Day 12 Design an Oscillator using transistor

Objective:
To design and develop different oscillator circuit using transistor and to generate a
sinusoidal signal of desired amplitude and frequency.

Outcome:

Able to design and develop an oscillator circuit and the output frequency of the oscillator is
verified practically with respect to the calculated frequency.

Resources required

S.No. Name of the Equipment Specifications Quanti

ty
RC phase shift Oscillator

1. Resistor 2.2kΩ 1

2. 1
Resistor 47 kΩ,

3. 1
Resistor 10 kΩ

4. 1
Resistor 560 Ω,

5. 1
Resistor 100 kΩ

6. Resistor 6.8 kΩ 3

7. Capacitor 10 μF 1

8. Capacitor 3.3 μF 1

9. Capacitor 22 μF 1

10. Capacitor 0.01 μF 3

9. NPN transistor BC107 1

10. Bread Board 1

11. RPS 1
12. Oscilloscope 1
Wien bridge oscillator
13. Resistor 4.7 kΩ 2

14. Resistor 47 kΩ 2
 15. Resistor 2.2 kΩ 2

16. Resistor 10 kΩ 2

17. Resistor 680 Ω 2

18. Capacitor 0.033 μF 2

19. Capacitor 1 μF 2

20. NPN Transistor BC 107 2

Hartley and Colpitts oscillator

21. Resistor 47 kΩ 1

22. Resistor 4.7 kΩ 1

23. Resistor 10 kΩ 1

24. Resistor 1.2 kΩ 1

25. Capacitor 1 μF 3

26. Capacitor 0.01 μF 3

27. Inductor 5.6 μH 2

28. Inductor 22 μH 1

28. Transistor BF195 1

Prerequisites: Knowledge about transistor, resistor,capacitance.

Theory:
An oscillator is essentially a source of emf. Its output may be a sine wave, a square wave, a
triangular wave or a ramp. It is possible to vary the frequency and amplitude of the output. In this
experiment we will be concerned only with sine wave oscillators.
Feedback is said to exist in an amplifier if a part of its output is brought back into the input
circuit. Consider the situation in figure 1. A fraction β (β < 1) of the output V o is brought back into
the input circuit. The net input Vi to the amplifier can then be written in two different ways.

Vi = Vs + Vo (1)
where Vs is an external input
In equation (1) the feedback is said to be positive. Both Vs and βVo drive the input terminal.
So, this is positive feedback.
If A is the voltage gain of the amplifier.
Vo = AVi  (2)
From equation (1) and (2)
Vo/A = Vs   Vo
Hence gain Ar of the whole circuit including the feedback network is given by
 Ar = Vo / Vs = A/ (1- A)
Thus, positive feedback increases the gain from A to Ar. If Vs is reduced to 0 and Vo made
equal to Vi, we get an amplifier that supplies its own input. An output voltage is obtained even in the
absence of an external input. This happens when A 1.
An amplifier that supplies its own input is an oscillator. Then relation Aβ = 1 is called
Barkhausen criterion for oscillators. It implies that βVo must have the same magnitude and the same
phase as the input. In general, A is complex. This means that the output of an amplifier is different
from the input not only in magnitude but also the phase of the output.
In the CE amplifier with a resistive load, the output and input have opposite phases. The
feedback network must reduce the output to Vo/A and introduces a further change of 180 ⁰ in phase.
In a CE amplifier with a resistive load, the output and input have opposite phases. The feedback
network must reduce the output to Vo/A and introduces a further change of 180⁰ in phase.
An initial external input is required by an oscillator to start functioning. Noise signal present
in the circuit may start the initial oscillation. The amplifier part is a CE amplifier using voltage
divider bias. The output is 180⁰ out of phase with the input. The input network has three identical
sections. Each section consist of a capacitor C and resistor R. The feedback network must produce a
phase shift of 180⁰. Each section must therefore, produce a phase shift of 60⁰.

RC phase shift Oscillator using Transistor

Circuit Diagram:
 Figure 1 RC phase shift oscillator using transistor

DESIGN

From the transistor data sheet, for BC107,

hfe = β = 110, Ic max = 100 mA, VCE max = 45V

Let VCC =12 V, Ic = 2 mA. Since the quiescent point is in the middle of the load line for

the amplifier, VCE = 50% of VCC = 6V.

VRE = 10% of VCC = 1.2 V

Assuming IC = IE , VRE = IC× RE = IE ×RE

1.2 = 2 × 10-3 × RE

RE = (1.2)/(2× 10-3) = 600 kΩ

Select standard value of resistance 560 Ω.

Voltage across collector resistance, VRC = VCC - VCE - VRE

VRC = 12 -6 -1.2 = 4.8 V

RC = VRC /IC = 4.8 / (2×10-3) = 2.4 kΩ

Select standard value of 2.2 kΩ

Base current, IB = IC/β = (2×10-3) /110 = 18.2 μA

Take then I2 =IB then I1 = 10 IB +IB = 11 IB

Base voltage, VB = VRE + VBE = 1.2 + 0.6 = 1.8 V

R2 = VB/I2 = (1.8)/(10×18.2×10-6) = 9.9 kΩ

Select standard value of 10 kΩ

R1 =(VCC – VB)/(I1) = (12-1.8)/(11×18.2×10-6) = 51 kΩ

Select standard value of 47 kΩ

Design of coupling capacitors CC1 and CC2

XC1 should be less than the input impedance of the transistor. Here, Rin is the series impedance.

Then XC1  Rin/10

Here Rin = R1 ‖ R2 ‖ hFE × rE  47kΩ ‖ 10 kΩ ‖ 110 × 12.5 Ω = 1.17 kΩ

We get Rin =1.17 kΩ.

Then XC1 ≤ 117 Ω.

For a lower cut off frequency of 200 Hz, CC1 = (1)/(2πfXC1) = 1/(2π×200×117) = 6.8 μF.

Select standard value of 10 μF for CC1.

Similarly, XC2  Rout/ 10, where Rout = RC.

Then XCE ≤ 220 Ω.

So, CC2 = (1)/(2πf XC2) = (1)/(2π×200×220) = 3.6 μF.

Select standard value of 3.3 μF for CC2

Design of bypass capacitors CE

To bypass the lowest frequency (say 200 Hz), X CE should be much less than or equal to the resistance RE.

XCE  RE/10

XCE  560/10 ie. XCE  56

Apply value of f such that the amplifier has good gain at a lower cutoff frequency of 200 Hz

CE =(1)/ (2fXCE) = (1)/(2 ×200×56) = 14.2 μF.

Select standard value of 22 μF for CE

Design of Feedback network

The circuit consists of an amplifier stage and a feedback network to provide an additional 180 ⁰ phase
shift, approximately depending upon the frequency of operation. The RC phase shift network must
provide 180⁰ or an average of 60⁰ phase shift/lag of RC network

RC phase shift factor, k = VS/V0.

For one stage of RC network

Vo = IR

VC = I XC

tan Φ = VC/VO = (I XC/I R) = (1)/(2fC)R

f = (1)/(2RC tan Φ)

If these are three sections, each must give, approximately Φ = 60⁰ then tan 60 = √3
f = (1)/( 2RC√3)

This gives the approximate frequency of oscillation of a phase shift with three RC sections.

In the above phase relationship, between voltage and current in the RC network, the additional current
I that flow through C for the other sections so that VC is larger than the value indicated which means
that f is smaller than the value obtained in the above equation. A transfer function analysis of the
three-stage network would give a more accurate expression for frequency of oscillation as below.

f = (1)/( 2RC√6)

Assume f = 1000 Hz and C = 0.01 μF

Select nearest standard value of 6.8 kΩ for R

The three-stage feedback network would have an attenuation of (1/29), and to satisfy the Barkhausen
criterion for oscillation, the amplifier should have a gain of 29 or more. If the gain is just above 29, a
pure sine wave will be generated. If the gain is too high, there may be distortions in the output
waveform. The circuit in figure 1 is having gain of more than 29 by default. A quick method to adjust
the voltage gain is to adjust the load resistance RL.

Output waveform:

Wein Bridge Oscillator :

The Wien bridge oscillator employs a balanced Wien bridge as the feedback network. Two-
stage common emitter amplifier provides 300º phase shift to the signal. Therefore, the Wien bridge
need not introduce any phase shift to satisfy Barkhausen criterion.
The attenuation of the bridge is calculated to be 1/3 at resonant frequency. Therefore the amplifier
stage should provide a gain of 3 to make loop gain unity, Gain is preferred to be slightly greater than 3
to compensate for the losses occurring in the circuit. Since the gain of the two-stage amplifier is the
product of individual stages, overall gain may become very high. But the gain will be trimmed down
to 3 by negative feedback network constituted by R 3. and RE. The emitter resistors of both stages are
kept unbypassed. This provides a current series feedback which ensures the stability of operating point
and reduction of gain.

Frequency of oscillation is fo = 1/2π RC. Wies bridge oscillator is capable of oscillating at frequencies
from 20 Hz to 200 kHz.

Fig. 2 Wein bridge Oscillator

Design:

DC Bias conditions

VCC = 12 V, IC = 2 mA, VCE = 50% of VCC = 6V,

VRC = 40% of VCC = 4.8 V, VRE =10% of VCC = 1.2 V.

VRC = IC × RC = 4.8 V. Then RC =2.4 kΩ

Use 2.2 kΩ.

VRE = IE × RE =1.2 V. Then RE = 600Ω. Use 680Ω

IB = IC/hFE = 2mA/100 = 20μA. Since hFEmin = 100 as per data sheet.

 Assume current through R1 =10 IB and that through R2 = 9 IB to provide a stable potential divider bias.

VR2 = VBE + VRE = 0.7 V +1.2 V = 1.9 V = 9 IB × R2

R2 = 1.9 V/(9×20×10-6) = 9.4 kΩ . Use 10 Kω

VR1 = VCC -VR2 = 12 V -1.9 V = 10.1 V = 10 IB × R1

Then R1 = 10.1 V/(10×10×10-6) = 50 kΩ . Use 47 kΩ

1
f=
2 π CC (R 1 ∥ R2 ∥ h FE R E )

Where f = 1 kHz. Substituting, we get CC = 1μ F.

The required frequency of oscillation is f o = 1/2π RC = 1kHz.

R must be greater than RC to avoid loading. Take R = 4.7 kΩ, then C = 0.033 μF.
The gain of the amplifier must be 3.
Negative feedback factor is given by RE/(RE+R3).
Then gain of the amplifier must be its reciprocal. So (RE+R3)/RE = 3
R3 = 2 RE = 1.2 k Ω. Use a 4.7 k Ω potentiometer.

Hartley Oscillator:
LC oscillators are preferred for high frequency generation, Hartley and Colpitts oscillators have LC
tank circuit for frequency selection The voltage divider bias is used for the amplifier in CE configuration,
Amplifier section provides 180" phase shift to signal current. The tank circuit provides another 180° phase
shift to satisfy the Barkhausen criterion. High frequency transistors are preferred for a better performance. R E is
bypassed by CE to prevent ac signal degeneration and thus to improve the gain of the amplifier.
Frequency of oscillation is determined by the resonant circuit consisting of capacitor C and induction and L1
and L2. It is given by f = 1/2π √ Leq C,
Where Leq = L₁ + L2 since L1 is in series with L2.
The output voltage appears across L1 and the feedback voltage appears across L2. So the feedback factor of
the oscillator is given β = L2/L1. This mean that the gain of the amplifier section is A = L1/L2. Therefore, h FE
of the transistor should be greater than or equal to L1/L2 for sustained oscillation.

Design of Hartley oscillator

Output requirements

Sine wave of amplitude 12 V and frequency 100 kHz

Selection of transistor

Use high frequency transistor BF195. (BC107 can also be used because it is found to be working in the
frequency range up to 1 MHz)

Quick Reference data of BF195

Type: NPN Silicon Application: At high frequency Nominal values: VCE = 10 V, IC = 1 mA, hFE = 50 to 125

Colpitts Oscillator:
 Schedule:

1.30 3.10
8.45a 9.35a 11.30 2.20p
10.25am 10.40am 12.20pm pm pm 3.25p
m to m to am to m to
Day to to to to to m to
9.35a 10.25 12.20 3.10p
10.40a 11.30am 1.30pm 2.2 3.2 4.15p
m a pm m
m 0 5 m
m
pm pm

Design a Design a wein

Tea Lunch
DA oscillator Bridge Design of Hartley and
Break Break
Y using oscillator Colpitts Oscillator
12 transistor
Assessment pattern

Aspect
Aspect of Extra Requiremen Max.
Type
No. description aspect of t (only for marks
(M or J)
descripti M)
on
Workplace
safety:
i) Clean-up
0 - Don't display all
workplace after use
three aspects as
ii)Respectful and do
listed in i, ii, iii
not disrupt others
1. J 0.5 - Demonstrated - 1
iii) Ensure actions of
little of 3 aspects or
self-do not
only one 1 - Strong
compromise the
demonstration of all
safety of others
three aspects
Creating a Project 0- Random
2. J - 1
Directory Directory
1 - Desired Directory
Choosing of 1
0- Wrong
3. J appropriate -
Component
Components
1- Correct
Component
Placing the
0 - No Placing
4. J components in the - 1
1 - Placing
Schematic page
0 - No Copies
Creating Multiple
were created
5. J copies of the - 1
1- Multiple
component
copies are created
0- Improper
6. J Proper grounding - 1
grounding
1- Proper Grounding
Alter the
0 - No Alteration
7. J properties of the - 1
 components 1 - Alteration
0 - Wrong
Circuit Connection
8. J - 1
Connection 0.5 - Partial
Correct
Connection
1 - Exact Connection
Selecting the 0 - Wrong selection
9. J - 1
footprints 1 - Correct selection
Generation of 0- No
10 J -
Netlist 1 -Yes
.

Total Marks 10