Types of water treatment plants:

1. Sewage Treatment Plants (STPs)

Sewage treatment refers to the procedure of getting rid of contaminants from
wastewater. Depending on the dimension of the municipality in which the
sewage treatment plant is located, it may additionally be composed of
family sewage, or it may encompass industrial wastewater as well. STP
such as this performs a vital function in retaining residents secure and
healthy by cleaning their wastewater with a mixture of physical, chemical,
and biological treatment before discharging it into the environment. Many
STPs are acknowledged as three-stage due to the fact that they technique
their wastewater in three most important steps: primary, secondary and
tertiary treatment.

Primary treatment
During the primary treatment, the wastewater flows into the foremost
clarifiers. In these tanks, natural solids accumulate at the backside of the
tank, and lighter resources waft to the top for removal.
Secondary treatment
Secondary treatment often consists of aerobic aeration. The exchange of
oxygen with the microbes within the sewage reasons the microorganism to
digest the common matter that gives wastewater its trait see and scent.
Tertiary treatment
In tertiary waste treatment, the wastewater flows through sand filters, which
cast off any final fine particulate matter. The water then flows underneath
banks of ultraviolet (UV) lights, which irradiate bacteria and viruses and get
rid of their infectious capabilities.
2. Effluent Treatment Plants (ETPs)
Effluent treatment plants, on the other hand, generally clean industrial
wastewater. They deal with industrial effluent — the wastewater that flows
out as a byproduct of these industries. ETPs are regularly useful in sectors
with excessive likelihoods of sizeable chemical infection in their
wastewater.
Like STPs, ETPs also involves various stages of water treatment like
primary, secondary, and tertiary. The methods used might also range in
response to the traits of the wastewater in query.

3. Activated sludge plants

Activated sludge flora is comparable to sewage therapy plants. They treat
sewage wastewater using notably activated sludge to digest biological
contaminants. It is a part of STP’s.
Activated sludge approach uses dissolved oxygen to promote the increase
of clumps of organic matter known as organic flocs. The organic flocs then
help spoil down contaminants in the wastewater. They lure particulates and
can also easy the wastewater via converting ammonia to nitrites and
nitrates and eventually into harmless nitrogen gas.
4. Common and combined effluent treatment plants
Common and blended effluent remedy flora exist to assist smaller
wastewater turbines to treat their effluent. Smaller manufacturing groups
and different operations that produce wastewater.
CEPTs allow numerous one-of-a-kind wastewater-generating facilities in an
industrial cluster to pool their effluent in a centralized plant for a cure.
Thus, it is evident with the aid of the above points, water treatment is
indispensable to the environment.
Sewage Treatment Plant (STP) is a process of purification of Sewage
water and reusing for Gardening, Agricultural and other general
Purpose.

Treated Sewage water is purified and maintained as per the

Pollution control board norms. STP are mandatory in most of the
industries, housing colonies, apartments etc. STP are equipped with
high Precision component with advance technology.

Many are confused between STP & ETP. While Effluent Treatment
Plant (ETP) is a mechanism or process used to treat the wastewater
prior to release into the environment or its reuse. Sewage
Treatment Plant (STP) is the process of removing contaminants from
wastewater and household / industrial sewage, both runoffs
(effluents)

Following are few STP process & System commonly used in India.

 Activated Sludge Process

 Moving Bio Bed Reactor (MBBR)

 Membrane Bio Reactor (MBR)

 Electro Coagulation System

 Sequential Bio Reactor (SBR)

 Rotating Bio Reactor (RBC)

Among the above system, the most commonly used system

presently in the market are below:

SBR-Sequencing Batch Reactor– is an activated sludge process

used for waste-water treatment. To reduce the organic matters,
oxygen is bubbled through the mixture of wastewater and activated
sludge.

MBR-Membrane Bio Reactor – is the combination of the

membrane process and a biological waste-water treatment process.
It is one of the most widely used processes.

MBBR-Moving Bed Biofilm Reactor – is a biofilm process which

requires less space than activated sludge systems. This process was
invented in the late 1980s.
MBR and SBR sewage water treatment systems are type of activated
sludge process. But when we talk about differences – the method
used in both the processes to separate the liquid from the treated
wastewater is different. The technology used by SBR is phase
separation that is gravity setting method, while MBR uses the
membrane – and the use of a physical barrier for separation gives
more importance to this process as it increases the advantages.

The other difference is the ability of the sewage treatment plants to

operate at high biomass concentrations for mixed liquor suspended
solids (MLSS). The MBR treatment plant is considered to
overpower others here as it operates at an MLSS of around 12,000
mg/l. On the other hand, the SBR treatment plan works at 3,000
mg/l. Advantages that MBR provides because of this is it takes
smaller process basins as compared to others – overall resulting in
smaller plant footprint (around 50-70%) as compared to SBR
process.

Less turbidity is a sign of clean water. MBR has less than 0.2 NTU
effluent turbidity – Another benefit that MBR provides. It reduces
the burden on the ultimate disinfection system. At the time of
operation, the membrane opening is less than 0.1μm – and without
dis-infection it has the capacity to achieve 6-log dismissal of
bacteria and 3-log of virus. SBR system cannot get values this low.
Here, the usual membrane opening is 10μm which is quite large.

MBR requires less involvement of the operators as the process is

quite easy. Many of the plants require operators to keep an eye on
the task of settling characteristics of the sludge – keeping in mind
all the factors involved here. along with the analysis, adjustments
have to be made to keep it settled. Lack in this process can affect
the effluent quality.

Other difference is the amount of waste sludge produced by the

plants. Again, because of the ability to operate at much higher
sludge retention time, the MBR system tops the chart with lesser
waste sludge than SBR.

When we talk about the MBBR process – it requires less space than
the activated sludge systems because of the concentrated biomass.
Moreover, the efficiency of the system is less dependent on the final
sludge separation. Unlike activated sludge systems, MBBR does not
require recycling of the sludge. Other advantages include – high
effective sludge retention time and lower sludge production.

We see some difference in the treatment plants. However, if there

are no restrictions on the footprints and a project doesn’t require
any reuse – SBR is a good system. It is cost-effective and takes care
of the process required. On the other hand, for reduced footprint
and higher quality effluent, MBR is considered the better choice.
While MBBR is also a consideration for many municipal and
industrial waste-water treatment processes.
Water Treatment

 Membrane and sepration

o Reverse Osmosis Plant

o UF Plants

 Media Filters

o Activated Carbon Filters

o Dual Media Filters

o Multigrade Filters

o Pressure Sand Filters

o Side Stream Filters

 ION exchange

o DM Plants

o Softening Plants

o Mixed Bed units

Waste Water Treatment

 Septic Tanks

 Sewage Treatment Plant

o Civil STP

 MBBR – Bio Accelerator 360°™

 MBR – Bio Memclean™

 Conventional System – Bio Synthesis™

o SBR – Sequential Batch Reactor

o Modular STP

 MBBR – Bio Accelerator 360°™

 MBR – Bio Memclean™

 Effluent Treatment Plant (ETP)

 Zero Liquid Discharge (ZLD)

 Grey Water Treatment (GWT)

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