Minerals are those elements on the earth and in foods that our bodies need to develop and function

normally. Those essential for health include calcium, phosphorus, potassium, sodium, chloride,
magnesium, iron, zinc, iodine, chromium, copper, fluoride, molybdenum, manganese, and selenium

A nutrient is a substance used by an organism to survive, grow, and reproduce. The requirement for
dietary nutrient intake applies to animals, plants, fungi, and protists. Nutrients can be incorporated
into cells for metabolic purposes or excreted by cells to create non-cellular structures, such as hair,
scales, feathers, or exoskeletons

Rancidity is the oxidation of oils or fats in the food that causes a foul odour and flavour. When
unsaturated components of a fatty substance are exposed to sunlight, they can break down into
esters, volatile aldehydes, ketones, alcohols, and hydrocarbons, some of which have foul odours

Peptides are short strings of amino acids, typically comprising 2–50 amino acids. Amino acids are
also the building blocks of proteins, but proteins contain more. Peptides may be easier for the body
to absorb than proteins because they are smaller and more broken down than proteins.

Basic amino acids are polar and positively charged at pH values below their pKa's, and are very
hydrophilic

Flushing is a practice of giving extra feed to sows and gilts from 1-2 weeks prior to mating and
returns to normal feeding after mating. Creep feeding: The practice of self-feeding concentrates to
young piglets in a separate enclosure away from their mother is known as creep feeding.

Salt poisoning can occur in pigs either as a consequence of water deprivation or from sudden
ingestion of too much salt. Poisoning in water-deprived pigs can occur in pigs consuming a proper
level of salt but it is more likely if the salt level in the feed is excessive.

What is the purpose of adding acidifiers to animal feeds?

Acidifiers in feed inhibit the growth of pathogenic bacteria and curtail the microbial competition for
host nutrients by influencing the pH. The proliferation of most pH sensitive bacteria (E. coli,
Salmonella and Clostridium perfringens) is minimized below pH 5 while acid-tolerant ones survive.

A synbiotic is defined as a “mixture of probiotics and prebiotics that beneficially affects the host by
improving the survival and activity of beneficial microorganisms in the gut.”

Perosis or chondrodystrophy is encountered in young birds whose diet is deficient in manganese

(Mn) or some of the following vitamins: choline, nicotic acid, pyridoxine, biotin or folic acid. This is
an anatomic deformation of leg bones in young chickens, turkey poults, pheasant poults etc. It is
characterized by retarded growth of long bones, widening of the tibiometatarsal joint, twisting or
bending of the distal end of tibia and the proximal end of metatarsus and finally, slipping of the
gastrocnemius muscle tendon from its condyles. Clinically, it is manifested by impaired locomotion
because of leg lateral and posterior malposition of the leg.

an abnormal condition of horses characterized by an excess of urea or other nitrogenous substances

in the urine and by muscle damage especially to the hindquarters.