optic nerve.
A) hair cells B) optic cells C) ganglion cells D) corneal cells
Answer: C

43) Which of the following shows the correct route taken by a light stimulus traveling to the brain?
A) stimulus -> rod/cone -> bipolar cell -> ganglion cell -> brain
B) stimulus -> bipolar cell -> rod/cone -> ganglion cell -> brain
C) stimulus -> rod/cone -> ganglion cell -> bipolar cell -> brain
D) stimulus -> bipolar cell -> ganglion cell -> rod/cone -> brain
Answer: A

44) The process in which the qualities of a sensory stimulus are converted into nerve impulses is called:
A) sensory adaptation. B) transduction.
C) sensory modification. D) conversion.
Answer: B

45) Rods and cones translate light into nerve impulses through the action of specific protein molecules
called:
A) stroboscopic cells. B) cornea cells.
C) photopigments. D) light transducers.
Answer: C

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46) Except on the red end of the colour spectrum, research has determined that rods have much greater
brightness sensitivity than .
A) bipolar cells B) hair cells C) cones D) optic nerves
Answer: C

47) The Department of Transportation contacts you and asks what colour they should make their road
signs so that they will be most visible at night. Given what you have learned in this class about the
sensitivity of rods under conditions of low illumination, one colour that you would NOT want to
pick is:
A) green. B) yellow. C) blue. D) red.
Answer: D

48) Perhaps the most dangerous time of day to drive a car is twilight. The low levels of light at this time
of day hinder our ability to see other cars. In fact, from what we know about the capabilities of the
rods and cones in low illumination, the safest colour of car to be driving would be:
A) red B) blue C) yellow D) white
Answer: C

49) Some towns are changing the colour of their fire engines from red to yellow-green. This is because
this colour increases the dim-lighting visibility of the trucks to:
A) both the rods and cones. B) the ganglion cells.
C) only the rods. D) the bipolar cells.
Answer: A

50) The process whereby brightness sensitivity progressively improves under conditions of low
illumination is called adaptation.
A) binocular B) stroboscopic C) colour D) dark
Answer: D

51) At a party last week, Ben played a game similar to a scavenger hunt. Each child was given a list of
ten items to retrieve from the kitchen within three minutes. The twist was that the lights in the
kitchen were turned off and the shades were drawn leaving the room in complete darkness. One by
one, the children would emerge from the room having found only two or three of the items. Ben,
who had just learned about dark adaptation in school, easily won the game by:
A) keeping his eyes closed while in the kitchen and relying on memory
B) wearing a blindfold before and during the game to keep the other senses sharp
C) letting his eyes adjust in a dark room until it was his turn to play the game
D) volunteering to go first and immediately jumping into the kitchen
Answer: C

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52) During the process of dark adaptation, the receptors' sensitivity gradually increases because:
A) the bipolar cells have been inhibited.
B) the ganglion cells have been excited.
C) the photopigment molecules are regenerated.
D) the fovea's refractory period is over.
Answer: C

53) Though they did not control the initial stages of dark adaptation (e.g., the first 5 minutes), the
second or later part of the darkness adaptation curve (e.g., after 5 minutes) is determined specifically
by the functioning of the _ .
A) amacrine cells B) rods C) bipolar cells D) ganglion cells
Answer: B

54) The Young-Helmholtz trichromatic theory of colour vision assumes that:

A) there are three types of colour receptors in the retina, each of which is most sensitive to one of
three wavelengths of light
B) colour is determined by feature detectors in the visual cortex, each of which responds to two
different wavelengths
C) there are three types of colour receptors in the retina, each of which responds to two different
wavelengths
D) aspects of the dual-process theory and the opponent-process theory are combined to explain
colour vision
Answer: A

55) The Young-Helmholtz trichromatic theory was not supported by a phenomenon which occurs if a
stimulus is viewed steadily and is then withdrawn. This phenomenon is known as:
A) temporary colour blindness B) a dual stimulus
C) a subliminal stimulus D) an afterimage
Answer: D

56) In the visual system, negative colour afterimages demonstrate the operation of:
A) red-green and black-white processes. B) trichromatic processes.
C) subtractive colour processes. D) opponent processes.
Answer: D

57) The presence of afterimages and the ability of some people with red-green colour blindness to
perceive the colour yellow were not consistent with which theory of colour?
A) Hering's opponent-process theory B) Young-Helmholtz trichromatic theory
C) Hubel-Wiesel feature detector theory D) Weber's law
Answer: B

10
58) While afterimages are not adequately explained by the trichromatic theory of colour, they can be
readily explained by theory.
A) red-green colour-blindness B) dual-process
C) Hubel-Wiesel feature detector D) opponent-process
Answer: D

59) According to the opponent-process theory of colour, if you stare steadily at a black stimulus, when
you close your eyes the afterimage will be:
A) black B) red C) green D) white
Answer: D

60) All of the following are cone sensitivity colour pairs predicted by the opponent-process theory of
colour EXCEPT:
A) yellow-blue. B) black-white. C) red-green. D) blue-green.
Answer: D

61) To account for the colour transduction process, the dual-process theory of colour combines elements
of the trichromatic theory and the theory.
A) Hubel-Wiesel feature detector B) colour blindness
C) Young-Helmholtz D) opponent-process
Answer: D

62) More recent research on colour transduction has indicated that the opponent-process theory of
colour was inaccurate because opponent processes are actually determined NOT by the cones but by
the:
A) ganglion cells. B) occipital lobe. C) rods. D) bipolar cells.
Answer: A

63) The current modern theory of colour sensation uses the trichromatic theory to explain the behaviour
of the cones in colour vision while a modified version of another theory emphasizes the role of
ganglion cells is used to explain the presence of afterimages and certain types of colour blindness.
The theory that emphasizes the role of ganglion cells is called the theory.
A) dual-process B) opponent-process
C) additive colour mixture D) colour blindness
Answer: B

64) People with normal colour vision are referred to as:

A) trichromats. B) dichromats. C) not colour-blind. D) monochromats.
Answer: A

65) A person who only has a deficiency in the yellow-blue colour system would be called a:
A) monochromat. B) colour blind. C) dichromat. D) trichromat.
Answer: C

11
66) A person with a deficiency in only one of the colour systems, such as red-green, would be
considered a dichromat, while someone who is colour-blind in two colour systems is labelled
.
A) colour blind B) not colour blind C) trichromat D) monochromat
Answer: D

67) Colour blindness is typically assessed by:

A) a visual examination of the retina by an ophthalmologist.
B) directly asking people what colours they can't see.
C) presenting people with pictures that contain coloured dots on them.
D) a biopsy where the missing photopigments are determined.
Answer: C

68) Cells in the occipital lobe that fire selectively in response to specific visual characteristics are called:
A) selective cells. B) ganglion cells.
C) feature detectors. D) discriminating cells.
Answer: C

69) The process in which visual information, such as colour, distance, and movement, is simultaneously
analyzed is referred to as:
A) hierarchical processing. B) parallel processing.
C) transduction. D) adaptation.
Answer: B

70) You are standing on a sidewalk and a bus drives past you with a billboard on the side. With
seemingly no effort, your visual system is able to simultaneously process information about the
words on the billboard, the colour and speed of the bus, and how far away from you the bus is. This
simultaneous analyzing of information related to different visual characteristics is called:
A) hierarchical processing. B) habituation.
C) transduction. D) parallel processing.
Answer: D

71) Which one of the following statements is false?

A) Subliminal cues bias what is perceived at the conscious level.
B) Subliminal messages in movie theatres increased pop and popcorn sales.
C) Subliminal cues alter attitudes toward a particular person.
D) Subliminal messages are effective on individuals with prosopagnosia.
Answer: B

72) A subliminal stimulus is best defined as being:

A) a marketing term rather than a perceptual phenomenon.
B) not perceived consciously and well below the absolute threshold.
C) not perceived consciously but just below the absolute threshold.
D) perceived consciously, just below the absolute threshold.
Answer: B

12
73) Research has shown that subliminal presentations of aggressively toned words cause people to judge
A) aggressive behaviours as more aggressive. B) aggressive behaviours as more ambiguous.
C) neutral behaviours as more aggressive. D) ambiguous behaviours as more aggressive.
Answer: D

74) Individuals with prosopagnosia have difficulty with:

A) pain perception B) facial recognition
C) auditory perception D) visual perception
Answer: B

75) The two physical characteristics of sound waves are:

A) frequency and hertz. B) frequency and pitch.
C) amplitude and frequency. D) amplitude and pitch.
Answer: C

76) Janet likes to play her stereo very loud on Saturday nights. Her upstairs neighbour keeps
complaining that the rock music is causing his apartment walls to shake. This complaint is valid, as
the amplitude of the sound waves .
A) are a chemical process and can be physically sensed
B) influences the pressure of waves in the air
C) depend on the type of music not the decibel level
D) distort her neighbour's sense of stability
Answer: B

77) The amplitude of a sound wave determines which sensory quality?

A) frequency B) pitch C) hertz D) loudness
Answer: D

78) A measurement in cycles per second and that is translated into the auditory quality of pitch is called
.
A) Amplitude B) Frequency C) Loudness D) Decibels
Answer: B

79) Frequency determines the pitch of a sound, while amplitude determines the _ of a sound.
A) hertz B) spectrum C) loudness D) decibels
Answer: C

80) The coiled, snail-like tube in the inner ear that is filled with fluid is called the:
A) cornea. B) organ of Corti. C) cochlea. D) stirrup.
Answer: C

13
81) The organ of Corti contains thousands of tiny hair-like cells and rests on top of the , which
runs for the length of the cochlea.
A) cochlear duct B) eardrum
C) oval window D) basilar membrane
Answer: D

82) When a nerve impulse is sent to the brain from the ear, that impulse originates from:
A) pressure at the oval window. B) the basilar membrane.
C) the eardrum. D) the hair cells in the organ of Corti.
Answer: D

83) The three tiny bones located in the middle ear named the anvil, the hammer, and the stirrup serve
what function?
A) amplify the sound waves
B) transform the sound waves into neural impulses
C) protect the inner ear from foreign objects
D) bend the hair cells
Answer: A

84) The theory that postulates that nerve impulses triggered by a given auditory stimulus should match
the pitch of that stimulus is the theory of pitch perception.
A) frequency B) place
C) opponent-process D) trichromatic
Answer: A

85) The place theory of pitch perception states that pitch is determined by:
A) the way that the eardrum resonates in response to different frequencies.
B) the specific point in the cochlea where the fluid wave peaks.
C) neurons that fire at the same amplitude as the incoming stimulus.
D) neurons that fire at the same frequency as the incoming stimulus.
Answer: B

86) Which of the following statements regarding pitch perception is true?

A) Frequency theory holds true for frequencies around 30 Hz, while place theory holds true for the
remaining frequencies.
B) Frequency theory holds true for high frequencies, while place theory holds true for low
frequencies.
C) Place theory holds true for extreme high and low frequencies, while frequency theory holds
true for mid-range frequencies.
D) Frequency theory holds true for low frequencies, while place theory holds true for high
frequencies.
Answer: D

14
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is an air bubble, the cork die will not work well.
If the bottle is held bottom up, the cork die will spin around and
float up against the bottom of the bottle where the number of spots
can be seen. It is impossible to manipulate the die to turn up any
desired spots, this being left entirely to chance. A number of bottles
can be prepared so that any of the dice games can be played.—
Contributed by Henry J. Marion, Pontiac, Michigan.
 Small Hook for Hanging a Picture

After an unsuccessful attempt to hang a small picture with a

common pin, I devised the following method: After bending about ³⁄₈
in. of the point on an ordinary pin to an angle of about 45 deg. and
bending up the other end in the opposite direction to form a hook, I
drove the point on a downward slant into the wall. It went in easily
and did not mar the plaster. When making a test I found that the
hook would readily support a weight of several pounds.—Contributed
by C. P. Smith, E. Radford, Va.
 Covering Hinge Wings

In making fancy boxes where ordinary hinges are used, a much

neater job can be done if as much of the hinge as possible is
covered. This can be done by carefully raising a sliver with a sharp
chisel as at A. The wings are bent at an angle, as shown at B, and
are then set in place, as shown at C. The sliver is carefully glued
back in place over the hinge wing, and the surface is leveled with
sandpaper.

¶A bit of rubber insulation stripped from an electric wire makes an

excellent holder for a scarfpin.
 How to Make Hammocks
By CHARLES M. MILLER

PART I—A Twine Hammock

Cordknots
hammocks may be made in two or more different ways, the
being formed by the simple overhand tie, Fig. 1; the flat reef
knot, Fig. 2; the Solomon’s knot, Fig. 3, or by the triple throw-over,
Fig. 4; or they can be knotted by the process known as netting, Fig.
5, in which a special needle, or shuttle, is used.
 When Making a Hammock With the Simple Overhand, Flat Reef, or
Solomon’s Knot, Loop All the Pairs of Cords at the Center about a Rod

In using any one of the first three methods of making the knots it is
necessary to have cords arranged in pairs and long enough to reach
from one end of the hammock to the other, allowing only sufficient
length for the take-up in tying the knots and the spread of the
meshes. The overhand knot is large, and the Solomon’s knot is a
little unwieldy, but is considered more beautiful when tied. The flat
reef knot is small, is easily tied and will not slip. The netting process
has a good knot and has the advantage of a short single cord, as the
meshes are made independently and the cord is carried on the
netting needle.
It is a great advantage, when making a hammock with the simple
overhand, the flat reef, or the Solomon’s knot, to loop all the pairs of
cords at the center about a rod, Fig. 6—which may be any stick such
as an old broom handle—knotting from the center toward each end,
one side being tied, and then the other. When the first pairs are
being tied, the opposite ends should be looped up together out of the
way. Even half the length of a hammock makes a long cord to be
drawn through each time a knot is tied, and each string can be
wound about the fingers into a little bundle and secured with a half
hitch, using the same cord, and left hanging, as shown in Fig. 7,
allowing sufficient cord free to throw large loops in the tying, and to
make about 10 additional meshes. About 3 ft. would be a good
length to be left free.
It will be necessary to have 24 pairs of cords—48 cords in all—
each 18 ft. long to make a hammock by the first two methods of tying
the knots. Seine twine of medium-hard twist and 24-ply can be
obtained from a store carrying sporting goods, and is about the best
material to use for this purpose. When these pairs of cords are
looped on the center rod, and the rod has been anchored to a wall,
as shown in Fig. 8, begin by placing the mesh stick, or rather the
mesh post, Fig. 9, between the first pair of cords, A and B, at the left
end of the center rod, as in Fig. 8 and Fig. 6. The simple device
illustrated in Fig. 9 is very useful for tying any one of the three first-
described knots. The device needs no explanation other than the
illustration. It will be seen that there are two sizes on the top of the
post; the smaller is for the first time across only. The mesh post
should be of convenient height for a person when sitting on an
ordinary chair. One foot rests on the base as the tying proceeds, but
there is no pulling over, as the tie draws both ways on the post, this
also doing away with the pull on the center rod.
Fig. 1 Fig. 2
 Fig. 4 Fig. 3
Fig. 5

The Simple Overhand, Flat Reef, Solomon’s Knot, Triple

Throw-Over, and Netting Ties

The cord to the right, B, is taken in the right hand and thrown over
the left cord A, Fig. 8, and is held by the left hand. The left cord A is
then tucked down behind the right, as shown in Fig. 10. If the right
cord goes over in making the first loop, the same cord B must also
go over in the second throw, as in Fig. 11, in order to have a proper
square knot that will not slip. The end of A is then tucked under B, as
shown by the dotted lines. This makes a very serviceable knot for
the hammock, but can be also used for other purposes. The knot is
shown in Fig. 2. Draw it up tightly, very hard, for knotting is not worth
much if it is not tied well.
In case the simple overhand knot is preferred, the mesh post is
placed between the first pair as before, and cords A and B are
brought to the front as in Fig. 12, but are carried parallel into a large
loop that is thrown over as illustrated, then tucked up through as
indicated by the dotted lines. The thumb and first finger of the left
hand now slide up to the point P, while the right hand pulls up the
loop as it nears the finish, the thumb and first finger crowding the
loop down hard against the mesh post. The small part is used for the
first row across. The knot formed is shown in Fig. 1.
 Fig. 6 Fig. 10 Fig. 7
Fig. 9
Fig. 8 Fig. 11

The Mesh Post Has Two Sizes on Its Upper End, the Smaller for Knotting the
First Row of Meshes, and the Other for the Remaining Rows. This Illustration
Also Shows the Manner of Tying the Knots

After tying the first pair of cords using the knot preferred, slip the
first mesh so made off the tying post and place the post between C
and D, which is the next, or second, pair. Tie the second pair and
pass on to the third pair, which is E and F. Continue moving and
tying until all the 24 pairs of cords have been similarly knotted in their
first mesh. The last knotting will be the twenty-fourth pair, which is
represented by the cords marked Y and Z. Instead of tying cords of
the same pairs on the return trip across, one cord Y of the twenty-
fourth pair is tied with one cord X of the twenty-third pair, and the
other cord W of the twenty-third pair is tied with the cord V of the
twenty second pair, and so on across the series.
On the second row of tying, the post is first placed between cords
Y and X and they are knotted together, but instead of tying about the
small part of the post the larger size is used. After cords Y and X
have been tied, cords W and V are combined. It will be seen that this
is tying the pairs together instead of combining the two cords of the
same pair. The third time across the combinations are the same as
in the first row. The large mesh is used on all but the first row. The
alternations of rows is continued until the cords are tied to within 2¹⁄₂
ft. of the end.
 Fig. 12
Fig. 13

Tying the Overhand Knot and How to Run the First and Second Rows Across

Pull out the center rod, insert it in the second row of meshes,
loosen the ends that were looped up and begin the knotting of the
opposite ends of the cords. When both sides are completed to within
2¹⁄₂ ft. of the ends, the center rod is removed and inserted in the last
row of meshes. Another simple device will be found efficient, which
consists of a board, 30 in. long, three or more inches wide and 1 in.
thick, with three nails driven in slanting, as shown in Fig. 14, to
prevent the ring and rod from slipping off as the tying proceeds. One
2¹⁄₂-in. galvanized ring will be required for each end. The ring is
attached to the single nail at the end with a string. This will be found
better than just slipping the ring over the nail, as it is necessary to
have a little more play in putting the cords through for the tying. The
distance from the rod to the ring should be 2 ft. The tie is made in
pairs as before, one cord going under and the other over the side of
the ring, using the flat reef knot. There will be a few inches of ends
remaining after the tie is made and these are brought back to the
main body of the cord and wound with an extra cord used for that
purpose. The winding is started by looping the end of the extra cord,
or string, about the whole bundle of cord together with the ends,
pulling tightly and tying securely with the flat reef knot. This is
illustrated in Fig. 15. The winding should be about 1¹⁄₂ in. long where
the turned-back ends are cut off. Each time the cord is wound about
the bundle it should be looped through its own winding and drawn
tightly. This is practically the buttonhole loop. To finish the winding
the cord should be given a double looping through its own winding;
then with an awl, or other pointed tool, work a way through the under
side of the other windings so that the end may be brought out farther
back and pulled tightly, to prevent unwinding when the pull comes on
the hammock. Attach the ring to the opposite end in the same
manner and the hammock is complete.
 Attaching the Rings to the Ends of the Cords and the Binding near the
Rings: All the Pairs of Cords are Looped about a Rod in the Center, and the
Knots are Made toward the Ends

The edge can be bound the same as a tennis net, or a rope can
be run through the outside meshes lengthwise, as desired. A very
pretty effect can be obtained by knotting, in a similar manner to the
body of the hammock, an apron fringe for the sides.
 Homemade Section Liner
For the rapid and uniform hatching of cross sections this little
device will be found to give results equaling most of the high-priced
instruments that can be purchased. It consists of a hardwood block
used in connection with a 45° triangle. The corners are cut to permit
the triangle to slide the desired distance; then, by alternately sliding
the triangle and block with the left hand, equal spacings can be
drawn without measurements of any kind.
 Block Used in a Triangle to Move It at Equal Distances for Making Section
Lines

Two different spacings may be drawn with one block by reversing

it and two blocks having a different location of the angles will give
four spacings, which is about all the draftsman requires in ordinary
practice. No alteration of the triangle is required with this device, and
it requires but little skill to construct it.—Contributed by J. A. Shelly,
Brooklyn, N. Y.
 Tray Attachment for Developing Films

Roller Attached to Tray for Use in Developing a Full-Length Film

An ordinary tray can be used for film development, when there is

no tank at hand, by the use of the attachment shown in the sketch. It
consists of a strip of sheet metal, or tin, bent to fit under the tray and
up on both sides to provide bearings for a roller. The roller is made of
hard rubber and should be of such size that its lower surface will be
under the developer in the tray. The film is drawn back and forth
under this roller.