CHAPTER l
"NEED TO KNOW ABOUT DRUGS"
Objectives:
 Conceptualized the meaning of drug abuse, drug addiction, and dependency.
 Know the different drug abuse jargons and their meaning,
 Explain the nature of drugs by distinguishing prescriptive drugs from non-
prescriptive,
DEFINITION OF TERMS
 Cocaine –is an alkaloid contained in
the leaves of "Erythoxelon coca" a
hardy plant cultivate in Bolivia. The
first user of coca leaf was the Incas of
Peru. It is a stimulant a powerful
natural stimulant known to man.
Cocaine acts immediately. It is a
quick-acting drug. Its effects are rapid
from the time of intake. It is indeed
"superspeed".
 Codeine – is another opium alkaloid,
the second to be developed after
morphine. It is used as a pain killer but
more as a cough reliever.
 Drug Addiction refers to the state of
periodic or chronic intoxication
produced by a drug's repeated
consumption.
 Drug Dependence – a state of
psychic or physical dependence, or
both in dangerous drugs, arising in a
person following administration or use
of a drug on a periodic or continuous
basis.
 Drug Experimenter – one who
illegally, wrongfully, or improperly uses
any narcotics substances, marijuana,
or dangerous drugs as defined not
more than a few times for reasons of
curiosity, peer pressure, or other
similar causes.
 Drug Syndicate – it is a network of
evil. It is operated and manned by
willful criminals who knowingly traffic in
human lives for the money. The large
sum of money they can make in their
illegal and nefarious trade. Their
commerce's set results are physical
and mental cripples, ruined lives, and
even agonizing death.
 Enabling – is any action taken by a
concerned person that removes or
softens the adverse effects or harmful
consequences of drug use upon the
user. Allowing only makes things
worse. It is like fighting fire with
gasoline.
 Hashish – it is the dark brown resin
that is collected from the tops of potent
cannabis Sativa. It is at least five times
stronger than crude marijuana. Since it
is more robust, the user's effect is
more intense, and the possibility of
side effects is more significant. Placing
the coarse plant material in a solvent
makes it. The plant material is then
filtered out, and the solvent is
removed, yielding a gummy, resinous
substance.
 Heroin – it is the third derivative
extracted and the most powerful. It has
no medical use because of the high
rate of medication. This is the most
potent of the opium derivatives, five
times stronger than morphine.
 Marijuana – obtain from an Indian
hemp plant known as "Cannabis
Sativa," a strong handy, annual shrub
that grows wild in temperature and
tropic region.
 Morphine – it is the second extraction
from opium, six times stronger. It was
named after Morpheus, the Greek god
of dreams stimulating effects.
 Narcotics – is any drug that produces
sleep or stupor and relieves pain due
to its depressant effects on the central
nervous system. The term narcotic
comes from the Greek word for sleep,
"Narkotikos."
 Opium – obtained from the female
poppy of plant known as "Papaver
Somniferum". It comes from the Greek
word which means "juice". It is the
original components of morphine and
heroin.
 Physical Dependence is an adaptive
state caused by repeated drug use
that reveals itself by developing
intense physical symptoms when the
drug is stopped (withdrawal
syndrome).
 Polydrug Abuse – Many people who
abuse drugs tend to take all sorts of
drugs. Some play chemical "Russian
Roulette" by handling everything,
including unidentified pills. This is
called polydrug abuse.
 Psychological Dependence – an
attachment to drug use that arises
from a drug's ability to satisfy some
emotional or personality need of an
individual. (Physical dependence is not
required but it does not seem to
reinforce psychological dependence).
 Rehabilitation – is a dynamic process
directed towards the changes in the
person's health to prepare him for his
fullest life potentials and capabilities
and make him a law-abiding and
productive member and the
community without abusing drugs.
 Shabu –is a Japanese form of drug
abuse. It is an amphetamine-type of
stimulant whose chemical use name is
Methamphetamine. This stimulant has
initially been known as "kakuseizal"
which is the Japanese word for waking
"Zai" the term for drugs. The drug
started in japan immediately after the
Pacific war and was brought into the
Philippines by Japanese tourists.
 Tetrahydrocannabinol – (THC) is the
psychoactive agent of marijuana. The
more THC present in marijuana, the
more potent is the drug. It is also
known as a "sinister element" in
marijuana. This is what causes the
"high lift" or "trip" in marijuana users.
 Tolerance – is the increasing dosage
of drugs to maintain the same effect.
This is dependent totally on
amphetamine, barbiturates, opiates
and solvents.
 Treatment – is a medical service
rendered to a client for the effective
management of total conditions related
to drug abuse. It deals with the
physiological without abusing drugs.
 Withdrawal Period – from habituation
of drug dependence up to the time the
drug dependent is totally or gradually
deprived of the drug.
 Administer-the act of introducing any
dangerous drugs into the body of any
person with or without his knowledge.
 Chemical- any substance taken into
the body that alters the way, mind, and
bodywork.
 Chemical abuse-it is an instance
when the use of the chemical has
produced negative or harmful
consequences.
 Jargons- words or slang used by
people who are associated with drugs,
whether they are user, seller, pusher,
or the like.
 Over-the-counter drugs or OTC –
refer to medicine that you can buy
without a prescription.

 Prescription Drugs – are often strong

medications, which is why they require
a prescription from a doctor.
THE DRUG ABUSE JARGONS

Jargons Meaning

Acid Head - One who takes LSD on a regular basis.

Alley Juice - Methyl Alcohol
Angel Dust - Phencyclidine Hydrochloride sprinkled
on parsley or marijuana.
Bang - The exhilaration experienced after drug
administration.
Belongs - On the habit.
Binge - An extended period of continued
consumption of alcohol.
Black Hash - Hashish containing opium.
Black Russian - Hashish
Black Stuff - Opium prepared for smoking.
Blow Weed - To smoke Marijuana.
Blow Horse - Sniff Heroin.
Blow Charlie or Snow - Sniff Cocaine
Butter - Marijuana
C - Cocaine
California Sunshine - LSD
Candyman - Dealer or Pusher of drugs.
Coasting - Under drug influence.
Coke - Cocaine
Cokomo - Cocaine
Cold Turkey - Withdrawal Process
Coffin - Tobacco
Co-pilots - Amphetamines
Courage Pills - Barbiturates
Cube - LSD
Doe - Methamphetamine
Dream Stick - An opium Pipe.
Dynamite - High grade narcotics
Emma - Morphine
Fix - To inject drugs.
Flake Out - To pass out from drug use.
Garbage Head - Individual who takes any kind of drugs.
Gift of the Sun God - Cocaine
Grasshopper - A marijuana user.
Greezy Addict - A drug abuser who will take any drug,
any time.
Habit - Dependence on drugs.
Head - User of drugs.
Hemp - Marijuana
Hitting Up - Injecting Drugs
Hooked - Addicted to drugs
Ice Cream Habit - small, irregular drug use
In-Flight - To be very high from drugs.
Jammed Up - An overdose
Joy Popping - Narcotic injections under the skin.
Juice - Alcohol
Kick - Euphoria
Lay - An opium den.
Layout - Equipment for injecting drugs.
Mainliner - One who injects directly into the vein.
Mary Jane - Marijuana
Mother - The drug peddler
Moonshine - Ethyl alcohol
Odyssey House - Drug Abuse treatment center
OD - Overdose; Death
Pearly Gates - Morning Glory Seeds

For more Jargons visit (https://cdn.mdedge.com/files/s3fs-public/jfp-archived-issues/1977-volume_4/JFP_1977-

01_v4_i1_compendium-of-drug-abuse-jargon.pdf)

THE NATURE OF DRUGS

What are Drugs?

A drug, as defined, is a chemical substance used as medicine or in making
medicines, which affects the body and mind and have potential for abuse. Without an advice
or prescription from a phyisician, drugs can be harmful.
According to the WHO, a drug is a substance that can change how a living organism
works. Food is usually not seen as a drug, even though some foods may have such
properties. Most of the time, drugs are taken to treat a disease or other medical condition.
An example of such drugs may be Aspirin or Paracetamol.
Drugs that are taken to treat a disease or condition are usually called "therapeutic",
drugs that are taken for fun are called "recreational" drugs. Drugs may have other effects
than those wanted. Such results are generally known as side-effects.
Drugs act differently in different amounts. It is therefore essential to take the right
amount. The amount of the drug taken is called a dose. Taking too much of a drug ("too high
a dose") can cause sickness or even death. When a doctor says what drug to take, how
much of it, and how long, it is called a prescription. Some drugs are illegal because they are
very addictive.
The practice of taking drugs without proper medicinal supervision is called the non-
medical use of drugs or drug abuse.

WHY DO PEOPLE BECOME ADDICTED TO ILLEGAL DRUGS?

A. THE PRESCRIPTION DRUGS
 Prescription drugs are often strong medications,
which is why they require a prescription from a
doctor or dentist.
 These medicines manage pain well and can help
boost your quality of life when you follow your
doctor’s directions on taking them. It’s possible but
not common to become addicted to or dependent
on opioids when you use them for a short time or
under a doctor’s close watch. But when you take
them for a long time, they can lead to drug abuse,
dependence, and addiction.
https://www.webmd.com/mental-health/addiction/abuse-of-prescription-drugs
https://teens.drugabuse.gov/drug-facts/prescription-drugs
 There are three main categories of prescription drug addiction. These include:

a. Anti-Depressants and Anxiety (Sleep medications such as Ambien, Ativan,

Xanax, Klonopin, and more)
b. Opioids (Pain killers with codeine, morphine, methadone, fentanyl,
oxycodone, etc.)
c. Stimulants (“Uppers” or stimulants like Adderall, Dexedrine, and Ritalin.)

B. THE OVER-THE-COUNTER DRUGS

 Over-the-counter (OTC) drugs are
those available without a
prescription. OTC drugs enable
people to relieve many annoying
symptoms and to cure some
diseases simply and without the
cost of seeing a doctor. However,
the safe use of these drugs
requires knowledge, common
sense, and responsibility.
https://www.msdmanuals.com/home/drugs/
over-the-counter-drugs/overview-of-over-the-
counter-drugs
 All these terms refer to medicine that you can buy without a prescription. They
are safe and effective when you follow the directions on the label and as
directed by your health care professional.
https://www.fda.gov/drugs/buying-using-medicine-safely/understanding-over-counter-medicines

Some Of The Most Commonly Abused OTC Drugs:

a. Dextromethorphan (DXM)
- Dextromethorphan shows up in many cough and cold remedies. OTC
medicines like Robitussin, Delsym, and Mucinex contain it. If the label
says “DM,” it has dextromethorphan.
b. Loperamide
- Loperamide provides temporary relief for diarrhea. It comes in capsules,
tablets, and in liquid form. You can find it as an ingredient in things like
Immodium and Diamode. It slows movement in your stomach and
intestines. Overdosing on loperamide can lead to nausea, a racing
heartrate, and trouble breathing.
c. Pseudoephedrine
- Pseudoephedrine helps with stuffy and runny noses. We refer to it as a
“nasal decongestant,” and likewise a stimulant. You may know it by the
brand name Sudafed. The World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA) forbids
athletes from consuming pseudoephedrine prior to competing.

C. THE “SELF-MEDICATING”
 Where addiction is concerned, self-medicating refers to the practice of using
substances to help with certain symptoms. Typically, these symptoms are self-
diagnosed or self-recognized. Sometimes they are doctor-diagnosed, but not
controlled well by medication. When either situation occurs, people naturally look
to something that will provide them with relief.
 Why do People Self-Medicate?
 Because it’s much more convenient to self-medicate than to go to a doctor.
 Because it takes less time.
 Because it can be cost-effective; especially for those without insurance.
 Because they may be afraid or even ashamed about their conditions.
 Because they believe medical care is not going to be good enough.

The Dangers of Self-Medication

 The danger of experiencing a drug interaction.
 The danger of an overdose.
 The danger of wrongly diagnosing one’s self.
 The danger of masking a potentially serious disease.
 The danger of abuse, and eventually, addiction.
 The danger of legal problems resulting from using an illegal substance.
https://www.northpointwashington.com/blog/self-medicating-dangers-addictive-behavior/

D. GATEWAY DRUGS
 When people refer to gateway drugs, they aren’t always referring to drugs that
are addictive. Abusing nonaddictive drugs can lead people down the path to
drugs that are addictive.
https://www.thewillowsatredoak.com/addiction-blog/definition-of-a-gateway-drug/
 Gateway drugs are substances that people are most likely to try for the first time.
This may be a legal substance, such as alcohol or marijuana (in some states), or
a substance that’s easy to get a hold of, such as prescription drugs. These are
also substances that teens and adolescents are most likely to get their hands
on.
 Gateway drugs are literally the gateway into more dangerous substances. The
belief is that when someone tries alcohol or marijuana for the first time, the
likelihood that they will try other substances increases tenfold.
 There are many gateway drugs, but the most common ones are alcohol,
marijuana, and tobacco. These substances are legal, easy to obtain, and
considered relatively harmless by most people. However, they can lead to more
dangerous substances, such as cocaine, heroin, and methamphetamine.
 Gateway drugs are often used as a stepping stone to harder drugs. For
instance, someone who smokes marijuana may be more likely to try cocaine
because they’re already used to smoking. Similarly, someone who drinks alcohol
may be more likely to try harder drugs like heroin or methamphetamine because
they’re already used to the effects of alcohol.
https://www.crestviewrecovery.com/rehab-blog/what-are-gateway-drugs/

EXAMPLES OF GATEWAY DRUGS

There are a handful of substances that people typically coin as “gateway”
substances. These include:
 Alcohol
 Prescription stimulants and painkillers
 Marijuana
They are considered gateway drugs due to their accessibility. In fact, many
people try these substances for the first time in high school. It’s also common for
adults to allow their underage family members to partake in alcohol consumption
during special occasions. While it may seem harmless at the time, it can develop into
a much larger problem later on.
 https://www.crestviewrecovery.com/rehab-blog/what-are-gateway-drugs/
E. RECREATIONAL DRUGS

Recreational drugs can sometimes be harmful to someone's health even if

they make them feel good. Alcohol can also be dangerous if the person drinking it
drives a vehicle after drinking. This is called drunk driving. Many countries make this
against the law. Common recreational drugs include:

Alcohol - In beer, wine, and hard liquor

Nicotine - In cigarettes
Caffeine - In Coffee and cacao (See figure)
Cannabis - Smoked like cigarettes or baked in something to eat, like a cake or
brownie.
Methamphetamine (also known as Crystal Meth) - Can be smoked, eaten, injected,
or inhaled.
Cocaine - can be snorted, injected, or inhaled (freebasing)
Heroin - can be snorted, injected, or smoked in its freebase form.

 Coffee is the most widely used psychotropic drink in the world. In 1999 the
average consumption of coffee was 3.5 cups per day per American citizen.
 The cigarette is the common pharmaceutical form of tobacco – one of the
world's bestselling drugs.
 Wine is a standard alcoholic beverage.
 Cannabis is another commonly used recreational drug.

A recreational drug can be defined as a drug taken for its psychoactive

nature, with users thinking that their sporadic consumption cannot be addictive.
These drugs can be synthetic or naturally available.
https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/chemistry/recreational-drug

F. ESCAPISM
Those carrying past trauma from heavy experiences, such as childhood
neglect, sexual abuse, wartime experiences, betrayal from a friend, or a family death,
may turn to illegal drugs to mitigate their pain. Sadly, the relief a person experiences
is only temporary, and they will need more and more of the drug to achieve the same
high. Over time, a person may inadvertently add another problem to their life—
addiction.
https://www.ardurecoverycenter.com/2020/09/drugs-types-of-illegal-drugs/

THE PHYSIOLOGY OF DRUGS

HOW DRUG WORKS?

Drugs work in your body in a variety of ways. They can interfere with microorganisms
(germs) that invade your body, destroy abnormal cells that cause cancer, replace deficient
substances (such as hormones or vitamins), or change how cells work in your body.
(https://www.verywellhealth.com/how-drugs-work-in-your-body-1124115)

When two drugs are taken together, or within a few hours of each other, they may
interact with unexpected results. This is one reason a physician should always know the
names of all drugs one is using. A dose of medicine is the amount taken at one time. The
doses are taken become an essential part of drug abuse. The amount of drug in a dose can
be described as:

1. Minimal Dose
- The amount needed to treat or heal. The smallest amount of a drug will produce
a therapeutic effect.
2. Maximal Dose
- The largest amount of a drug that will produce a desired therapeutic effect,
without any accompanying symptoms of toxicity.
3. Toxic Dose
- The amount of drug that produces untoward effects or symptoms of poisoning.
4. Abusive Dose
- The amount needed to produce the side effects and action desired by an
individual who improperly uses it.
5. Lethal Dose
- The amount of drug that will cause death.

HOW DRUGS ARE ADMINISTERED?

People take drugs in different ways. Common methods include:

 (Oral) swallowing tablets or drinking liquids — the body absorbs the drug through the
stomach lining.
 Breathing them into the lungs — the body absorbs the drug through the lining of the
lungs.
 (Inhalation) snorting into the nose — the body absorbs the drug through the thin
nasal lining.
 (Injection) injecting — the user injects the drug directly into the bloodstream.
 Through the skin — the body slowly absorbs the drug from cream or patch.
 Rectally or vaginally as a suppository — the body absorbs the drug through the
bowel or vaginal lining.
(https://www.health.gov.au/health-topics/drugs/about-drugs/what-are-drugs)

THE CONCEPT OF TOXICOLOGY

What is Toxicology?
Toxicology is commonly known as the science of poison, its effect, and antidotes. In
connection, drugs may cause dangerous effects because of any of the following:
1. Overdose-when too much of a drug is taken into the physiological system of the
human body; there may be an overextension of its effect.
2. Allergy-some drugs cause histamine release, giving rise to allergic symptoms such
as dermatitis, swelling, fall in blood pressure, suffocation, and death.
3. Idiosyncrasy-it refers to the individual reaction to a drug, food, etc., for unexplained
reasons.
4. Poisonous property- drugs are chemicals, and some of them have the property of
being general protoplasmic poisons.
5. Side effect- some drugs are not receptors for one organ but receptors of other
organs as well.

THE MEDICAL USE OF DRUGS:

1. Analgesics are drugs that relieve pain. They are also known as painkillers or pain
relievers. i.e. acetaminophen, dolan, advil
2. Antacids - Drugs that relieve indigestion and heartburn by neutralizing stomach acid.
3. Antianxiety Drugs - Drugs that suppress anxiety and relax muscles (sometimes
called anxiolytics, sedatives, or minor tranquilizers).
4. Antiarrhythmics - Drugs used to control irregularities of heartbeat.
5. Antibacterials - Drugs used to treat infections.
6. Antibiotics/ Anti-infective - are medicines that fight bacterial infections in people
and animals. They work by killing the bacteria or by making it hard for the bacteria to
grow and multiply. i.e. amoxicillin, cephalexin, metronidazole
7. Anticoagulants and Thrombolytics - Anticoagulants prevent blood from clotting.
Thrombolytics help dissolve and disperse blood clots and may be prescribed for
patients with recent arterial or venous thrombosis.
8. Anticonvulsants - Drugs that prevent epileptic seizures.
9. Antidepressants - There are three main groups of mood-lifting antidepressants:
tricyclics, monoamine oxidase inhibitors, and selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors
(SSRIs).
10. Antidiarrheals - Drugs used for the relief of diarrhea. Two main types of
antidiarrheal preparations are simple adsorbent substances and drugs that slow
down the contractions of the bowel muscles so that the contents are propelled more
slowly.
11. Antiemetics - Drugs used to treat nausea and vomiting.
12. Antifungals - Drugs used to treat fungal infections, the most common of which affect
the hair, skin, nails, or mucous membranes.
13. Antihistamines - Drugs used primarily to counteract the effects of histamine, one of
the chemicals involved in allergic reactions.
14. Antihypertensives - Drugs that lower blood pressure. The types of
antihypertensives currently marketed include diuretics, beta-blockers, calcium
channel blocker, ACE (angiotensin- converting enzyme) inhibitors, centrally acting
antihypertensives and sympatholytics.
15. Anti-Inflammatories - Drugs used to reduce inflammation - the redness, heat,
swelling, and increased blood flow found in infections and in many chronic
noninfective diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis and gout.
16. Antineoplastics - Drugs used to treat cancer.
17. Antipsychotics - Drugs used to treat symptoms of severe psychiatric disorders.
These drugs are sometimes called major tranquilizers.
18. Antipyretics- drugs that can lower body temperature or fever due to infection.
19. Antivirals - Drugs used to treat viral infections or to provide temporary protection
against infections such as influenza.
20. Beta-Blockers - Beta-adrenergic blocking agents, or beta-blockers for short, reduce
the oxygen needs of the heart by reducing heartbeat rate.
21. Bronchodilators - Drugs that open up the bronchial tubes within the lungs when the
tubes have become narrowed by muscle spasm. Bronchodilators ease breathing in
diseases such as asthma.
22. Cold Cures - Although there is no drug that can cure a cold, the aches, pains, and
fever that accompany a cold can be relieved by aspirin or acetaminophen often
accompanied by a decongestant, antihistamine, and sometimes caffeine.
23. Corticosteroids - These hormonal preparations are used primarily as anti-
inflammatories in arthritis or asthma or as immunosuppressives, but they are also
useful for treating some malignancies or compensating for a deficiency of natural
hormones in disorders such as Addison's disease.
24. Cough Suppressants - Simple cough medicines, which contain substances such as
honey, glycerine, or menthol, soothe throat irritation but do not actually suppress
coughing. They are most soothing when taken as lozenges and dissolved in the
mouth. As liquids they are probably swallowed too quickly to be effective. A few
drugs are actually cough suppressants. There are two groups of cough
suppressants: those that alter the consistency or production of phlegm such as
mucolytics and expectorants; and those that suppress the coughing reflex such as
codeine (narcotic cough suppressants), antihistamines, dextromethorphan and
isoproterenol (non-narcotic cough suppressants).
25. Cytotoxics - Drugs that kill or damage cells. Cytotoxics are used as antineoplastics
(drugs used to treat cancer) and also as immunosuppressives.
26. Contraceptives - drugs that prevent the meeting of the egg cell and sperm cell or
prevent the ovary from fertilizing egg cells.
27. Decongestants - Drugs that reduce swelling of the mucous membranes that line the
nose by constricting blood vessels, thus relieving nasal stuffiness.
28. Diuretics - Drugs that increase the quantity of urine produced by the kidneys and
passed out of the body, thus ridding the body of excess fluid. Diuretics reduce water
logging of the tissues caused by fluid retention in disorders of the heart, kidneys, and
liver. They are useful in treating mild cases of high blood pressure.
29. Expectorants - drugs that can ease the expulsion of the mucus and phlegm from the
lungs and the throat.
30. Hormones - Chemicals produced naturally by the endocrine glands (thyroid, adrenal,
ovary, testis, pancreas, parathyroid). In some disorders, for example, diabetes
mellitus, in which too little of a particular hormone is produced, synthetic equivalents
or natural hormone extracts are prescribed to restore the deficiency. Such treatment
is known as hormone replacement therapy.
31. Hypoglycemics (Oral) - Drugs that lower the level of glucose in the blood. Oral
hypoglycemic drugs are used in diabetes mellitus if it cannot be controlled by diet
alone, but does require treatment with injections of insulin.
32. Immunosuppressives - Drugs that prevent or reduce the body's normal reaction to
invasion by disease or by foreign tissues. Immunosuppressives are used to treat
autoimmune diseases (in which the body's defenses work abnormally and attack its
own tissues) and to help prevent rejection of organ transplants.
33. Laxatives - Drugs that increase the frequency and ease of bowel movements, either
by stimulating the bowel wall (stimulant laxative), by increasing the bulk of bowel
contents (bulk laxative), or by lubricating them (stool-softeners, or bowel movement-
softeners). Laxatives may be taken by mouth or directly into the lower bowel as
suppositories or enemas. If laxatives are taken regularly, the bowels may ultimately
become unable to work properly without them.
34. Mucolytics - are a class of drugs used to help break up and thin mucus, making it
easier to clear from the airways.
35. Muscle Relaxants - Drugs that relieve muscle spasm in disorders such as
backache. Antianxiety drugs (minor tranquilizers) that also have a muscle-relaxant
action are used most commonly.
36. Sedative - drugs that can calm and quiet the nerves and relieve anxiety without
causing depression and clouding of the mind.
37. Sleeping Drugs - The two main groups of drugs that are used to induce sleep are
benzodiazepines and barbiturates. All such drugs have a sedative effect in low doses
and are effective sleeping medications in higher doses. Benzodiazepines drugs are
used more widely than barbiturates because they are safer, the side-effects are less
marked, and there is less risk of eventual physical dependence.
38. Tranquilizer - This is a term commonly used to describe any drug that has a calming
or sedative effect. However, the drugs that are sometimes called minor tranquilizers
should be called antianxiety drugs, and the drugs that are sometimes called major
tranquilizers should be called antipsychotics.
39. Vitamins - Chemicals essential in small quantities for good health. Some vitamins
are not manufactured by the body, but adequate quantities are present in a normal
diet. People whose diets are inadequate or who have digestive tract or liver disorders
may need to take supplementary vitamins.
https://www.fda.gov/drugs/investigational-new-drug-ind-application/general-drug-categories
https://www.verywellhealth.com/mucolytics-definition-and-example-copd-914793
https://www.drugs.com/drug-class/analgesics.html
https://medlineplus.gov/antibiotics.html